1
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Airo AM, Barker KR, Muller MP, Taggart LR, Boissinot K, Fattouh R, Tam B, Matukas LM. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 from combined nasal/rectal swabs. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e7. [PMID: 36714296 PMCID: PMC9879873 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2022.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M. Airo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R. Barker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew P. Muller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda R. Taggart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karel Boissinot
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ramzi Fattouh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bridget Tam
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa M. Matukas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Hardt M, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Freydl S, Kouros A, Loibner M, Zatloukal K. Pre-analytical sample stabilization by different sampling devices for PCR-based COVID-19 diagnostics. N Biotechnol 2022; 70:19-27. [PMID: 35398581 PMCID: PMC8990442 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic created an unprecedented requirement for diagnostic testing, challenging not only healthcare workers and laboratories, but also providers. Quantitative RT-PCR of various specimen types is considered the diagnostic gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, both in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The pre-analytical handling of patient specimens is a critical factor to ensure reliable and valid test results. Therefore, the effect of storage duration and temperature on SARS-CoV-2 RNA copy number stability was examined in various commercially available specimen collection, transport and storage devices for naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva. The swab specimen transport and storage devices tested showed no significant alteration of viral RNA copy numbers when stored at room temperature, except for one system when stored for up to 96 h. However, at 37 °C a significant reduction of detectable RNA was found in 3 out of 4 of the swab solutions tested. It was also found that detectability of viral RNA remained unchanged in all 7 saliva devices as well as in unstabilized saliva when stored for 96 h at room temperature, but one device showed marked RNA copy number loss at 37 °C. All tested saliva collection devices inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infectivity immediately, whereas SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious in the swab transport systems examined, which are designed to be used for viral or bacterial growth in cell culture systems.
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3
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Stanton JAL, O'Brien R, Hall RJ, Chernyavtseva A, Ha HJ, Jelley L, Mace PD, Klenov A, Treece JM, Fraser JD, Clow F, Clarke L, Su Y, Kurup HM, Filichev VV, Rolleston W, Law L, Rendle PM, Harris LD, Wood JM, Scully TW, Ussher JE, Grant J, Hore TA, Moser TV, Harfoot R, Lawley B, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Collins P, Blaikie R. Uncoupling Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 From International Supply Chains. Front Public Health 2022; 9:808751. [PMID: 35141190 PMCID: PMC8818800 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.808751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid global rise of COVID-19 from late 2019 caught major manufacturers of RT-qPCR reagents by surprise and threw into sharp focus the heavy reliance of molecular diagnostic providers on a handful of reagent suppliers. In addition, lockdown and transport bans, necessarily imposed to contain disease spread, put pressure on global supply lines with freight volumes severely restricted. These issues were acutely felt in New Zealand, an island nation located at the end of most supply lines. This led New Zealand scientists to pose the hypothetical question: in a doomsday scenario where access to COVID-19 RT-qPCR reagents became unavailable, would New Zealand possess the expertise and infrastructure to make its own reagents onshore? In this work we describe a review of New Zealand's COVID-19 test requirements, bring together local experts and resources to make all reagents for the RT-qPCR process, and create a COVID-19 diagnostic assay referred to as HomeBrew (HB) RT-qPCR from onshore synthesized components. This one-step RT-qPCR assay was evaluated using clinical samples and shown to be comparable to a commercial COVID-19 assay. Through this work we show New Zealand has both the expertise and, with sufficient lead time and forward planning, infrastructure capacity to meet reagent supply challenges if they were ever to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ann L. Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jo-Ann L. Stanton
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- MicroGEM NZ Ltd., Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Hall
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries—Manatu Ahu Matua, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Anastasia Chernyavtseva
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries—Manatu Ahu Matua, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Hye Jeong Ha
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries—Manatu Ahu Matua, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Jelley
- Clinical Virology, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Peter D. Mace
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Klenov
- Hudak Lab, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jackson M. Treece
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John D. Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lewis Clarke
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yongdong Su
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Lee Law
- South Pacific Sera, Timaru, New Zealand
| | - Phillip M. Rendle
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - James M. Wood
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Thomas W. Scully
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - James E. Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Molecular Pathology, Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Grant
- Molecular Pathology, Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Timothy A. Hore
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim V. Moser
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri Harfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E. Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Richard Blaikie
- Research and Enterprise, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Song J, Korunes‐Miller J, Banerji R, Wu Y, Fazeli S, Zheng H, Orr B, Morgan E, Andry C, Henderson J, Miller NS, White A, Grinstaff MW. On-Site, On-Demand 3D-Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs to Improve the Access of Coronavirus Disease-19 Testing. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2100039. [PMID: 34754507 PMCID: PMC8562062 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic testing that facilitates containment, surveillance, and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or future respiratory viruses, depends on a sample collection device that efficiently collects nasopharyngeal tissue and that can be manufactured on site when an outbreak or public health emergency is declared by a government. Here two novel stereolithography-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed nasopharyngeal swabs are reported which are made using a biocompatible and sterilizable photoresist. Such swabs are readily manufactured on-site and on-demand to ensure availability, if supply chain shortages emerge. Additionally, the 3D-printed swabs easily adapt to current workflow and testing procedures in hospital clinical laboratories to allow for effortless scaling up of test kits. Finally, the 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs demonstrate concordant SARS-CoV-2 testing results between the 3D-printed swabs and the COPAN commercial swabs, and enable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples obtained from autopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Jeremy Korunes‐Miller
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Rohin Banerji
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Yuanqiao Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Shoreh Fazeli
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Hanqiao Zheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Beverley Orr
- Clinical Microbiology & Molecular DiagnosticsBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Elise Morgan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Christopher Andry
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Joel Henderson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Nancy S. Miller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
- Clinical Microbiology & Molecular DiagnosticsBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Alice White
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
- Department of ChemistryBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
- Department of MedicineBoston UniversityBoston Medical CenterBostonMA02215USA
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5
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Cubas-Atienzar AI, Kontogianni K, Edwards T, Wooding D, Buist K, Thompson CR, Williams CT, Patterson EI, Hughes GL, Baldwin L, Escadafal C, Sacks JA, Adams ER. Limit of detection in different matrices of 19 commercially available rapid antigen tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18313. [PMID: 34526517 PMCID: PMC8443584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic there has been an increase of the use of antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT). The performance of Ag-RDT vary greatly between manufacturers and evaluating their analytical limit of detection (LOD) has become high priority. Here we describe a manufacturer-independent evaluation of the LOD of 19 marketed Ag-RDT using live SARS-CoV-2 spiked in different matrices: direct culture supernatant, a dry swab, and a swab in Amies. Additionally, the LOD using dry swab was investigated after 7 days' storage at - 80 °C of the SARS-CoV-2 serial dilutions. An LOD of ≈ 5.0 × 102 pfu/ml (1.0 × 106 genome copies/ml) in culture media is defined as acceptable by the World Health Organization. Fourteen of 19 Ag-RDTs (ActiveXpress, Espline, Excalibur, Innova, Joysbio, Mologic, NowCheck, Orient, PanBio, RespiStrip, Roche, Standard-F, Standard-Q and Sure-Status) exceeded this performance criteria using direct culture supernatant applied to the Ag-RDT. Six Ag-RDT were not compatible with Amies media and a decreased sensitivity of 2 to 20-fold was observed for eleven tests on the stored dilutions at - 80 °C for 7 days. Here, we provide analytical sensitivity data to guide appropriate test and sample type selection for use and for future Ag-RDT evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Cubas-Atienzar
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Konstantina Kontogianni
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dominic Wooding
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kate Buist
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Caitlin R Thompson
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Christopher T Williams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Lisa Baldwin
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Camille Escadafal
- FIND, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jilian A Sacks
- FIND, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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6
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Zhou Y, O’Leary TJ. Relative sensitivity of anterior nares and nasopharyngeal swabs for initial detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ambulatory patients: Rapid review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254559. [PMID: 34283845 PMCID: PMC8291630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are considered "gold standard" for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections, but anterior nares or mid-turbinate swabs (nasal swabs) are often used. We performed a meta-analysis comparing the sensitivity of nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs against a composite reference standard for the initial diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ambulatory patients. The study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020221827). Data sources included studies appearing between January 1, 2020 and March 20, 2021, identified by searches of PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. Studies included at least 20 subjects who simultaneously provided nasal and nasopharyngeal specimens for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing, and for which confusion matrices could be constructed. Authors individually assessed studies for inclusion and compared assessments. Each author independently extracted all data elements; differences were reconciled by review of initial data sources. Extracted data included specimen site, patient characteristics, collection site, and confusion matrices comparing results for nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs. Assessed against a composite reference standard, anterior nares swabs are less sensitive (82% - 88%) than nasopharyngeal swabs (98%). For populations with 10% specimen positivity, the negative predictive values of all swab types were greater than 98%. Mid-turbinate and anterior nares swabs seem to perform similarly. The lower sensitivity associated with nasal swab SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is justified by the ability to screen more patients and reduced personal protective equipment requirements. Our conclusions are limited by the small number of studies and the significant heterogeneity of study designs and study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Zhou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. O’Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Khan MT, Ali S, Khan AS, Muhammad N, Khalil F, Ishfaq M, Irfan M, Al-Sehemi AG, Muhammad S, Malik A, Khan TA, Wei DQ. SARS-CoV-2 Genome from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6588-6599. [PMID: 33748571 PMCID: PMC7944396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Among viral outbreaks, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the deadliest ones, and it has triggered the global COVID-19 pandemic. In Pakistan, until 5th September 2020, a total of 6342 deaths have been reported, of which 1255 were from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. To understand the disease progression and control and also to produce vaccines and therapeutic efforts, whole genome sequence analysis is important. In the current investigation, we sequenced a single sample of SARS-CoV-2 genomes (accession no. MT879619) from a male suspect from Peshawar, the KPK capital city, during the first wave of infection. The local SARS-CoV-2 strain shows some unique characteristics compared to neighboring Iranian and Chinese isolates in phylogenetic tree and mutations. The circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2 represent an intermediate evolution from China and Iran. Furthermore, eight complete whole genome sequences, including the current Pakistani isolates which have been submitted to Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GSAID), were also investigated for specific mutations and characters. Some novel mutations [NSP2 (D268del), NSP5 (N228K), and NS3 (F105S)] and specific characters have been detected in the coding regions, which may affect viral transmission, epidemiology, and disease severity. The computational modeling revealed that a majority of these mutations may have a stabilizing effect on the viral protein structure. In conclusion, the genome sequencing of local strains is important for better understanding the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and epidemiology of causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University
of Lahore, KM Defence Road, Lahore 58810, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism,
Shanghai−Islamabad−Belgrade Joint Innovation Center
on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research Laboratory
of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences and School of Life Sciences
and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Sheed Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Bannu Road, Near Jarma Bridge, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Bannu Road, Near Jarma Bridge, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Khyber Medical
College, Peshawar 25160, Pakistan
- University
of Peshawar, Road No.
2, Rahat Abad, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia
College Peshawar. Grand Trunk Road, Rahat Abad, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department
of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials
Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Research Center for Advanced Materials
Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism,
Shanghai−Islamabad−Belgrade Joint Innovation Center
on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research Laboratory
of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences and School of Life Sciences
and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University
of Lahore, KM Defence Road, Lahore 58810, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Phase V, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan
| | - Dong Qing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism,
Shanghai−Islamabad−Belgrade Joint Innovation Center
on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research Laboratory
of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences and School of Life Sciences
and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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