Urine metabolomic responses to aerobic and resistance training in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress

Genetic correlation between circulating metabolites and chalazion: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background: Lipid metabolism disorders were observationally associated with chalazion, but the causality of the related circulating metabolites on chalazion remained unknown. Here, we investigated the potential causal relationship between circulating metabolites and chalazion using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: For the primary analysis, 249 metabolic biomarkers were obtained from the UK Biobank, and 123 circulating metabolites were obtained from the publication by Kuttunen et al. for the secondary analysis. Chalazion summary data were obtained from the FinnGen database. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) is the main MR analysis method, and the MR assumptions were evaluated in sensitivity and colocalization analyses. Results: Two MR analyses results showed that the common metabolite, alanine, exhibited a genetic protective effect against chalazion (primary analysis: odds ratio [OR] = 0.680; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.507-0.912; p = 0.010; secondary analysis: OR = 0.578; 95% CI, 0.439-0.759; p = 0.00008). The robustness of the findings was supported by heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy analysis. Two colocalization analyses showed that alanine did not share a region of genetic variation with chalazion (primary analysis: PPH4 = 1.95%; secondary analysis: PPH4 = 25.3%). Moreover, previous studies have suggested that an increase in the degree of unsaturation is associated with an elevated risk of chalazion (OR = 1.216; 95% CI, 1.055-1.401; p = 0.007), with omega-3 fatty acids (OR = 1.204; 95% CI, 1.054-1.377; p = 0.006) appearing to be the major contributing factor, as opposed to omega-6 fatty acids (OR = 0.850; 95% CI, 0.735-0.982; p = 0.027). Conclusion: This study suggests that alanine and several unsaturated fatty acids are candidate molecules for mechanistic exploration and drug target selection in chalazion.

Roles of prokineticin 2 in electroconvulsive shock-induced memory impairment via regulation of phenotype polarization in astrocytes

Electroconvulsive shock (ECT) is the most effective treatment for depression but can impair learning and memory. ECT is increasingly being shown to activate astrocytes and induce neuroinflammation, resulting in cognitive decline. Activated astrocytes can differentiate into two subtypes, A1-type astrocytes and A2-type astrocytes. Regarding cognitive function, neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and neuroprotective A2 astrocytes may exhibit opposite effects. Specifically, prokineticin 2 (PK2) functions as an essential mediator of inflammation and induces a selective A2-protective phenotype in astrocytes. This study aimed to clarify how PK2 promotes improved learning memory following electroconvulsive shock (ECS). As part of the study, rats were modeled using chronic unpredictable mild stress. Behavioral experiments were conducted to assess their cognitive abilities and depression-like behaviors. Western blot was used to determine the expression of PK2. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy analyses of the hippocampal CA1 region were conducted to study the activation of astrocyte subtypes and synaptic ultrastructure, respectively. In this study, rats' spatial learning and memory impairment began to improve as activated A1-subtype astrocytes gradually decreased, and PK2 and A2 phenotype activation peaked on the third day after ECS. PKRA7 (PK2 antagonist) inhibits A2-type astrocyte activation partially and suppresses spatial learning and memory improvement. Collectively, our findings support that PK2 may induce a selective modulation of astrocytic polarization to a protective phenotype to promote learning and memory improvement after ECS.

Hepatic Metabolic Profiling of Lifelong Exercise Training Rats

Regular physical exercise has been investigated as a primary preventive measure of several chronic diseases and premature death. Moreover, it has been shown to synchronize responses across multiple organs. In particular, hepatic tissue has proven to be a descriptive matrix to monitor the effect of physical activity. In this study, we performed an untargeted metabolomics-based analysis of hepatic tissue extracts from rats that have undergone either lifelong or chronic exercise training. For this purpose, 56 hepatic samples were collected and were analyzed by UHPLC-TOF-MS in negative ionization mode. This approach involved untargeted metabolite detection on hepatic tissue extracts accompanied by an in-house retention time/accurate mass library enabling confident metabolite identification. Unsupervised (PCA) and supervised (OPLS-DA) multivariate analysis showed significant metabolic perturbation on a panel of 28 metabolites, including amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides, and sugars. The training regime employed in this study resulted in a probable acceleration of the bioenergetic processes (glycolysis, glycogen metabolism), promoted catabolism of purines, and supplied biosynthetic precursors via the pentose phosphate pathway and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Overall, the applied methodology was able to discriminate the different training schedules based on the rat liver metabolome.

Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation alleviates electroconvulsive shock-induced memory impairment via regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in depressive rats

Electroconvulsive shock has been considered one of the most effective treatment modalities for major depressive disorder. The association of acute transitory neuroinflammation in the hippocampus following electroconvulsive therapy with transient learning and memory impairment limits its clinical application. Whereas the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway is deemed to serve a key role in neuroinflammatory regulation, we aimed to examine if NLRP3 inflammasome activation was linked to electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. The depressed rats were modeled with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Their depression-like behaviors and cognitive performance were evaluated via sucrose preference test, forced swim test, open field test, and Morris water maze test. The NLRP3 expression was determined by western blot. The hippocampal CA1 region was immunohistochemically and electron-microscopically examined, respectively, for the activation of Iba-1 positive microglia and the ultrastructure of synapses. In this work, we found that ECS induced microglial activation in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) in vivo significantly alleviated ECS-induced spatial learning and memory impairment, partially reversed neuroinflammation, and synaptic structural plasticity in the damaged hippocampal CA1 region, and reduced synapse associated protein expression and microglial activation. It offers a potential new approach for the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline following electroconvulsive therapy.

Serum metabolomic responses to aerobic exercise in rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress

This study analyzed the effects of aerobic exercise on endogenous serum metabolites in response to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) using a rat model, aiming to identify the metabolic regulatory pathways involved in the antidepressant effect resulted from a 28-day treadmill aerobic exercise intervention. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): normal control, normal with aerobic exercise, CUMS control, and CUMS with aerobic exercise. Body weight, sucrose preference and open field tests were performed weekly during the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms. Serum metabolic profiles obtained by using the LC-MS/MS metabolomics were analyzed to explore the regulatory mechanism for the effect of the aerobic exercise on depression. Behavior tests showed that the aerobic exercise resulted in a significant improvement in depression-like behavior in the CUMS rats. A total of 21 differential metabolites were identified as being associated with depression in serum metabolic profile, of which the aerobic exercise significantly modulated 15, mainly related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. Collectively, this is the first study that LC-MS/MS techniques were used to reveal the modulatory effects of aerobic exercise on the serum metabolic profile of depressed rats and the findings further enriched our understanding of potential mechanisms of aerobic exercise interventions on depression.

Association Between Changes in Serum and Skeletal Muscle Metabolomics Profile With Maximum Power Output Gains in Response to Different Aerobic Training Programs: The Times Study

Purpose: High heterogeneity of the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to standardized exercise doses has been reported in different training programs, but the associated mechanisms are not widely known. This study investigated whether changes in the metabolic profile and pathways in blood serum and the skeletal muscle are associated with the inter-individual variability of CRF responses to 8-wk of continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT).

Methods: Eighty men, young and sedentary, were randomized into three groups, of which 70 completed 8 wk of intervention (> 90% of sessions): ET, HIIT, or control. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle tissue samples, as well as the measurement of CRF [maximal power output (MPO)] were obtained before and after the intervention. Blood serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 600 MHz ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (metabolomics). Associations between the pretraining to post-training changes in the metabolic profile and MPO gains were explored via three analytical approaches: (1) correlation between pretraining to post-training changes in metabolites' concentration levels and MPO gains; (2) significant differences between low and high MPO responders; and (3) metabolite contribution to significantly altered pathways related to MPO gains. After, metabolites within these three levels of evidence were analyzed by multiple stepwise linear regression. The significance level was set at 1%.

Results: The metabolomics profile panel yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle metabolites. From the metabolites within the three levels of evidence (15 serum and 4 muscle metabolites for ET; 5 serum and 1 muscle metabolites for HIIT), the variance in MPO gains was explained: 77.4% by the intervention effects, 6.9, 2.3, 3.2, and 2.2% by changes in skeletal muscle pyruvate and valine, serum glutamine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in ET; and 80.9% by the intervention effects; 7.2, 2.2, and 1.2% by changes in skeletal muscle glycolate, serum creatine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in HIIT. The most changed and impacted pathways by these metabolites were: arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism for both ET and HIIT programs; and additional alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism for ET.

Conclusion: These results suggest that regulating the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates may be a potential mechanism for understanding the inter-individual variability of CRF in responses to ET and HIIT programs.

Effects of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) on learning and memory impairment in depressed rats with different charge by modified electroconvulsive shock

BACKGROUND

With the development of modified electroshock therapy (MECT), it has become necessary to increase the electric quantity in order to achieve a good antidepressant effect, but this increase will lead to more serious learning and memory impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrinsic mechanism of cognitive impairment induced by high-energy electroconvulsive shock (MECS, an animal model of MECT).

METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control (C, n=6), M0, M60, M120, M180, and M240 groups (MECS at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 mC stimulation intensity after 80 mg/kg propofol, with 12 rats in each group). Their depression-like behavior and learning and memory ability were evaluated by sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and Morris water maze test (MWM). The expression of phospho-NMDA receptor 1 (GluN1), GluN2A, GluN2B, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα), p-T305-CaMKII, and postsynaptic densities-95 (PSD-95) in hippocampus were detected by western blot. The co-expression of CaMKIIα and GluN2B subunit was detected by co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP).

RESULTS

The chronic unpredictable mild stresses (CUMS) procedure successfully induced depression-like behavior in rats, which was improved in varying degrees after MECS. The results showed that the expression of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD-95 decreased with the increase of charge, while p-T305-CaMKII increased, which led to the deterioration of learning and memory ability, but the expression change of CaMKIIα was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Increase in the MECS charge adjusts the synaptic plasticity by changing the binding amount of CaMKIIα and its subunit GluN2B and the level of CaMKII autophosphorylation, thereby impairing learning and memory functions.

Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis reveals energy metabolism disorders in the livers of sleep-deprived mice

Sleep deprivation (SD) has been linked to impaired mental and physical health, obesity, and various diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of SD in the liver is still unclear. To investigate the metabolome and proteome alterations in the liver, an in vivo model of SD was established based on automated random motion platform techniques by applying a strategy of 10 consecutive days of 20 h of sleep deprivation +4 h of resting. The liver's altered metabolites and proteins were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and data analyses were performed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0. This study found 15 differential metabolites, including 12 upregulated- metabolites and 3 downregulated- metabolites. A total of 493 proteins were differentially regulated, including 377 upregulated- proteins and 116 downregulated- proteins. The glutathione metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism pathways had significant effects on the sleep-deprived mouse livers. These three active pathways cause energy metabolism disorder and may induce obesity. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SD could change the metabolism of glucose, and specific fatty acids, amino acids, and critical enzymes in the liver, providing a reference for the health effects of insufficient sleep. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: So far, little is known about the changes in metabolites and proteins in the liver of individuals who suffer from SD. Metabolites and proteins in serum, urine and hypothalamus do not entirely reflect the effects of sleep deprivation on the whole body. In addition, many SD-induced models used the multiplatform water environment method, which causes mice to fall into the water frequently. Under this condition, the physical exertion of mice is extremely high, and it is not suitable for long-term sleep deprivation. The SD induction process has caused some influence on the model. Finally, few studies have elucidated the imbalance of energy metabolism caused by SD to induce obesity from the molecular mechanism. This study used a rotary table deprivation apparatus to trigger SD. This method will not cause excessive consumption and stimulation of mice. Furthermore, this study analyzed the metabolic and proteomic changes in the liver and enriched the range and means of metabolic and proteomic changes in sleep deprived mice. Finally, this research provides reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism of sleep deprivation causing energy metabolism disorders in the liver of mice.

Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Responses to Endurance and Resistance Training in Rats under Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

The objectives of this study were to compare the antidepressant effects between endurance and resistance exercise for optimizing interventions and examine the metabolomic changes in different types of skeletal muscles in response to the exercise, using a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. There were 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into a control group (C) and 3 experimental groups: CUMS control (D), endurance exercise (E), and resistance exercise (R). Group E underwent 30 min treadmill running, and group R performed 8 rounds of ladder climbing, 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Body weight, sucrose preference, and open field tests were performed pre and post the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms, and the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were sampled after the intervention for metabolomic analysis using the ¹H-NMR technique. The results showed that both types of exercise effectively improved the depression-like symptoms, and the endurance exercise appeared to have a better effect. The levels of 10 metabolites from the gastrocnemius and 13 metabolites from the soleus of group D were found to be significantly different from that of group C, and both types of exercise had a callback effect on these metabolites, indicating that a number of metabolic pathways were involved in the depression and responded to the exercise interventions.