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Aguilar G, Mitchell MA. Reptile Dermatology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:409-424. [PMID: 36965878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles are being presented more frequently to veterinarians because they increase in popularity. As with domestic pets, dermatologic conditions are common findings in captive reptiles and can be associated with husbandry and nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, and neoplasia. To have success with these cases, it is important to take a stepwise and strategic approach, starting with a thorough anamnesis and physical examination. From there, diagnostic tests should be pursued, with an understanding of the limitations of each diagnostic test. By understanding these limitations, the veterinary scientist can determine the best path to a diagnosis and treatment for the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Aguilar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skin Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skin Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Establishment of a Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Devriesea agamarum in Lizards. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050881. [PMID: 36899739 PMCID: PMC10000032 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Devriesea (D.) agamarum is a potential cause of dermatitis and cheilitis in lizards. The aim of this study was to establish a real-time PCR assay for the detection of D. agamarum. (2) Methods: Primers and probe were selected targeting the 16S rRNA gene, using sequences of 16S rRNA genes of D. agamarum as well as of other bacterial species derived from GenBank. The PCR assay was tested with 14 positive controls of different D. agamarum cultures as well as with 34 negative controls of various non-D. agamarum bacterial cultures. Additionally, samples of 38 lizards, mostly Uromastyx spp. and Pogona spp., submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory were tested for the presence of D. agamarum using the established protocol. (3) Results: Concentrations of as low as 2 × 104 colonies per mL were detectable using dilutions of bacterial cell culture (corresponding to approximately 200 CFU per PCR). The assay resulted in an intraassay percent of coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.31% and an interassay CV of 1.80%. (4) Conclusions: The presented assay is able to detect D. agamarum in clinical samples, decreasing laboratory turn-around time in comparison to conventional culture-based detection methods.
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Rangel-Gamboa L, González-Martínez EI, Sánchez-Cruz LC, Montiel-Rangel AI, Martínez-Hernández F. Trypanosoma cruzi DTU II coinfection with bacteria producing prolonged cutaneous lesion in a healthy young male. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e15. [PMID: 36921203 PMCID: PMC10013466 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is genetically classified in six discrete typing units (DTUs). The isolates reported in Mexico are generally associated with DTU I. We presented a case of a prolonged cutaneous lesion in a Mexican man, caused by DTU II in coinfection with Bacillus velezensis and Corynebacterium sp. The patient assessment included a complete clinical history, physical exam, laboratory tests, and a skin biopsy. In the facial tissues, intracellular parasites were revealed. The PCR tests were positive for T. cruzi in tissue and blood samples. DNA satellite sequencing was correlated with the DTU II. The initial serological tests reported negative results. However, four months later, two serological tests reported positive results. These exams were performed in different health centers. Mexico is considered an endemic area for CD; nevertheless, this is just the second cutaneous case associated with a DTU different from DTU-I noted in this country. From an ecological point of view, this fact suggests a geographical expansion of DTU II and an association with atypical skin manifestations. Further studies should be conducted to understand this exciting association between DTU-II and prolonged cutaneous expression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rangel-Gamboa
- Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Luminox Skin Centre, Dermatologic Department, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Erik-Iyair González-Martínez
- Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Saati-Santamaría Z, Baroncelli R, Rivas R, García-Fraile P. Comparative Genomics of the Genus Pseudomonas Reveals Host- and Environment-Specific Evolution. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0237022. [PMID: 36354324 PMCID: PMC9769992 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02370-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Each Earth ecosystem has unique microbial communities. Pseudomonas bacteria have evolved to occupy a plethora of different ecological niches, including living hosts, such as animals and plants. Many genes necessary for the Pseudomonas-niche interaction and their encoded functions remain unknown. Here, we describe a comparative genomic study of 3,274 genomes with 19,056,667 protein-coding sequences from Pseudomonas strains isolated from diverse environments. We detected functional divergence of Pseudomonas that depends on the niche. Each group of strains from a certain environment harbored a distinctive set of metabolic pathways or functions. The horizontal transfer of genes, which mainly proceeded between closely related taxa, was dependent on the isolation source. Finally, we detected thousands of undescribed proteins and functions associated with each Pseudomonas lifestyle. This research represents an effort to reveal the mechanisms underlying the ecology, pathogenicity, and evolution of Pseudomonas, and it will enable clinical, ecological, and biotechnological advances. IMPORTANCE Microbes play important roles in the health of living beings and in the environment. The knowledge of these functions may be useful for the development of new clinical and biotechnological applications and the restoration and preservation of natural ecosystems. However, most mechanisms implicated in the interaction of microbes with the environment remain poorly understood; thus, this field of research is very important. Here, we try to understand the mechanisms that facilitate the differential adaptation of Pseudomonas-a large and ubiquitous bacterial genus-to the environment. We analyzed more than 3,000 Pseudomonas genomes and searched for genetic patterns that can be related with their coevolution with different hosts (animals, plants, or fungi) and environments. Our results revealed that thousands of genes and genetic features are associated with each niche. Our data may be useful to develop new technical and theoretical advances in the fields of ecology, health, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki Saati-Santamaría
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raúl Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- Associated Research Unit of Plant-Microorganism Interaction, USAL-CSIC (IRNASA), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula García-Fraile
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- Associated Research Unit of Plant-Microorganism Interaction, USAL-CSIC (IRNASA), Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
Although the strategies used by bacteria to adapt to specific environmental conditions are widely reported, fewer studies have addressed how microbes with a cosmopolitan distribution can survive in diverse ecosystems. Exiguobacterium is a versatile genus whose members are commonly found in various habitats. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the universality of Exiguobacterium, we collected 105 strains from diverse environments and performed large-scale metabolic and adaptive ability tests. We found that most Exiguobacterium members have the capacity to survive under wide ranges of temperature, salinity, and pH. According to phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity analyses, we identified 27 putative species and classified two genetic groups: groups I and II. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the Exiguobacterium members utilize a variety of complex polysaccharides and proteins to support survival in diverse environments and also employ a number of chaperonins and transporters for this purpose. We observed that the group I species can be found in more diverse terrestrial environments and have a larger genome size than the group II species. Our analyses revealed that the expansion of transporter families drove genomic expansion in group I strains, and we identified 25 transporter families, many of which are involved in the transport of important substrates and resistance to environmental stresses and are enriched in group I strains. This study provides important insights into both the overall general genetic basis for the cosmopolitan distribution of a bacterial genus and the evolutionary and adaptive strategies of Exiguobacterium. IMPORTANCE The wide distribution characteristics of Exiguobacterium make it a valuable model for studying the adaptive strategies of bacteria that can survive in multiple habitats. In this study, we reveal that members of the Exiguobacterium genus have a cosmopolitan distribution and share an extensive adaptability that enables them to survive in various environments. The capacities shared by Exiguobacterium members, such as their diverse means of polysaccharide utilization and environmental-stress resistance, provide an important basis for their cosmopolitan distribution. Furthermore, the selective expansion of transporter families has been a main driving force for genomic evolution in Exiguobacterium. Our findings improve our understanding of the adaptive and evolutionary mechanisms of cosmopolitan bacteria and the vital genomic traits that can facilitate niche adaptation.
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Li Z, Li A, Hoyt JR, Dai W, Leng H, Li Y, Li W, Liu S, Jin L, Sun K, Feng J. Activity of bacteria isolated from bats against Pseudogymnoascus destructans in China. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:469-481. [PMID: 33559264 PMCID: PMC8867990 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White‐nose syndrome, a disease that is caused by the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has threatened several North America bat species with extinction. Recent studies have shown that East Asian bats are infected with P. destructans but show greatly reduced infections. While several factors have been found to contribute to these reduced infections, the role of specific microbes in limiting P. destructans growth remains unexplored. We isolated three bacterial strains with the ability to inhibit P. destructans, namely, Pseudomonas yamanorum GZD14026, Pseudomonas brenneri XRD11711 and Pseudomonas fragi GZD14479, from bats in China. Pseudomonas yamanorum, with the highest inhibition score, was selected to extract antifungal active substance. Combining mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses, we identified the active compound inhibiting P. destructans as phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (PCA), and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 50.12 μg ml−1. Whole genome sequencing also revealed the existence of PCA biosynthesis gene clusters. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis identified volatile organic compounds. The results indicated that 10 ppm octanoic acid, 100 ppm 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (isoprenol) and 100 ppm 3‐methyl‐3‐buten‐1‐ol (BHA) inhibited the growth of P. destructans. These results support that bacteria may play a role in limiting the growth of P. destructans on bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongle Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130018, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Aoqiang Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China.,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Joseph R Hoyt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Wentao Dai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Haixia Leng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
| | - Longru Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China.,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130018, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China
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