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Kozachek CC, Btoush RM. Smoking behaviors among Middle Eastern college women in the United States. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38652640 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2337003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Objective: to examine factors associated with cigarette and hookah smoking among Middle Eastern (ME) Arab college women. Participants: 406 adult women of ME Arabic background, currently enrolled in or recently graduated from a US college. Methods: a cross-sectional design, using an anonymous online survey of demographic characteristics, sociocultural factors, and access to health care factors. Data analysis included regression model to identify predictors of smoking behaviors. Results: Smoking rates were 21% and 19% for cigarette and hookah smoking. Cigarette smoking was higher with having liberal attitudes toward sexuality and lower among those having a healthcare provider. Hookah smoking was higher among students who are Muslim, involved in student organizations, have higher acculturation-heritage levels, and have more liberal attitudes toward women. Hookah smoking was lower among students born in the US, attending college part-time, and having higher religiosity levels. Conclusions: The study findings have several implications for interventions to address smoking behaviors among ME Arab college women through community organizations and within college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rula M Btoush
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Lei F, Lee E, Toyama J. Smoking Prevalence and Correlates among Chinese Immigrants: A Secondary Data Analysis Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085559. [PMID: 37107840 PMCID: PMC10138438 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to (1) identify the smoking prevalence among Chinese immigrants and (2) explore associations between their current smoking behaviors and demographic factors, psychological distress, and health utilization factors. METHODS Inclusion criteria were applied to extract data from the 2016 California Health Interview Survey; 650 eligible Chinese immigrant respondents were included in the sample. Independent variables were extracted based on the Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression were conducted using SAS 9.4 software. RESULTS 4.23% of the surveyed Chinese immigrants were current smokers. Chinese immigrants who were 50-65 years old, male, had less than a bachelor's degree education level, and a lower income were more likely to be current smokers. Income was significantly associated with Chinese immigrants' current smoking status (p = 0.0471). CONCLUSIONS Chinese immigrants' current smoking behaviors are significantly associated with their income. Interventions targeting low-income Chinese immigrants and tobacco price policies could potentially influence Chinese immigrants' smoking behaviors. Health education about smoking cessation should focus on male Chinese immigrant smokers who are 50-65 years old and have less than a bachelor's degree education and a lower income. More research needs to be carried out to encourage Chinese immigrants to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lei
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Eunice Lee
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joy Toyama
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Circumstances Around Cigarette Use After Enforced Abstinence From Smoking in an American Prison. J Addict Med 2022; 16:e405-e411. [PMID: 35916410 PMCID: PMC9675643 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most adults return to smoking after enforced tobacco abstinence when incarcerated in US prisons. Little is known about the specific relapse triggers on reentry. This study examines situational, affective, and motivational antecedents of return to smoking immediately after release from a tobacco-free prison. METHODS Assessments were administered before release and 1 and 7 days after release to 190 incarcerated adults who were smokers before incarceration. Those reporting smoking within 7 days after release were asked about circumstances surrounding their first cigarette. RESULTS Two-thirds reported smoking in the 7 days after release (76% of those in the first day) with the first cigarette smoked 21 hours after release on average. Smoking occurred more quickly for women than men and for those who planned to smoke after release (P values from 0.05 to 0.001). Forty-one percent of participants smoked while waiting for a ride or on the way home, 68% were given their first cigarette, 28% reported first smoking when reuniting with others, 42% first smoked with smokers, and 26% first smoked as celebration. The moods most reported before smoking were happy (60%) or excited (41.5%). Factors reported that could have prevented smoking were avoiding other smokers (27%), avoiding stress (16%), not drinking/using drugs (12%), and not having access to cigarettes (11%). CONCLUSIONS High rates of return to smoking occurred rapidly when around other smokers, using other substances, and in a positive mood. Interventions that focus specifically on these factors and can be immediately accessed upon release are required to help sustain people's desired abstinence.
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Johnson C, Mullen DJ, Selamat SA, Campan M, Offringa IA, Marconett CN. The Sulfotransferase SULT1C2 Is Epigenetically Activated and Transcriptionally Induced by Tobacco Exposure and Is Associated with Patient Outcome in Lung Adenocarcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:416. [PMID: 35010676 PMCID: PMC8744592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Tobacco exposure is associated with 80-90% of lung cancer cases. The SULT1C2 sulfotransferase modifies xenobiotic compounds to enhance secretion but can also render these compounds carcinogenic. To determine if SULT1C2 contributes to tobacco-related carcinogenesis in the lung, we analyzed the expression and epigenetic state of SULT1C2 in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples and in LUAD cell lines exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). SULT1C2 expression was significantly positively correlated to overall LUAD patient survival in smokers, was elevated in LUAD tumors compared to adjacent non-tumor lung, and was significantly correlated with levels of patient exposure to tobacco smoke. SULT1C2 promoter DNA methylation was inversely correlated with expression in LUAD, and hypomethylation of the SULT1C2 promoter was observed in Asian patients, as compared to Caucasians. In vitro analysis of LUAD cell lines indicates that CSC stimulates expression of SULT1C2 in a dose-dependent and cell-line-specific manner. In vitro methylation of the SULT1C2 promoter significantly decreased transcriptional activity of a reporter plasmid, and SULT1C2 expression was activated by the DNA demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine in a cell line in which the SULT1C2 promoter was hypermethylated. An aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) binding site was detected spanning critical methylation sites upstream of SULT1C2. CSC exposure significantly increased AHR binding to this predicted binding site in the SULT1C2 promoter in multiple lung cell lines. Our data suggest that CSC exposure leads to activation of the AHR transcription factor, increased binding to the SULT1C2 promoter, and upregulation of SULT1C2 expression and that this process is inhibited by DNA methylation at the SULT1C2 locus. Additionally, our results suggest that the level of SULT1C2 promoter methylation and gene expression in normal lung varies depending on the race of the patient, which could in part reflect the molecular mechanisms of racial disparities seen in lung cellular responses to cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
| | - Daniel J. Mullen
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
| | - Suhaida A. Selamat
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
| | - Mihaela Campan
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
| | - Ite A. Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
| | - Crystal N. Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA; (C.J.); (D.J.M.); (S.A.S.); (M.C.); (I.A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9520, USA
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