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Bazak YL, Sander B, Werker E, Zhumatova S, Worsnop CZ, Lee K. The economic impact of international travel measures used during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e013900. [PMID: 38413100 PMCID: PMC10900439 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of the use of travel measures during COVID-19 has focused on their effectiveness in achieving public health objectives. However, the prolonged use of highly varied and frequently changing measures by governments, and their unintended consequences caused, has been controversial. This has led to a call for coordinated decision-making focused on risk-based approaches, which requires better understanding of the broader impacts of international travel measures (ITMs) on individuals and societies. METHODS Our scoping review investigates the literature on the economic impact of COVID-19 ITMs. We searched health, social science and COVID-19-specific databases for empirical studies preprinted or published between 1 January 2020 and 31 October 2023. Evidence was charted using a narrative approach and included jurisdiction of study, ITMs studied, study design, outcome categories, and main findings. RESULTS Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for data extraction. Twelve of them focused on the international travel restrictions implemented in early 2020. Limited attention was given to measures such as entry/exit screening and vaccination requirements. Eight studies focused on high-income countries, 6 on low-income and middle-income countries and 10 studies were comparative although did not select countries by income. Economic outcomes assessed included financial markets (n=13), economic growth (n=4), economic activities (n=1), performance of industries central to international travel (n=9), household-level economic status (n=3) and consumer behaviour (n=1). Empirical methods employed included linear regression (n=17), mathematical modelling (n=3) and mixed strategies (n=6). CONCLUSION Existing studies have begun to provide evidence of the wide-ranging economic impacts resulting from ITMs. However, the small body of research combined with difficulties in isolating the effects of such measures and limitations in available data mean that it is challenging to draw general and robust conclusions. Future research using rigorous empirical methods and high-quality data is needed on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu Bazak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Werker
- Simon Fraser University Beedie School of Business, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Salta Zhumatova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kelley Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Chang CL, Cai Q. Stock return anomalies identification during the Covid-19 with the application of a grouped multiple comparison procedure. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND POLICY 2023; 79:168-183. [PMID: 37346281 PMCID: PMC10261139 DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Chinese stock market in 2020. Using daily data of three industries, this study addresses the identification of abnormal stock returns as a multiple hypothesis testing problem and proposes to apply a grouped comparison procedure for better detection. By comparing the numbers of daily signals and numbers of stocks with abnormal positive and negative returns, the empirical result shows that the three industries perform differently under the pandemic. Compared to the non-grouped testing procedure, the signals found by the grouped procedure are more prominent, which is advantageous for some situations when there tends to be abnormal performance clustering at the occurrence of major event. This paper on stock return anomalies gives a new perspective on the impact of major events to the stock market, like the global outbreak disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Chang
- School of Finance and Accounting, Fuzhou University of International Studies and Trade, Fuzhou, 350202, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- Overseas Education College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Coutinho Dos Santos M, Magano J, Mota J. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the hotel Industry's economic performance: Evidence from Portugal. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15850. [PMID: 37153421 PMCID: PMC10154056 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper estimates the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economic and financial performance of the Portuguese mainland hotel industry. For that purpose, we implement a novel empirical approach to gauge the impact of the pandemic during the 2020-2021 period in terms of the industry's aggregated operating revenues, net total assets, net total debt, generated cash flow, and financial slack. To that end, we derive and estimate a sustainable growth model to project the 2020 and 2021 'Covid-free' aggregated financial statements of a representative Portuguese mainland hotel industry sample. The impact of the Covid pandemic is measured by the difference between the 'Covid-free' financial statements and the historical data drawn from the Orbis and Sabi databases. An MC simulation with bootstrapping indicates that the deviations of the deterministic from the stochastic estimates for major indicators vary between 0.5 and 5.5%. The deterministic operating cash flow estimate lies within plus or minus two standard deviations from the mean interval of the operating cash flow distribution. Based on this distribution, we estimate the downside risk, measured by cash flow at risk, at 1294 million euros. Overall findings shed some light on the economic and financial repercussions of extreme events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, providing us with a better understanding of how to design public policies and business strategies to recover from such an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Coutinho Dos Santos
- CICEE, Research Center in Economics & Business Sciences, Portugal
- Catholic University of Portugal, Portugal
| | - José Magano
- CICEE, Research Center in Economics & Business Sciences, Portugal
- Higher Institute of Business Sciences and Tourism (ISCET), Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- CICEE, Research Center in Economics & Business Sciences, Portugal
- DEGEIT, University of Aveiro, and GOVCOPP, Portugal
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Sreen N, Tandon A, Jabeen F, Srivastava S, Dhir A. The interplay of personality traits and motivation in leisure travel decision-making during the pandemic. TOURISM MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES 2023; 46:101095. [PMID: 36937090 PMCID: PMC10005820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has negatively affected the travel and tourism industry and may continue to do so in the future. Therefore, hospitality businesses need to pay attention to consumer reactions, concerns, and motives for travelling in this era. This study leverages the stimulus-organism-behaviour-consequence (SOBC) model to examine psychological factors that influence Japanese travellers' intention to travel and willingness to pay premiums for safe travel by analysing data from 790 respondents. The findings of the study reveal that extraversion positively associates with introjected motivation and negatively with amotivation. Neuroticism personality type positively associates with amotivation and negatively associates with introjected motivation. Introjected motivation positively associates with perception of safe travel during COVID-19, whereas amotivation has a non-significant association with perception of safe travel during COVID-19. Perception of safe travel positively associates with intention to travel and willingness to pay premiums for safe travel. Finally, intention to travel has no effect on willingness to pay premiums for safe travel. These findings provide valuable theoretical and managerial implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Sreen
- O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India
| | - Anushree Tandon
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu 80100, Finland
- European Forest Institute, FInland
- University of Turku, Yliopistokatu 6, Joensuu 80100, Finland
| | - Fauzia Jabeen
- College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Amandeep Dhir
- Department of Management, School of Business & Law, University of Agder, Norway
- Jaipuria Institute of Management, Noida, India
- Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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Sakawa H, Watanabel N. Self-restraint, subsidy, and stock market reactions to the coronavirus outbreak: Evidence from the Japanese restaurant industry. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278876. [PMID: 36516175 PMCID: PMC9749993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the stock market response of the Japanese restaurant industry to the announcement of the self-restraint request and subsidy for restaurants by the Japanese government during the coronavirus outbreak. Using the event study approach, it was found that the market reacted negatively to the self-restraint request and positively to the subsidy for restaurants. Following the announcement of the self-restraint request, investors in the restaurant industry responded positively to the government's stringent policy responses. Conversely, following the announcement on the "dining-out" subsidy, investors reacted negatively to the stringent government policies. Our findings provide useful information for policy makers and practitioners to mitigate losses in the hospitality industry during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sakawa
- Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoki Watanabel
- Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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McGee JE, Terry RP. COVID-19 as an external enabler: The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation. JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00472778.2022.2127746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan P. Terry
- Department of Management and Marketing, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
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Corbet S, Hou Y, Hu Y, Oxley L. Did COVID-19 tourism sector supports alleviate investor fear? ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2022; 95:103434. [PMID: 35702448 PMCID: PMC9181271 DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2022.103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a dynamic black-swan event to which governments implemented support programmes to reduce sectoral probability of default. This research analyses investor response to such assistance, designed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic upon international aviation and tourism. Investor confidence in such support schemes is estimated through short-term abnormal returns. Results indicate significant differential behaviour, with fiscal policy found to be a dominant and largely effective mechanism generating median abnormal returns of 2.17 %. Specific assistance programmes relating to COVID-19 loan facilities, and the provision of pandemic relief packages significantly alleviated short-term investor concerns with median abnormal returns estimated between 2.87 % and 3.89 % respectively. Our empirical results offer investors and policymakers an additional layer of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaen Corbet
- DCU Business School, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Yang Hou
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Les Oxley
- School of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Abdou AH, Khalil AAF, Mahmoud HME, Elsaied MA, Elsaed AA. The Impact of Hospitality Work Environment on Employees' Turnover Intentions During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Conflict. Front Psychol 2022; 13:890418. [PMID: 35664136 PMCID: PMC9161142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Employees' turnover intentions and work-family conflict as a result of the hospitality work environment are considered the major global challenges confronted by hospitality organizations, especially in the era of COVID-19. This study aims at identifying the impact of the hospitality work environment on work-family conflict (WFC), as well as turnover intentions and examining the potential mediating role of WFC in the relationship between work environment and turnover intentions, during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of three- and four-star resorts in Egypt. A total of 413 resorts employees from Egyptian destinations (Sharm El-Sheikh and Hurghada) participated in the study. The findings of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that the hospitality work environment significantly and positively affects employees' turnover intentions and WFC. In the context of the mediating role of WFC, results illustrated that WFC significantly partially mediates the relationship between the hospitality work environment and turnover intentions. Upon these findings, the study suggests that to prevent WFC and eliminate turnover intentions among resorts' employees, an urgent need to create a better work environment is vitally important. limitations and future research directions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hassan Abdou
- Department of Social Studies, College of Arts, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Hotel Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Hassan Marzok Elsayed Mahmoud
- Department of Social Studies, College of Arts, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Geography, College of Arts, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Elsaied
- Department of Hotel Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Anwar Elsaed
- Department of Hotel Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Travel-Business Stagnation and SME Business Turbulence in the Tourism Sector in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, apart from having an impact on public health, has also caused the stagnation of travel-bureau businesses and the management of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the tourism sector. This study aims to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic as a determinant of travel-business stagnation and turbulence in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the influence of human resources, business development, and product marketing on the productivity of the travel and SME business, the direct and indirect effects of business innovation, economic digitization, and the use of technology on business stability and economic-business sustainability. This study uses an explanatory sequential qualitative–quantitative approach. Data were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and documentation. This study is focused on assessing the efforts made by travel-agency-business actors and SMEs in responding and adapting to changes in the business environment, both internally and externally. Human resources, business development, and product marketing together affect the productivity of travel agents and SMEs with a coefficient of determination of 95.84%. Furthermore, business innovation, economic digitization, and the use of technology simultaneously affect business stability with a coefficient of determination of 63.8%, and business stability affects the sustainability of travel and SMEs with a coefficient of determination of 67.6%. This study recommends a strategy for travel-agency-business sustainability and the stability of SMEs’ economic-business management towards increasing economic growth in the North Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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Biswas S. Can R&D investment reduce the impact of COVID-19 on firm performance?-Evidence from India. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 2021; 22:e2773. [PMID: 34899063 PMCID: PMC8646682 DOI: 10.1002/pa.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether investing in R&D reduces the impact of exogenous shocks like the COVID-19 on stock market performance and accounting performance of manufacturing firms in India. For the sample of listed manufacturing firms, the paper finds that the firms engaged in R&D activities had lower negative cumulative abnormal return than those firms that did not invest in R&D in the pre-pandemic period using multiple event windows. The result suggests that R&D investments can lower value erosion for the shareholders during a severe crisis period. Further, using a difference-in-difference fixed effects model, the study finds that manufacturing firms engaged in R&D activities in the pre-pandemic period exhibited higher return on sales and growth of total income during the pandemic quarter vis-à-vis the non-R&D firms. The favorable accounting performance indicates the possibility of firm-level R&D being associated with the firm's ability to adjust its functioning during a crisis, thereby reducing the effect of the crisis. Finally, the study documents that government intervention to reduce the spread of the virus had a differential impact on firms based on their industry of operation. The findings have implications for investors, corporate managers, and policymakers in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Biswas
- Department of Economics and FinanceBirla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad CampusHyderabadTelanganaIndia
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