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Niu Y, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang H, Jin Z, Guo Y. Diagnostic validation of smart wearable device embedded with single-lead electrocardiogram for arrhythmia detection. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231198682. [PMID: 37667685 PMCID: PMC10475230 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231198682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To validate a single-lead electrocardiogram algorithm for identifying atrial fibrillation, atrial premature beats, ventricular premature beats, and sinus rhythm. Methods A total of 656 subjects aged 19 to 94 years were enrolled. Participants were simultaneously tested with a wristwatch (Huawei Watch GT2 Pro, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China) and a 12-lead electrocardiogram for 3 minutes. A total of 1926 electrocardiogram signals from 628 subjects (282 men and 346 women) aged 19 to 94 years (median 64 years) were analyzed using an algorithm. Results The numbers of subjects with atrial fibrillation, atrial premature beats, ventricular premature beats, and sinus rhythm were 129, 141, 107, and 251, respectively, and together they had a total of 1926 electrocardiogram signals. For the three-class classification system, the recall, precision, and F1 score were 97.6%, 96.5%, 97.0% for sinus rhythm; 96.7%, 96.9%, 96.8% for atrial fibrillation; and 92.8%, 94.2%, 93.5% for ectopic beats, respectively. The macro-F1 score of the three-class classification system was 95.8%. For the four-class classification system, the recall, precision, and F1 score were 97.6%, 96.5%, 97.0% for sinus rhythm; 96.7%, 96.9%, 96.8% for atrial fibrillation; 90.5%, 89.4%, 89.9% for atrial premature beats; and 86.1%, 89.6%, 87.8% for ventricular premature beats, respectively. The macro-F1 score of the four-class classification system was 92.9%. Conclusions The single-lead electrocardiogram algorithm embedded into smart wearables demonstrated good performance in detecting atrial fibrillation, atrial/ventricular premature beats, and sinus rhythm, and thus would facilitate atrial fibrillation screening and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Niu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Medical Centre, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigeng Jin
- Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Guo
- Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Isaksen JL, Baumert M, Hermans ANL, Maleckar M, Linz D. Artificial intelligence for the detection, prediction, and management of atrial fibrillation. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:34-41. [PMID: 35147766 PMCID: PMC8853037 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the state of the art of machine learning algorithms for the detection, prediction, and management of atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as of the development and evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiology and beyond. Today, AI detects AF with a high accuracy using 12-lead or single-lead electrocardiograms or photoplethysmography. The prediction of paroxysmal or future AF currently operates at a level of precision that is too low for clinical use. Further studies are needed to determine whether patient selection for interventions may be possible with machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L Isaksen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Astrid N L Hermans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Molly Maleckar
- Department of Computational Physiology, Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominik Linz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abu-Alrub S, Strik M, Ramirez FD, Moussaoui N, Racine HP, Marchand H, Buliard S, Haïssaguerre M, Ploux S, Bordachar P. Smartwatch Electrocardiograms for Automated and Manual Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation: A Comparative Analysis of Three Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:836375. [PMID: 35187135 PMCID: PMC8854369 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.836375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AimsThe diagnostic accuracy of proprietary smartwatch algorithms and the interpretability of smartwatch ECG tracings may differ between available models. We compared the diagnostic potential for detecting atrial fibrillation (AF) of three commercially available smartwatches.MethodsWe performed a prospective, non-randomized, and adjudicator-blinded clinical study of 100 patients in AF and 100 patients in sinus rhythm, patients with atrial flutter were excluded. All patients underwent 4 ECG recordings: a conventional 12-lead ECG, Apple Watch Series 5®, Samsung Galaxy Watch Active 3®, and Withings Move ECG® in random order. All smartwatch ECGs were analyzed using their respective automated proprietary software and by clinical experts who also graded the quality of the tracings.ResultsThe accuracy of automated AF diagnoses by Apple and Samsung outperformed that of Withings, which was attributable to a higher proportion of inconclusive ECGs with the latter (sensitivity/specificity: 87%/86% and 88%/81% vs. 78%/80%, respectively, p < 0.05). Expert interpretation was more accurate for Withings and Apple than for Samsung (sensitivity/specificity: 96%/86% and 94%/84% vs. 86%/76%, p < 0.05), driven by the high proportion of uninterpretable tracings with the latter (2 and 4% vs. 15%, p < 0.05).ConclusionDiagnosing AF is possible using various smartwatch models. However, the diagnostic accuracy of their automated interpretations varies between models as does the quality of ECG tracings recorded for manual interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saer Abu-Alrub
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- Cardiology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Strik
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: Marc Strik
| | - F. Daniel Ramirez
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nadir Moussaoui
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo Pierre Racine
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo Marchand
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samuel Buliard
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Haïssaguerre
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvain Ploux
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Bordachar
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Bordeaux, France
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
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