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Brenna CTA, Khan S, Poots C, Brull R. Association between perioperative neuraxial local anesthetic neurotoxicity and arachnoiditis: a narrative review of published reports. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023:rapm-2023-104941. [PMID: 38050164 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/IMPORTANCE Arachnoiditis is a rare but devastating disorder caused by various insults, one of which is purported to be local anesthetic neurotoxicity following neuraxial blockade. However, the relationship between local anesthetics administered into the neuraxis and the development of arachnoiditis has not been clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to summarize the existing complex body of literature and characterize both the essential features and strength of any association between neuraxial local anesthetic neurotoxicity and arachnoiditis with a view toward mitigating risk, enhancing prevention, and refining informed consent discussions. EVIDENCE REVIEW We reviewed all published reports of arachnoiditis attributed to local anesthetic neurotoxicity following perioperative neuraxial anesthesia. This narrative review was based on a systematic search methodology, which included articles published up until December 2022. FINDINGS Thirty-eight articles were included, comprising 130 patients, over one-half of which were published prior to this century and inconsistent with modern practice. Neuraxial techniques included 78 epidurals, 48 spinals, and 5 combined spinal-epidurals, mostly for obstetrics. Reporting of essential procedural data was generally incomplete. Overall, at least 57% of patients experienced complicated needle/catheter insertion, including paresthesia, pain, or multiple attempts, irrespective of technique. The onset of neurological symptoms ranged from immediate to 8 years after neuraxial blockade, while the pathophysiology of arachnoiditis, if described, was heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS The existing literature attributing arachnoiditis to local anesthetic neurotoxicity is largely outdated, incomplete, and/or confounded by other potential causes, and thus insufficient to characterize the features and strength of any association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor T A Brenna
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Khan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Poots
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Brull
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Derk J, Como CN, Jones HE, Joyce LR, Kim S, Spencer BL, Bonney S, O'Rourke R, Pawlikowski B, Doran KS, Siegenthaler JA. Formation and function of the meningeal arachnoid barrier around the developing mouse brain. Dev Cell 2023; 58:635-644.e4. [PMID: 36996816 PMCID: PMC10231667 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The arachnoid barrier, a component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB) in the meninges, is composed of epithelial-like, tight-junction-expressing cells. Unlike other central nervous system (CNS) barriers, its' developmental mechanisms and timing are largely unknown. Here, we show that mouse arachnoid barrier cell specification requires the repression of Wnt-β-catenin signaling and that constitutively active β-catenin can prevent its formation. We also show that the arachnoid barrier is functional prenatally and, in its absence, a small molecular weight tracer and the bacterium group B Streptococcus can cross into the CNS following peripheral injection. Acquisition of barrier properties prenatally coincides with the junctional localization of Claudin 11, and increased E-cadherin and maturation continues after birth, where postnatal expansion is marked by proliferation and re-organization of junctional domains. This work identifies fundamental mechanisms that drive arachnoid barrier formation, highlights arachnoid barrier fetal functions, and provides novel tools for future studies on CNS barrier development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derk
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina N Como
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hannah E Jones
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Luke R Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sol Kim
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brady L Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie Bonney
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca O'Rourke
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brad Pawlikowski
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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