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Pamulang YV, Oontawee S, Rodprasert W, Padeta I, Sa-Ard-Lam N, Mahanonda R, Osathanon T, Somparn P, Pisitkun T, Torsahakul C, Sawangmake C. Potential upscaling protocol establishment and wound healing bioactivity screening of exosomes isolated from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2025; 15:10617. [PMID: 40148423 PMCID: PMC11950392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-93219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes exhibit promising potential in tissue regeneration. Recent studies highlight its significant therapeutic potential in various stages of wound healing. However, the clinical translation of exosome-based therapy was hindered due to issues regarding low productivity and the lack of efficient production protocol to obtain a clinically relevant exosome quantity. Therefore, this study established a potential upscaling protocol to produce exosomes derived from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAD-MSCs) and explored its potential for wound treatment. The potential upscaling protocol, termed VSCBIC-3-3D, was carried out using VSCBIC-3 in-house serum-free exosome-collecting solution in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system followed by the tangential flow filtration (TFF) isolation. Our findings suggest that culturing cAD-MSCs with VSCBIC-3 maintained cell morphology and viability. Compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) protocols, The potential upscaling protocol increased exosome yield and concentration in conditioned medium by 2.4-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively. The quality assessment revealed enhanced purity and bioactivity of exosomes produced using the VSCBIC-3-3D protocol. In addition, the cAD-MSCs-derived exosomes were shown to significantly improve fibroblast migration, proliferation, and wound healing-related gene expression in vitro. This study collectively demonstrates that potential upscaling protocol establishment allowed robust production of exosomes from cAD-MSCs, which exhibit therapeutic potential for wound healing in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudith Violetta Pamulang
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saranyou Oontawee
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Watchareewan Rodprasert
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Irma Padeta
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Lam
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Periodontal Disease and Dental Implant, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsini Mahanonda
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Periodontal Disease and Dental Implant, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutirat Torsahakul
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Center of Excellence for Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Yang Y, Deng C, Aldali F, Huang Y, Luo H, Liu Y, Huang D, Cao X, Zhou Q, Xu J, Li Y, Chen H. Therapeutic Approaches and Potential Mechanisms of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Treating Vascular Dementia. Cells 2025; 14:409. [PMID: 40136659 PMCID: PMC11941715 DOI: 10.3390/cells14060409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 02/26/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), including exosomes as a subtype, with a diameter typically less than 200 nm and originating from the endosomal system, are capable of transporting a diverse array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby facilitating intercellular communication and modulating cellular functions. Vascular dementia (VaD) represents a form of cognitive impairment attributed to cerebrovascular disease, characterized by a complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanism. Currently, the therapeutic approach to VaD predominantly emphasizes symptom management, as no specific pharmacological treatment exists to cure the condition. Recent investigations have illuminated the significant role of sEVs in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and functions of sEVs, with a particular focus on their involvement in vascular dementia and its underlying mechanisms. The objective is to advance the understanding of the interplays between sEVs and vascular dementia, thereby offering novel insights for future research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chunchu Deng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fatima Aldali
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunjie Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Danxia Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiuzhi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (Y.Y.); (C.D.); (F.A.); (Y.H.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (X.C.); (Q.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.L.)
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Xing Y, Yang X, Yang R, Fatima Z, Xie P, Liu F, Cai T, Xu X, Zhou C, Jia Z, Zhai X, Piao X, Liu H, Hong SH, Zhang S, Ren X, Liu L, Li D. Simultaneous Isolation and Preparation of Extracellular Vesicles by Circular Multicavity Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2025; 97:436-443. [PMID: 39757776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in diagnosis and treatment, yet obtaining highly purified EVs from complex biological samples is often hindered by nanoscale contaminants. In this work, considering the charge-to-size characteristics of EVs, a circular multicavity electrophoresis (CME) with gradient pore size distribution was constructed in the gradient electric field to realize the isolation and preparation of EVs. By the gradient gel sieving effect, small cell debris, EVs, and proteins in biological samples were gradually separated. The integration of ultrafiltration (UF) with CME synergistically enhances EV purification and preparation, resulting in a purity level 3.15 times higher than that achieved through ultracentrifugation (UC). The high yield preparation of EV was achieved through continuous injection facilitated by the application of a gradient electric field, where 3.55 × 1010 ± 6.32 × 108 particle numbers mL-1 of EVs were prepared from 36 mL of cell supernatant, and the recovery approached 87.65 ± 9.03%. Further evaluation of the cell uptake efficiency of EVs derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells prepared by CME-UF revealed that this approach effectively preserves both the integrity and bioactivity of the EVs. This work presents a novel approach for the isolation and preparation of EVs, offering valuable insights into future biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Xing
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Ruilin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Zakia Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Peijie Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Tianpei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Cailin Zhou
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Zeyang Jia
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xueli Zhai
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xiangfan Piao
- Department of Electronics, School of Engineering, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430204, China
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- South Sea Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 391 Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Korea
| | - Songnan Zhang
- Yanbian Hospital, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Xiangshan Ren
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
- Key Laboratory of Agrifood Quality and Safety Evaluation, Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Interdisciplinary, Molecular Biology of Biological Function, Changbai Mountain Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
- Key Laboratory of Agrifood Quality and Safety Evaluation, Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Ghanta P, Hessel E, Arias-Alvarado A, Aghayev M, Ilchenko S, Kasumov T, Oyewumi MO. Lung cancer exosomal Gal3BP promotes osteoclastogenesis with potential connotation in osteolytic metastasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27201. [PMID: 39516568 PMCID: PMC11549321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
New insights into cellular interactions and key biomolecules involved in lung cancer (LC) bone metastasis could offer remarkable therapeutic benefits. Using a panel of four LC cells, we investigated LC-bone interaction by exposing differentiating osteoclasts (OCs) to LC cells (LC-OC interaction) directly in a co-culture setting or indirectly via treatment with LC secretomes (conditioned media or exosomes). LC-OC interaction facilitated the production of large-sized OCs (nuclei > 10) coupled with extensive bone resorption pits. Proteomic analysis of LC exosomes identified galectin-3-binding protein (Gal3bp) as a potential biomarker which was released primarily by most of LC-derived exosomes. The facilitation of OC differentiation and function by LC-exosomal Gal3bp was supported by the application of recombinant Gal3bp and anti-Gal3bp in OC treatment. Further, our results exhibited a dysregulation of crucial OC markers (TRAF6, p-SAPK/JNK, p-44/42 MAPK, NFAT2 and CD9) during LC-OC interaction that possibly contributed to the facilitation of osteoclastogenesis. Simulation of bone metastasis via intratibial injection of LC cells revealed Gal3bp's possible roles in enhancing OC activation leading to osseous tissue resorption. Overall, this work implicated LC-exosomal Gal3bp in osteolytic metastasis of LC which warrants further studies to assess its potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Ghanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Evin Hessel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Andrea Arias-Alvarado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Mirjavid Aghayev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Serguei Ilchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Moses O Oyewumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UH-NEOMED Faculty Scholar, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH, 2024, 44272, USA.
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Pedersen C, Chen VT, Herbst P, Zhang R, Elfert A, Krishan A, Azar DT, Chang JH, Hu WY, Kremsmayer TP, Jalilian E, Djalilian AR, Guaiquil VH, Rosenblatt MI. Target specification and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles for regulating corneal angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and nerve repair. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:459-476. [PMID: 39426677 PMCID: PMC11921040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are small extracellular vesicles that range in size from 30 nm to 10 μm in diameter and have specific membrane markers. They are naturally secreted and are present in various bodily fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva, and through the variety of their internal cargo, they contribute to both normal physiological and pathological processes. These processes include immune modulation, neuronal synapse formation, cell differentiation, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, progression of infectious disease, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In recent years, interest has grown in the use of exosomes as a potential drug delivery system for various diseases and injuries. Importantly, exosomes originating from a patient's own cells exhibit minimal immunogenicity and possess remarkable stability along with inherent and adjustable targeting capabilities. This review explores the roles of exosomes in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and nerve repair with a specific emphasis on these processes within the cornea. Furthermore, it examines exosomes derived from specific cell types, discusses the advantages of exosome-based therapies in modulating these processes, and presents some of the most established methods for exosome isolation. Exosome-based treatments are emerging as potential minimally invasive and non-immunogenic therapies that modulate corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, as well as enhance and accelerate endogenous corneal nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Pedersen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria T Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paula Herbst
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Runze Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amr Elfert
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhi Krishan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tobias P Kremsmayer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elmira Jalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor H Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Komori T, Fukuda M. Two roads diverged in a cell: insights from differential exosome regulation in polarized cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1451988. [PMID: 39286483 PMCID: PMC11402822 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1451988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular signaling, carrying various cargo from microRNAs to metabolites and proteins. They are released by practically all cells and are highly heterogenous due to their origin and content. Several groups of exosomes are known to be involved in various pathological conditions including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases as well as cancer, and therefore a substantial understanding of their biogenesis and release is crucial. Polarized cells display an array of specific functions originated from differentiated membrane trafficking systems and could lead to hints in untangling the complex process of exosomes. Indeed, recent advances have successfully revealed specific regulation pathways for releasing different subsets of exosomes from different sides of polarized epithelial cells, underscoring the importance of polarized cells in the field. Here we review current evidence on exosome biogenesis and release, especially in polarized cells, highlight the challenges that need to be combatted, and discuss potential applications related to exosomes of polarized-cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Hu S, Liang Y, Pan X. Exosomes: A promising new strategy for treating osteoporosis in the future. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2024; 97:105571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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Németh A, Bányai GL, Dobos NK, Kós T, Gaál A, Varga Z, Buzás EI, Khamari D, Dank M, Takács I, Szász AM, Garay T. Extracellular vesicles promote migration despite BRAF inhibitor treatment in malignant melanoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:282. [PMID: 38778340 PMCID: PMC11110207 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a vital component of intercellular communication, exerting significant influence on metastasis formation and drug resistance mechanisms. Malignant melanoma (MM) is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancers, because of its high metastatic potential and often acquired resistance to oncotherapies. The prevalence of BRAF mutations in MM underscores the importance of BRAF-targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib, alone or in combination with the MEK inhibitor, trametinib. This study aimed to elucidate the involvement of EVs in MM progression and ascertain whether EV-mediated metastasis promotion persists during single agent BRAF (vemurafenib, dabrafenib), or MEK (trametinib) and combined BRAF/MEK (dabrafenib/trametinib) inhibition.Using five pairs of syngeneic melanoma cell lines, we assessed the impact of EVs - isolated from their respective supernatants - on melanoma cell proliferation and migration. Cell viability and spheroid growth assays were employed to evaluate proliferation, while migration was analyzed through mean squared displacement (MSD) and total traveled distance (TTD) measurements derived from video microscopy and single-cell tracking.Our results indicate that while EV treatments had remarkable promoting effect on cell migration, they exerted only a modest effect on cell proliferation and spheroid growth. Notably, EVs demonstrated the ability to mitigate the inhibitory effects of BRAF inhibitors, albeit they were ineffective against a MEK inhibitor and the combination of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In summary, our findings contribute to the understanding of the intricate role played by EVs in tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrodité Németh
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gréta L Bányai
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett K Dobos
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kós
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Gaál
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry; Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry; Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Division of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Takács
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Division of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szász
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Division of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garay
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Division of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Wang L, Wang W, Hu D, Liang Y, Liu Z, Zhong T, Wang X. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles regulate macrophage polarization: role and therapeutic perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346587. [PMID: 38690261 PMCID: PMC11058222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important cell-to-cell communication mediators. This paper focuses on the regulatory role of tumor-derived EVs on macrophages. It aims to investigate the causes of tumor progression and therapeutic directions. Tumor-derived EVs can cause macrophages to shift to M1 or M2 phenotypes. This indicates they can alter the M1/M2 cell ratio and have pro-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper discusses several key points: first, the factors that stimulate macrophage polarization and the cytokines released as a result; second, an overview of EVs and the methods used to isolate them; third, how EVs from various cancer cell sources, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and glioblastoma cell sources carcinoma, promote tumor development by inducing M2 polarization in macrophages; and fourth, how EVs from breast carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, lungs carcinoma, and glioblastoma cell sources carcinoma also contribute to tumor development by promoting M2 polarization in macrophages. Modified or sourced EVs from breast, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer can repolarize M2 to M1 macrophages. This exhibits anti-tumor activities and offers novel approaches for tumor treatment. Therefore, we discovered that macrophage polarization to either M1 or M2 phenotypes can regulate tumor development. This is based on the description of altering macrophage phenotypes by vesicle contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Die Hu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhanyu Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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10
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Çam SB, Çiftci E, Gürbüz N, Altun B, Korkusuz P. Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate human hypoxic AKI-on-a-Chip within a tight treatment window. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:105. [PMID: 38600585 PMCID: PMC11005291 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hypoxic proximal tubule (PT) injury and subsequent maladaptive repair present high mortality and increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) - chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hBMMSC-Exos) as potential cell therapeutics can be translated into clinics if drawbacks on safety and efficacy are clarified. Here, we determined the real-time effective dose and treatment window of allogeneic hBMMSC-Exos, evaluated their performance on the structural and functional integrity of 3D microfluidic acute hypoxic PT injury platform. METHODS hBMMSC-Exos were isolated and characterized. Real-time impedance-based cell proliferation analysis (RTCA) determined the effective dose and treatment window for acute hypoxic PT injury. A 2-lane 3D gravity-driven microfluidic platform was set to mimic PT in vitro. ZO-1, acetylated α-tubulin immunolabelling, and permeability index assessed structural; cell proliferation by WST-1 measured functional integrity of PT. RESULTS hBMMSC-Exos induced PT proliferation with ED50 of 172,582 µg/ml at the 26th hour. Hypoxia significantly decreased ZO-1, increased permeability index, and decreased cell proliferation rate on 24-48 h in the microfluidic platform. hBMMSC-Exos reinforced polarity by a 1.72-fold increase in ZO-1, restored permeability by 20/45-fold against 20/155 kDa dextran and increased epithelial proliferation 3-fold compared to control. CONCLUSIONS The real-time potency assay and 3D gravity-driven microfluidic acute hypoxic PT injury platform precisely demonstrated the therapeutic performance window of allogeneic hBMMSC-Exos on ischemic AKI based on structural and functional cellular data. The novel standardized, non-invasive two-step system validates the cell-based personalized theragnostic tool in a real-time physiological microenvironment prior to safe and efficient clinical usage in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefa Burak Çam
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Eda Çiftci
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Nazlıhan Gürbüz
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Bülent Altun
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Nephrology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Ankara, 06230, Turkey.
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11
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Berezin AE, Berezin AA. Extracellular vesicles in heart failure. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 119:1-32. [PMID: 38514208 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Physiologically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated as crucial mediators of immune response, cell homeostasis, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and growth, and tissue repair. In heart failure (HF) they may act as regulators of cardiac remodeling, microvascular inflammation, micro environmental changes, tissue fibrosis, atherosclerosis, neovascularization of plaques, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and reciprocal heart-remote organ interaction. The chapter summaries the nomenclature, isolation, detection of EVs, their biologic role and function physiologically as well as in the pathogenesis of HF. Current challenges to the utilization of EVs as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in HF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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12
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Izadpanah M, Yalameha B, Sani MZ, Cheragh PK, Mahdipour M, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes as Theranostic Agents in Reproduction System. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300258. [PMID: 37955866 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos), belonging to extracellular vesicles, are cell-derived nano-sized vesicles with the potential to carry different kinds of biological molecules. Many studies have proved the impacts of exosomal cargo on several biological processes in female and male reproductive systems. It is also hypothesized that changes in exosomal cargo are integral to the promotion of certain pathological conditions, thus Exos can be used as valid biomarkers for the diagnosis of infertility and other abnormal conditions. Here, efforts are made to collect some recent data related to the physiological significance of Exos in the reproductive system, and their potential therapeutic effects. It is anticipated that the current review article will lay the groundwork for elucidating the source and mechanisms by which Exos control the reproductive system additionally supplying fresh methods and concepts for the detection and treatment of disorders associated with fertility for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Izadpanah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Yalameha
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamani Sani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Amini H, Namjoo AR, Narmi MT, Mardi N, Narimani S, Naturi O, Khosrowshahi ND, Rahbarghazi R, Saghebasl S, Hashemzadeh S, Nouri M. Exosome-bearing hydrogels and cardiac tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2023; 27:99. [PMID: 37803483 PMCID: PMC10559618 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, cardiovascular disease in particular myocardial infarction (MI) has become the predominant cause of human disability and mortality in the clinical setting. The restricted capacity of adult cardiomyocytes to proliferate and restore the function of infarcted sites is a challenging issue after the occurrence of MI. The application of stem cells and byproducts such as exosomes (Exos) has paved the way for the alleviation of cardiac tissue injury along with conventional medications in clinics. However, the short lifespan and activation of alloreactive immune cells in response to Exos and stem cells are the main issues in patients with MI. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop therapeutic approaches with minimum invasion for the restoration of cardiac function. MAIN BODY Here, we focused on recent data associated with the application of Exo-loaded hydrogels in ischemic cardiac tissue. Whether and how the advances in tissue engineering modalities have increased the efficiency of whole-based and byproducts (Exos) therapies under ischemic conditions. The integration of nanotechnology and nanobiology for designing novel smart biomaterials with therapeutic outcomes was highlighted. CONCLUSION Hydrogels can provide suitable platforms for the transfer of Exos, small molecules, drugs, and other bioactive factors for direct injection into the damaged myocardium. Future studies should focus on the improvement of physicochemical properties of Exo-bearing hydrogel to translate for the standard treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Amini
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran
| | - Atieh Rezaei Namjoo
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi Narmi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Narimani
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ozra Naturi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Didar Khosrowshahi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Solmaz Saghebasl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51548/53431, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Olson C, Zhang P, Ku J, Flojo R, Boyes D, Lu B. A Novel Dual-Reporter System Reveals Distinct Characteristics of Exosome-Mediated Protein Secretion in Human Cells. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:25. [PMID: 37726652 PMCID: PMC10510171 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, a special subtype of extracellular vesicles derived from human cells, serve as vital mediators of intercellular communication by transporting diverse bioactive cargos, including proteins and enzymes. However, the underlying mechanisms governing exosome secretion and regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed a dual-reporter system consisting of bioluminescent Gaussia luciferase and fluorescent proteins to investigate the dynamics and regulation of exosome secretion in cultured human cells. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the engineered dual-reporters effectively monitored both exosome-mediated and ER-Golgi-mediated secretory pathways in a specific and quantitative manner. Notably, we observed distinct characteristics of exosome-mediated protein secretion, including significantly lower capacity and different dynamics compared to the ER-Golgi pathway. This phenomenon was observed in human kidney 293T cells and liver HepG2 cells, emphasizing the conserved nature of exosome-mediated secretion across cell types. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi membrane trafficking, on protein secretion. Interestingly, BFA inhibited protein secretion via the ER-Golgi pathway while stimulating exosome-mediated protein secretion under same experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study highlights the utility of the dual-reporter system for real-time monitoring and quantitative analysis of protein secretion through conventional ER-Golgi and unconventional exosome pathways. Moreover, our findings unveil distinct features of exosome-mediated protein secretion, shedding light on its differential capacity, dynamics, and regulatory mechanisms compared to ER-Golgi-mediated proteins in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Pengyang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Darin Boyes
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
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15
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Logozzi M, Orefice NS, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. The Importance of Detecting, Quantifying, and Characterizing Exosomes as a New Diagnostic/Prognostic Approach for Tumor Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112878. [PMID: 37296842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) of nanometric size studied for their role in tumor pathogenesis and progression and as a new source of tumor biomarkers. The clinical studies have provided encouraging but probably unexpected results, including the exosome plasmatic levels' clinical relevance and well-known biomarkers' overexpression on the circulating EVs. The technical approach to obtaining EVs includes methods to physically purify EVs and characterize EVs, such as Nanosight Tracking Analysis (NTA), immunocapture-based ELISA, and nano-scale flow cytometry. Based on the above approaches, some clinical investigations have been performed on patients with different tumors, providing exciting and promising results. Here we emphasize data showing that exosome plasmatic levels are consistently higher in tumor patients than in controls and that plasmatic exosomes express well-known tumor markers (e.g., PSA and CEA), proteins with enzymatic activity, and nucleic acids. However, we also know that tumor microenvironment acidity is a key factor in influencing both the amount and the characteristics of the exosome released by tumor cells. In fact, acidity significantly increases exosome release by tumor cells, which correlates with the number of exosomes that circulate through the body of a tumor patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Davide Mizzoni
- ExoLab Italia, Tecnopolo d'Abruzzo, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Reiss AB, Ahmed S, Johnson M, Saeedullah U, De Leon J. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease: From Mechanism to Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2023; 13:479. [PMID: 37110138 PMCID: PMC10142472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. In recent decades, clinical research has made significant advances, resulting in improved survival and recovery rates for patients with CVD. Despite this progress, there is substantial residual CVD risk and an unmet need for better treatment. The complex and multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of CVD pose a challenge for researchers seeking effective therapeutic interventions. Consequently, exosomes have emerged as a new focus for CVD research because their role as intercellular communicators gives them the potential to act as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanocarriers. In the heart and vasculature, cell types such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, cardiac fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and resident stem cells are involved in cardiac homeostasis via the release of exosomes. Exosomes encapsulate cell-type specific miRNAs, and this miRNA content fluctuates in response to the pathophysiological setting of the heart, indicating that the pathways affected by these differentially expressed miRNAs may be targets for new treatments. This review discusses a number of miRNAs and the evidence that supports their clinical relevance in CVD. The latest technologies in applying exosomal vesicles as cargo delivery vehicles for gene therapy, tissue regeneration, and cell repair are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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