1
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Johansson E, Nazziwa J, Freyhult E, Hong MG, Lindman J, Neptin M, Karlson S, Rezeli M, Biague AJ, Medstrand P, Månsson F, Norrgren H, Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M. HIV-2 mediated effects on target and bystander cells induce plasma proteome remodeling. iScience 2024; 27:109344. [PMID: 38500818 PMCID: PMC10945182 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite low or undetectable plasma viral load, people living with HIV-2 (PLWH2) typically progress toward AIDS. The driving forces behind HIV-2 disease progression and the role of viremia are still not known, but low-level replication in tissues is believed to play a role. To investigate the impact of viremic and aviremic HIV-2 infection on target and bystander cell pathology, we used data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to determine plasma signatures of tissue and cell type engagement. Proteins derived from target and bystander cells in multiple tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain, were detected at elevated levels in plasma of PLWH2, compared with HIV negative controls. Moreover, viremic HIV-2 infection appeared to induce enhanced release of proteins from a broader range of tissues compared to aviremic HIV-2 infection. This study expands the knowledge on the link between plasma proteome remodeling and the pathological cell engagement in tissues during HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Johansson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamirah Nazziwa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lindman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Neptin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - for the SWEGUB CORE group
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Virus Centre, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- BioMS – Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Scharf L, Pedersen CB, Johansson E, Lindman J, Olsen LR, Buggert M, Wilhelmson S, Månsson F, Esbjörnsson J, Biague A, Medstrand P, Norrgren H, Karlsson AC, Jansson M. Inverted CD8 T-Cell Exhaustion and Co-Stimulation Marker Balance Differentiate Aviremic HIV-2-Infected From Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744530. [PMID: 34712231 PMCID: PMC8545800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 is less pathogenic compared to HIV-1. Still, disease progression may develop in aviremic HIV-2 infection, but the driving forces and mechanisms behind such development are unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal the immunophenotypic pattern associated with CD8 T-cell pathology in HIV-2 infection, in relation to viremia and markers of disease progression. The relationships between pathological differences of the CD8 T-cell memory population and viremia were analyzed in blood samples obtained from an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau, including HIV-2 viremic and aviremic individuals. For comparison, samples from HIV-1- or dually HIV-1/2-infected and seronegative individuals were obtained from the same cohort. CD8 T-cell exhaustion was evaluated by the combined expression patterns of activation, stimulatory and inhibitory immune checkpoint markers analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry and advanced bioinformatics. Unsupervised multidimensional clustering analysis identified a cluster of late differentiated CD8 T-cells expressing activation (CD38+, HLA-DRint/high), co-stimulatory (CD226+/-), and immune inhibitory (2B4+, PD-1high, TIGIThigh) markers that distinguished aviremic from viremic HIV-2, and treated from untreated HIV-1-infected individuals. This CD8 T-cell population displayed close correlations to CD4%, viremia, and plasma levels of IP-10, sCD14 and beta-2 microglobulin in HIV-2 infection. Detailed analysis revealed that aviremic HIV-2-infected individuals had higher frequencies of exhausted TIGIT+ CD8 T-cell populations lacking CD226, while reduced percentage of stimulation-receptive TIGIT-CD226+ CD8 T-cells, compared to seronegative individuals. Our results suggest that HIV-2 infection, independent of viremia, skews CD8 T-cells towards exhaustion and reduced co-stimulation readiness. Further knowledge on CD8 T-cell phenotypes might provide help in therapy monitoring and identification of immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Scharf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina B Pedersen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lindman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars R Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Wilhelmson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Månsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Antonio Biague
- National Laboratory for Public Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika C Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Kang SJ, Park KJ, Jin HM, Cho YN, Oh TH, Kim SE, Kim UJ, Park KH, Jung SI, Kim TO, Kim HS, Jo YG, Ju JK, Kee SJ, Park YW. Circulating Plasmacytoid and Conventional Dendritic Cells Are Numerically and Functionally Deficient in Patients With Scrub Typhus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700755. [PMID: 34276693 PMCID: PMC8281928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells known to bridge innate and adaptive immune reactions. However, the relationship between circulating DCs and Orientia tsutsugamushi infection is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level and function of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs), two subsets of circulating DCs, in scrub typhus patients. Methods The study included 35 scrub typhus patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs). pDC and cDC levels, CD86 and CD274 expression, and cytokine levels were measured using flow cytometry. Results Circulating pDC and cDC levels were found to be significantly reduced in scrub typhus patients, which were correlated with disease severity. The patients displayed increased percentages of CD86+ pDCs, CD274+ pDCs, and CD274+ cDCs in the peripheral blood. The alterations in the levels and surface phenotypes of pDCs and cDCs were recovered in the remission state. In addition, the production of interferon (IFN)-α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by circulating pDCs, and interleukin (IL)-12 and TNF-α by circulating cDCs was reduced in scrub typhus patients. Interestingly, our in vitro experiments showed that the percentages of CD86+ pDCs, CD274+ pDCs, and CD274+ cDCs were increased in cultures treated with cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α. Conclusions This study demonstrates that circulating pDCs and cDCs are numerically deficient and functionally impaired in scrub typhus patients. In addition, alterations in the expression levels of surface phenotypes of pDCs and cDCs could be affected by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ji Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seong Eun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Uh Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sook-In Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ok Kim
- Department of Pulmonology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young-Goun Jo
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Ju
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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4
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van der Sluis RM, Egedal JH, Jakobsen MR. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells as Cell-Based Therapeutics: A Novel Immunotherapy to Treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:249. [PMID: 32528903 PMCID: PMC7264089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses. Since their discovery in the late 1970's, DCs have been recognized as the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). DCs have a superior capacity for acquiring, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells and they express costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that determine immune activation or anergy. For these reasons, cell-based therapeutic approaches using DCs have been explored in cancer and infectious diseases but with limited success. In humans, DCs are divided into heterogeneous subsets with distinct characteristics. Two major subsets are CD11c+ myeloid (m)DCs and CD11c− plasmacytoid (p)DCs. pDCs are different from mDCs and play an essential role in the innate immune system via the production of type I interferons (IFN). However, pDCs are also able to take-up antigens and effectively cross present them. Given the rarity of pDCs in blood and technical difficulties in obtaining them from human blood samples, the understanding of human pDC biology and their potential in immunotherapeutic approaches (e.g. cell-based vaccines) is limited. However, due to the recent advancements in cell culturing systems that allow for the generation of functional pDCs from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC), studying pDCs has become easier. In this mini-review, we hypothesize about the use of pDCs as a cell-based therapy to treat HIV by enhancing anti-HIV-immune responses of the adaptive immune system and enhancing the anti-viral responses of the innate immune system. Additionally, we discuss obstacles to overcome before this approach becomes clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M van der Sluis
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Samri A, Charpentier C, Diallo MS, Bertine M, Even S, Morin V, Oudin A, Parizot C, Collin G, Hosmalin A, Cheynier R, Thiébaut R, Matheron S, Collin F, Zoorob R, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B. Limited HIV-2 reservoirs in central-memory CD4 T-cells associated to CXCR6 co-receptor expression in attenuated HIV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007758. [PMID: 31095640 PMCID: PMC6541300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The low pathogenicity and replicative potential of HIV-2 are still poorly understood. We investigated whether HIV-2 reservoirs might follow the peculiar distribution reported in models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infections, i.e. limited infection of central-memory CD4 T lymphocytes (TCM). Antiretroviral-naive HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 (12 non-progressors, 2 progressors) were prospectively included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sorted into monocytes and resting CD4 T-cell subsets (naive [TN], central- [TCM], transitional- [TTM] and effector-memory [TEM]). Reactivation of HIV-2 was tested in 30-day cultures of CD8-depleted PBMCs. HIV-2 DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell surface markers, co-receptors and restriction factors were analyzed by flow-cytometry and multiplex transcriptomic study. HIV-2 DNA was undetectable in monocytes from all individuals and was quantifiable in TTM from 4 individuals (median: 2.25 log10 copies/106 cells [IQR: 1.99–2.94]) but in TCM from only 1 individual (1.75 log10 copies/106 cells). HIV-2 DNA levels in PBMCs (median: 1.94 log10 copies/106 PBMC [IQR = 1.53–2.13]) positively correlated with those in TTM (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) but not TCM. HIV-2 reactivation was observed in the cells from only 3 individuals. The CCR5 co-receptor was distributed similarly in cell populations from individuals and donors. TCM had a lower expression of CXCR6 transcripts (p = 0.002) than TTM confirmed by FACS analysis, and a higher expression of TRIM5 transcripts (p = 0.004). Thus the low HIV-2 reservoirs differ from HIV-1 reservoirs by the lack of monocytic infection and a limited infection of TCM associated to a lower expression of a potential alternative HIV-2 co-receptor, CXCR6 and a higher expression of a restriction factor, TRIM5. These findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models. HIV-2 induces a still poorly understood attenuated infection compared to HIV-1. We investigated whether this infection might follow peculiarities associated with other models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infection, i.e. a limited infection of a key subset of memory CD4 T lymphocytes, the central-memory ones (TCM). Thus we studied the infection rates in peripheral blood cells from 14 untreated HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 HIV-2 cohort, and found; 1) a lack of infection of monocytes, 2) extremely low infection in central-memory CD4+ T lymphocytes while HIV-2 predominated in the transitional-memory cells, 3) a poor replicative capacity of HIV-2 in individuals cells. We then investigated the cellular expression of a hundred-host genes potentially involved in HIV-2 control. We found in individuals’ TCM cells, compared to TTM ones, a lower expression of CXCR6, a potentially alternative co-receptor of HIV-2 but not of HIV-1, and a higher expression of TRIM5α, a restriction factor to which HIV-2 is more sensitive than HIV-1. Altogether our findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mariama Sadjo Diallo
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Even
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Morin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Oudin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Fideline Collin
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rima Zoorob
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FBV); (BA)
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6
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Alculumbre SG, Saint-André V, Di Domizio J, Vargas P, Sirven P, Bost P, Maurin M, Maiuri P, Wery M, Roman MS, Savey L, Touzot M, Terrier B, Saadoun D, Conrad C, Gilliet M, Morillon A, Soumelis V. Diversification of human plasmacytoid predendritic cells in response to a single stimulus. Nat Immunol 2017; 19:63-75. [PMID: 29203862 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells adjust to microbial and inflammatory stimuli through a process termed environmental plasticity, which links a given individual stimulus to a unique activated state. Here, we report that activation of human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) with a single microbial or cytokine stimulus triggers cell diversification into three stable subpopulations (P1-P3). P1-pDCs (PD-L1+CD80-) displayed a plasmacytoid morphology and specialization for type I interferon production. P3-pDCs (PD-L1-CD80+) adopted a dendritic morphology and adaptive immune functions. P2-pDCs (PD-L1+CD80+) displayed both innate and adaptive functions. Each subpopulation expressed a specific coding- and long-noncoding-RNA signature and was stable after secondary stimulation. P1-pDCs were detected in samples from patients with lupus or psoriasis. pDC diversification was independent of cell divisions or preexisting heterogeneity within steady-state pDCs but was controlled by a TNF autocrine and/or paracrine communication loop. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for diversity and division of labor in innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solana G Alculumbre
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Saint-André
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3244, ncRNA, Epigenetic, and Genome Fluidity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Di Domizio
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Philemon Sirven
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bost
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France.,Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,IFOM Foundation, Institute FIRC of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Maxime Wery
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3244, ncRNA, Epigenetic, and Genome Fluidity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San Roman
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Léa Savey
- UMR7211 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Departement (DHU i2B), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases, Paris, France
| | | | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Center for Rare Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David Saadoun
- UMR7211 and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Departement (DHU i2B), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Curdin Conrad
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonin Morillon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3244, ncRNA, Epigenetic, and Genome Fluidity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France. .,CIC IGR-Curie 1428, Paris, France.
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7
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Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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8
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Sehgal M, Zeremski M, Talal AH, Ginwala R, Elrod E, Grakoui A, Li QG, Philip R, Khan ZK, Jain P. IFN-α-Induced Downregulation of miR-221 in Dendritic Cells: Implications for HCV Pathogenesis and Treatment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:698-709. [PMID: 26090579 PMCID: PMC4560851 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interferon (IFN)-α is known to exert immunomodulatory and antiproliferative effects on dendritic cells (DCs) through induction of protein-coding IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), little is known about IFN-α-regulated miRNAs in DCs. Since several miRNAs are involved in regulating DC functions, it is important to investigate whether IFN-α's effects on DCs are mediated through miRNAs as well. In this study, we examined miRNA expression patterns in myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs after exposing them to IFN-α. We report that IFN-α downregulates miR-221 in both DC subsets via inhibition of STAT3. We validated proapoptotic proteins BCL2L11 and CDKN1C as miR-221 targets suggesting that IFN-α can induce DC apoptosis via miR-221 downregulation. In addition, we validated another miR-221 target, SOCS1, which is known to be a negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling. Consistent with this, miR-221 overexpression in mDCs enhanced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1/HCV co-infected individuals undergoing IFN-α-based treatment the baseline miR-221 expression was lower in non-responders compared with responders; and miR-221 expression directly correlated with DC frequency and IL-6/TNF-α secretion. In addition to PBMCs, we isolated total liver cells and kupffer cells from HCV-infected individuals and individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis. We found that both total liver cells and kupffer cells from HCV-infected individuals had significantly higher miR-221 levels compared with individuals with cirrhosis. Overall, we demonstrate that IFN-α exerts both antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects on mDCs via miR-221 downregulation; and IFN-miR-221 axis can play important role in HCV pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andrew H. Talal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Qi-Ging Li
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Royle CM, Graham DR, Sharma S, Fuchs D, Boasso A. HIV-1 and HIV-2 differentially mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells into IFN-producing cells or APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3538-48. [PMID: 25156368 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a progressive impairment of immune function. HIV-2 is a naturally attenuated form of HIV, and HIV-2 patients display a slow-progressing disease. The leading hypothesis for the difference in disease phenotype between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is that more efficient T cell-mediated immunity allows for immune-mediated control of HIV-2 infection, similar to that observed in the minority of HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors. Understanding how HIV-1 and HIV-2 differentially influence the immune function may highlight critical mechanisms determining disease outcome. We investigated the effects of exposing primary human peripheral blood cells to HIV-1 or HIV-2 in vitro. HIV-2 induced a gene expression profile distinct from HIV-1, characterized by reduced type I IFN, despite similar upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and viral restriction factors. HIV-2 favored plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) differentiation into cells with an APC phenotype rather than IFN-α-producing cells. HIV-2, but not HIV-1, inhibited IFN-α production in response to CpG-A. The balance between pDC maturation into IFN-α-producing cells or development of an APC phenotype differentiates the early response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We propose that divergent paths of pDC differentiation driven by HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause the observed differences in pathogenicity between the two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Royle
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David R Graham
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Simone Sharma
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Adriano Boasso
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom;
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10
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Bruel T, Dupuy S, Démoulins T, Rogez-Kreuz C, Dutrieux J, Corneau A, Cosma A, Cheynier R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Vaslin B. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell dynamics tune interferon-alfa production in SIV-infected cynomolgus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003915. [PMID: 24497833 PMCID: PMC3907389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-I production is a characteristic of HIV/SIV primary infections. However, acute IFN-I plasma concentrations rapidly decline thereafter. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are key players in this production but primary infection is associated with decreased responsiveness of pDC to TLR 7 and 9 triggering. IFNα production during primary SIV infection contrasts with increased pDC death, renewal and dysfunction. We investigated the contribution of pDC dynamics to both acute IFNα production and the rapid return of IFNα concentrations to pre-infection levels during acute-to-chronic transition. Nine cynomolgus macaques were infected with SIVmac251 and IFNα-producing cells were quantified and characterized. The plasma IFN-I peak was temporally associated with the presence of IFNα(+) pDC in tissues but IFN-I production was not detectable during the acute-to-chronic transition despite persistent immune activation. No IFNα(+) cells other than pDC were detected by intracellular staining. Blood-pDC and peripheral lymph node-pDC both lost IFNα(-) production ability in parallel. In blood, this phenomenon correlated with an increase in the counts of Ki67(+)-pDC precursors with no IFNα production ability. In tissues, it was associated with increase of both activated pDC and KI67(+)-pDC precursors, none of these being IFNα(+) in vivo. Our findings also indicate that activation/death-driven pDC renewal rapidly blunts acute IFNα production in vivo: pDC sub-populations with no IFNα-production ability rapidly increase and shrinkage of IFNα production thus involves both early pDC exhaustion, and increase of pDC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bruel
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Démoulins
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Corneau
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Vaslin
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR-E01, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Sehgal M, Zeremski M, Talal AH, Khan ZK, Capocasale R, Philip R, Jain P. Host Genetic Factors and Dendritic Cell Responses Associated with the Outcome of Interferon/Ribavirin Treatment in HIV-1/HCV Co-Infected Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25705565 PMCID: PMC4332701 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1/HCV co-infection is a significant health problem. Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) against HIV-1 has proved to be fairly successful. On the other hand, direct acting antiviral drugs against HCV have improved cure rates but high cost and development of drug resistance are important concerns. Therefore PEGylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) still remain essential components of HCV treatment, and identification of host factors that predict IFN/RBV treatment response is necessary for effective clinical management of HCV infection. Impaired dendritic cell (DC) and T cell responses are associated with HCV persistence. It has been shown that IFN/RBV treatment enhances HCV-specific T cell functions and it is likely that functional restoration of DCs is the underlying cause. To test this hypothesis, we utilized an antibody cocktail (consisting of DC maturation, adhesion and other surface markers) to perform comprehensive phenotypic characterization of myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in a cohort of HIV-1/HCV co-infected individuals undergoing IFN/RBV treatment. Our results show that pre-treatment frequencies of mDCs are lower in non-responders (NRs) compared to responders (SVRs) and healthy controls. Although, the treatment was able to restore the frequency of mDCs in NRs, it downregulated the frequency of CCR7+, CD54+ and CD62L+ mDCs. Pre-treatment frequencies of pDCs were lower in NRs and decreased further upon treatment. Compared to SVRs, NRs exhibited higher ratio of PD-L1+/CD86+ pDCs prior to treatment; and this ratio remained high even after treatment. These findings demonstrate that enumeration and phenotypic assessment of DCs before/during therapy can help predict the treatment outcome. We also show that before treatment, PBMCs from SVRs secrete higher amounts of IFN-γ compared to controls and NRs. Upon genotyping IFNL3 polymorphisms rs12979860, rs4803217 and ss469415590, we found rs12979860 to be a better predictor of treatment outcome. Collectively, our study led to identification of important correlates of IFN/RBV treatment response in HIV-1/HCV co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marija Zeremski
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew H Talal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renold Capocasale
- Flowmetric, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fabricius D, Nußbaum B, Busch D, Panitz V, Mandel B, Vollmer A, Westhoff MA, Kaltenmeier C, Lunov O, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Jahrsdörfer B, Debatin KM. Antiviral Vaccines License T Cell Responses by Suppressing Granzyme B Levels in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1144-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Nowroozalizadeh S, Gudmundsdotter L, Hejdeman B, Andersson L, Esbjörnsson J, Medstrand P, Sandström E, Gaines H, Wahren B, Jansson M. Short-term HIV-1 treatment interruption is associated with dysregulated TLR-stimuli responsiveness. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2103-10. [PMID: 23912942 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viremia during human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection results in progressive impairment of several components of the immune system. Here a unique model of repeated treatment interruptions (TIs) was used with the aim to reveal the effect of controlled short-term viremia on innate stimuli responsiveness and circulating dendritic cells (DCs). Sequential peripheral blood samples from HIV-1-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy, subjected to repeated TI cycles as part of a therapeutic DNA vaccination study, were analyzed. In vitro responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimuli was analyzed by cytokine secretion, and frequencies of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs (mDCs) were monitored by flow cytometry. These parameters were found not to be significantly different between the vaccinated and placebo groups. Instead, independent of vaccination altered in vitro TLR responsiveness was observed in parallel with TI cycles. TLR7/8-triggered secretion of IL-12 and IFN-α, as well as TLR9-triggered secretion of IL-12, was hyperactivated. In contrast, expression of IFN-α after TLR9 stimulation decreased during the initial cycle of TI. Reduced frequencies of pDCs and mDCs, compared with baseline, were noted before and during the second TI, respectively. Furthermore, spontaneous ex vivo release of IL-12 from PBMC was noted during cycles of TI. In conclusion, these results suggest that consequences of short-term TI include dysregulated TLR responses and fluctuations in the frequencies of circulating DCs. Knowledge of these immunological factors may influence the continuation of stringent treatment schedules during HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Nowroozalizadeh
- The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control; Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lindvi Gudmundsdotter
- The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control; Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Hejdeman
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan; Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Andersson
- The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö; Lund University; Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric Sandström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Venhälsan; Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Gaines
- The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britta Wahren
- The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control; Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund; Lund University; Lund, Sweden
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14
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Cavaleiro R, Tendeiro R, Foxall RB, Soares RS, Baptista AP, Gomes P, Valadas E, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Monocyte and Myeloid Dendritic Cell Activation Occurs Throughout HIV Type 2 Infection, an Attenuated Form of HIV Disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1730-42. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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15
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Sehgal M, Khan ZK, Talal AH, Jain P. Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle? Virology (Auckl) 2013; 4:1-25. [PMID: 25512691 PMCID: PMC4222345 DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of our immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and regulating a potent antiviral immune response. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during HIV-1 and HCV infection have provided crucial insights into the mechanisms employed by these viruses to impair DC functions in order to evade an effective immune response against them. Modulation of the immunological synapse between DC and T-cell, as well as dysregulation of the crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells, are emerging as two crucial mechanisms. This review focuses on understanding the interaction of HIV-1 and HCV with DCs not only to understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV-1 and HCV infection, but also to explore the possibilities of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches against them. Host genetic makeup is known to play major roles in infection outcome and rate of disease progression, as well as response to anti-viral therapy in both HIV-1 and HCV-infected individuals. Therefore, we highlight the genetic variations that can potentially affect DC functions, especially in the setting of chronic viral infection. Altogether, we address if DCs’ potential as critical effectors of antiviral immune response could indeed be utilized to combat chronic infection with HIV-1 and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew H Talal
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Resistance to antibody neutralization in HIV-2 infection occurs in late stage disease and is associated with X4 tropism. AIDS 2012; 26:2275-84. [PMID: 23151495 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328359a89d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the nature and dynamics of the neutralizing antibody (NAb) response and escape in chronically HIV-2 infected patients. METHODS Twenty-eight chronically infected adults were studied over a period of 1-4 years. The neutralizing activity of plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against autologous and heterologous primary isolates was analyzed using a standard assay in TZM-bl cells. Coreceptor usage was determined in ghost cells. The sequence and predicted three-dimensional structure of the C2V3C3 Env region were determined for all isolates. RESULTS Only 50% of the patients consistently produced IgG NAbs to autologous and contemporaneous virus isolates. In contrast, 96% of the patients produced IgG antibodies that neutralized at least two isolates of a panel of six heterologous R5 isolates. Breadth and potency of the neutralizing antibodies were positively associated with the number of CD4(+) T cells and with the titer and avidity of C2V3C3-specific binding IgG antibodies. X4 isolates were obtained only from late stage disease patients and were fully resistant to neutralization. The V3 loop of X4 viruses was longer, had a higher net charge, and differed markedly in secondary structure compared to R5 viruses. CONCLUSION Most HIV-2 patients infected with R5 isolates produce C2V3C3-specific neutralizing antibodies whose potency and breadth decreases as the disease progresses. Resistance to antibody neutralization occurs in late stage disease and is usually associated with X4 viral tropism and major changes in V3 sequence and conformation. Our studies support a model of HIV-2 pathogenesis in which the neutralizing antibodies play a central role and have clear implications for the vaccine field.
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Memory B-cell depletion is a feature of HIV-2 infection even in the absence of detectable viremia. AIDS 2012; 26:1607-17. [PMID: 22695303 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283568849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory B-cell loss has long been recognized as an important contributor to HIV immunodeficiency. HIV-2 infection, which is characterized by a slow rate of progression to AIDS and reduced to undetectable viremia, provides a unique model to investigate B-cell disturbances. DESIGN AND METHODS B-cell subsets were evaluated in 38 HIV-2-infected individuals, along with markers of T-cell activation and serum levels of immunoglobulins and a major B-cell homeostatic cytokine, B-cell activating factor (BAFF). Untreated HIV-1-infected and seronegative control individuals were studied in parallel. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman's correlations. RESULTS We found that HIV-2 was associated with significant depletion of both unswitched (CD27(+)IgD(+)) and switched (CD27(+)IgD(neg)) memory B-cells that directly correlated with T-cell activation, even in individuals with undetectable plasma viral load. Nevertheless, the presence of detectable viremia, even at low levels, was associated with significant memory B-cell loss and higher BAFF levels. Moreover, these alterations were not recovered by antiretroviral-therapy, as treated HIV-2-infected patients showed more pronounced B-cell disturbances, possibly related to their extended length of infection. CONCLUSION These first data regarding B-cell imbalances during HIV-2 infection show that, irrespective of viremia, prolonged HIV infection leads to irreversible damage of memory B-cell homeostasis.
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PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are progressively up-regulated on CD4 and CD8 T-cells in HIV-2 infection irrespective of the presence of viremia. AIDS 2012; 26:1065-71. [PMID: 22441249 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835374db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyper-immune activation is a main determinant of HIV disease progression, potentially counter-acted by T-cell inhibitory pathways. Here we investigated, for the first time, inhibitory molecules in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring attenuated form of HIV disease, associated with reduced viremia and very slow rates of CD4 T-cell decline. DESIGN Programmed death (PD)-1/PD-L1, an important pathway in limiting immunopathology, and its possible relationship with T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (TIM-3), a recently identified inhibitory molecule, were studied in untreated HIV-2 and HIV-1 cohorts, matched for degree of CD4 T-cell depletion, and noninfected individuals. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of T-cell expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and TIM-3, combined with markers of cell differentiation, activation, cycling and survival. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon tests, Spearman's correlations, multiple linear regressions and canonical correlation analysis. RESULTS T-cell expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was tightly associated and directly correlated with CD4 T-cell depletion and immune activation in HIV-2 infection. No such correlation was found for PD-L1 expression in HIV-1-positive patients. Central memory and intermediate memory cells, rather than terminally differentiated T-cells, expressed the highest levels of both PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules. Conversely, TIM-3 expression was independent of T-cell differentiation and dissociated from cell cycling, suggesting distinct induction mechanisms. Importantly, in contrast with HIV-1, no significant increases in TIM-3 expression were found in the HIV-2 cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PD-1/PD-L1 molecules, rather than markers of T-cell exhaustion, may act as modulators of T-cell immune activation, contributing to the slower course of HIV-2 infection. These data have implications for the design of antiretroviral therapy-complementary immune-based strategies.
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Teleshova N, Derby N, Martinelli E, Pugach P, Calenda G, Robbiani M. Simian immunodeficiency virus interactions with macaque dendritic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:155-81. [PMID: 22975875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes advances in the following areas: (1) dendritic cell (DC)-mediated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission, (2) role of DCs in innate and adaptive immunity against SIV, and (3) approaches to harness DC function to induce anti-SIV responses. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rhesus macaques and other Asian NHP species is highly relevant to advance the understanding of virus-host interactions critical for transmission and disease pathogenesis. HIV infection is associated with changes in frequency, phenotype, and function of the two principal subsets of DCs, myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. DC biology during pathogenic SIV infection is strikingly similar to that observed in HIV-infected patients. The NHP models provide an opportunity to dissect the requirements for DC-driven SIV infection and to understand how SIV distorts the DC system to its advantage. Furthermore, the SIV model of mucosal transmission enables the study of the earliest events of infection at the portal of entry that cannot be studied in humans, and, importantly, the involvement of DCs. Nonpathogenic infection in African NHP hosts allows investigations into the role of DCs in disease control. Understanding how DCs are altered during SIV infection is critical to the design of therapeutic and preventative strategies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Teleshova
- HIV and AIDS Program, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) is composed of the eclipse phase, during which the transmitted virus struggles to avoid eradication and achieve amplification/spread; the expansion phase when virus disseminates and undergoes exponential replication associated with extensive CD4⁺ T-cell destruction; and the containment phase when set-point levels of viremia and immune activation are established. The importance of interactions between HIV-1 and innate responses in determining events throughout AHI is increasingly recognized, and is reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS During the eclipse phase, HIV-1 subverts dendritic cell functions to promote its replication at mucosal sites and employs multiple strategies to minimize control by type 1 interferons. Systemic virus dissemination is associated with widespread activation of innate responses which fuels HIV-1 replication. To minimize the protective effects of innate responses, HIV-1 resists control by natural killer cells and may impair innate regulation of adaptive responses. Innate responses remain chronically activated after HIV-1 containment which is thought to drive HIV-1 pathogenesis. SUMMARY Innate responses are pivotal determinants of events at all stages of AHI. Increased understanding of mechanisms involved in innate control of HIV-1 and pathways regulating innate activation during HIV-1 infection could facilitate development of novel approaches to combating this infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Relatively little is known with regards to the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission across a mucosal surface and more specifically what effects host factors have on influencing infection and early viral dissemination. The purpose of this review is to summarize which factors of the innate immune response can influence mucosal transmission of HIV-1. RECENT FINDINGS A large array of cell types reside at the mucosal surface ranging from Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages as well as CD4⁺ lymphocytes, all of which interact with the virus in a unique and different way and which can contribute to risk of HIV-1 transmission. Numerous factors present in bodily secretions as well as the carrier fluids of HIV-1 (breast milk, vaginal secretions, semen and intestinal mucus) can influence transmission and early virus replication. These range from cytokines, chemokines, small peptides, glycoproteins as well as an array of host intracellular molecules which can influence viral uncoating, reverse transcription as well as egress from the infected cell. SUMMARY Better understanding the cellular mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission and how different host factor can influence infection will aide in the future development of vaccines, microbicides, and therapies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) are pivotal players in HIV-1 infection. They promote transmission and spread and at the same time are critical for recognizing HIV-1 and initiating immune responses to fight infection. Notably, their immunostimulatory capabilities can be harnessed to design better HIV-1 vaccines. In this review, advances in these areas of mDC-HIV-1 interactions are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS New insights into HIV-1-induced dysfunction of mDCs and dysfunctional mDC effects on other cell types, as well as novel mechanisms of viral sensing by mDCs and their evasion by HIV-1, have been uncovered. These results emphasize the importance of mDCs in protection against HIV-1 infection. Targeting mDCs with vaccines and tailored adjuvants may improve the quality and anatomical location of elicited immune responses. SUMMARY Understanding the multiplicity of HIV-1-dendritic cell interactions together with the numerous advances in targeted therapy and vaccination will help in the rational design of approaches to treat and block infection.
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Dissecting the role of dendritic cells in simian immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. Immunol Res 2011; 50:228-34. [PMID: 21717075 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with the loss of the two principal types of dendritic cell (DC), myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC), but the mechanism of this loss and its relationship to AIDS pathogenesis remain ill-defined. The nonhuman primate is a powerful model to dissect this response for several reasons. Both DC subsets have been well characterized in nonhuman primates and shown to have strikingly similar phenotypic and functional characteristics to their counterparts in the human. Moreover, decline of mDC and pDC occurs in rhesus macaques with end-stage simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the model of HIV infection in humans. In this brief review, we discuss what is known about DC subsets in pathogenic and nonpathogenic nonhuman primate models of HIV infection and highlight the advances and controversies that currently exist in the field.
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Abstract
T cell exhaustion develops under conditions of antigen-persistence caused by infection with various chronic pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), or by the development of cancer. T cell exhaustion is characterized by stepwise and progressive loss of T cell function, which is probably the main reason for the failed immunological control of chronic pathogens and cancers. Recent observations have detailed some of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the severity of T cell exhaustion. Duration and magnitude of antigenic activation of T cells might be associated with up-regulation of inhibitory receptors, which is a major intrinsic factor of T cell exhaustion. Extrinsic factors might include the production of suppressive cytokines, T cell priming by either non-professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), and alteration of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Further investigation of the cellular and molecular processes behind the development of T cell exhaustion can reveal therapeutic targets and strategies for the treatment of chronic infections and cancers. Here, we report the properties and the mechanisms of T cell exhaustion in a chronic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tak Jin
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Association between peripheral γδ T-cell profile and disease progression in individuals infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2 in West Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 57:92-100. [PMID: 21423026 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318215a877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gammadelta (γδ) T cells play an important role in protective immunity in HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus infection; their role in HIV-2 infection is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of γδ T cells in control of plasma viral load and CD4 T-cell count in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in West Africa. METHODS Thirty HIV-1 and 25 HIV-2 treatment-naive chronically infected individuals, and 20 HIV-seronegative individuals from Senegal were studied using multiparametric flow cytometry to investigate the frequencies and phenotypes of peripheral γδ T cells. γδ T-cell parameters and correlates of HIV disease progression were assessed. RESULTS : We observed an expansion of Vδ1 T-cell populations in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. However, unlike HIV-1 infection, no significant contraction of the frequency of total Vδ2 T cells was observed in HIV-2 infection. Significantly lower frequencies of CD4Vδ2 T cells were observed in HIV-2-infected individuals. Furthermore, frequencies of CD28CD45RO and CD27CD28CD45RO Vδ2 T cell were low in HIV-1-infected individuals. Vδ2 T-cell activation levels were elevated in both HIV-1-infected and HIV-2-infected individuals. The frequency of HLA-DRCD38-activated Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells was associated with a decline in CD4 T-cell counts and increased viral load in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS Although maintaining the normal frequency of total Vδ2 T cells, HIV-2 infection reduces the frequency of CD4Vδ2 T cells and alters the frequencies of subsets of Vδ1 T cells. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection induce γδ T-cell activation, and this activation is associated with the disease progression.
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Cell-associated viral burden provides evidence of ongoing viral replication in aviremic HIV-2-infected patients. J Virol 2010; 85:2429-38. [PMID: 21159859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01921-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viremia is significantly lower in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 infection, irrespective of disease stage. Nevertheless, the comparable proviral DNA burdens observed for these two infections indicate similar numbers of infected cells. Here we investigated this apparent paradox by assessing cell-associated viral replication. We found that untreated HIV-1-positive (HIV-1(+)) and HIV-2(+) individuals, matched for CD4 T cell depletion, exhibited similar gag mRNA levels, indicating that significant viral transcription is occurring in untreated HIV-2(+) patients, despite the reduced viremia (undetectable to 2.6 × 10(4) RNA copies/ml). However, tat mRNA transcripts were observed at significantly lower levels in HIV-2(+) patients, suggesting that the rate of de novo infection is decreased in these patients. Our data also reveal a direct relationship of gag and tat transcripts with CD4 and CD8 T cell activation, respectively. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-2(+) patients showed persistent viral replication, irrespective of plasma viremia, possibly contributing to the emergence of drug resistance mutations, persistent hyperimmune activation, and poor CD4 T cell recovery that we observed with these individuals. In conclusion, we provide here evidence of significant ongoing viral replication in HIV-2(+) patients, further emphasizing the dichotomy between amount of plasma virus and cell-associated viral burden and stressing the need for antiretroviral trials and the definition of therapeutic guidelines for HIV-2 infection.
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Meera S, Madhuri T, Manisha G, Ramesh P. Irreversible loss of pDCs by apoptosis during early HIV infection may be a critical determinant of immune dysfunction. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:241-9. [PMID: 20565289 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell subsets myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important role in HIV pathogenesis. While pDCs play a major role in the innate immune response, mDCs are important for induction of the antigen-specific immune response. We studied pDCs and mDCs at different stages of HIV infection, and found that there were decreased percentages of pDCs and mDCs in the advanced stage of the disease (p < 0.0001), and that slow progressors did not show as great a decrease as more healthy individuals. Persons who had acquired infection within the last year showed a normal mDC percentage but a lower pDC percentage (p = 0.0092) than healthy individuals (0.16%). pDC percentages in those with late-stage disease did not revert to normal after successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), whereas mDC percentages reverted to levels comparable to those seen in the healthy population (0.08% pre-ART to 0.18% post-ART; p < 0.0001). The pDC population had high levels of apoptotic markers in those with recent (p = 0.0025) and advanced (p = 0.0012) HIV infection, with no difference in their migratory capacity from controls and slow progressors, indicating that apoptosis is the major mechanism of declining pDC numbers in the circulation. mDCs showed increased levels of apoptotic markers (p = 0.0012), as well as migration (p = 0.03), in those with advanced-stage disease compared to controls, suggesting that both migration and apoptosis contribute to the decline seen in mDCs in the circulation. The irreversible loss of pDCs due to apoptosis seen early in HIV infection may be responsible for an impaired innate anti-HIV immune response. However, the presence of functionally-competent pDCs in slow progressors implies that the loss of pDCs early in infection may be critical to control of HIV infection through innate immune mechanisms, and may influence the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Meera
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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A look behind closed doors: interaction of persistent viruses with dendritic cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:350-60. [PMID: 20372157 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections with HIV, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the generation of protective antiviral immunity. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during infection with these viruses provide insights into the mechanisms used by these viruses to exploit DC function and evade innate and adaptive immunity. In this Review we highlight the current knowledge about the interaction between DCs and these viruses and the underlying mechanisms that might influence the outcome of viral infections.
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