1
|
Li B, Xu L, Ijaz M, Hafeez R, Ayoade SO, Shen Y, Yang F, Wang X, Liu Q, Li X, Gu C, Zhang J, Li B. Effective mitigation of sclerotium rot in lettuce cultivation by two soil fungi Aspergillus terreus and Albifimbria verrucaria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2025. [PMID: 40396279 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2025] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lettuce is widely cultivated for its high nutritional value, but its yield is significantly diminished by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a pathogenic fungus responsible for Sclerotinia rot. The overuse of chemical fungicides has led to resistance and environmental concerns. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop effective biocontrol agents as a safer and more sustainable alternative for managing this disease. RESULTS Aspergillus terreus strain JH92 and Albifimbria verrucaria strain JH96, isolated from lettuce fields, exhibited inhibition on the mycelial growth and sclerotia formation of S. sclerotiorum. Crude extracts of both fungal strains demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum and other phytopathogens. In vitro and glasshouse trials revealed significant control of sclerotinia rot on lettuce plants. The optimal fermentation conditions for both strains were determined. The biocontrol mechanism of strain JH96 was attributed to reduction of oxalic acid secretion, whereas the biocontrol mechanism of strain JH92 was attributed to production of antifungal active compounds of glycitein and butyrolactone I. In particular, glycitein effectively inhibited the growth, sclerotia formation and sclerotium germination of S. sclerotiorum. CONCLUSION Results from this study clearly indicated that the two strains, in particular strain JH92, were antagonistic to S. sclerotiorum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. This revealed that both strains have great potential as environmentally-friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides for biological control of Sclerotinia rot in lettuce production. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rahila Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of life sciences and oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Solabomi Olaitan Ayoade
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Station for the Plant Protection & Quarantine and Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengli Yang
- Deqing County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Deqing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Ningbo Jiangbei District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Station, Ningbo, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuqing Li
- Institute of Vegetable, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng D, Yuan W, Tian X, Meng Y, Sun H, Xu L, Huang L. A Stem-Specific Cell Death-Inducing Cyclo-Dipeptide From Woody Plant Pathogen Valsa mali Modulates Plant Immune Response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2025. [PMID: 40241567 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 03/13/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
Apple Valsa canker, caused by the pathogen Valsa mali, is a severe disease which specifically manifests itself on apple twigs and bark but not on leaves, and it affects apple production. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of a stem-specific cell death-inducing peptide named SDP1, synthesized by an non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS)-like gene (VM1G_01528), designated as SDG1. The gene is located in secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster 4 on chromosome 2 of V. mali. Deletion of SDG1 significantly impaired the ability of the pathogen to infect apple twigs. Chemically synthesized SDP1 restored the virulence of ΔSDG1 mutant on apple twigs. Moreover, SDP1 induced cell death in apple stem tissue culture, and suppressed the production of lignin, while it had no effect on apple leaves. Single deletions of other genes in the same secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster also abolished the production of SDP1 and reduced virulence on apple twigs. Transcriptome data from apple stem tissue treated with SDP1 suggested that chloroplast activity and auxin responses were inhibited upon SDP1 treatment. Our findings suggest that SDP1 is a novel stem-specific virulence factor that contributes to the virulence of V. mali and may represent a new target for the development of specific disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Northwest A&F University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thanthrige N, Bhowmik SD, Williams B. 'Friend versus foe'-does autophagy help regulate symbiotic plant-microbe interactions and can it be manipulated to improve legume cultivation? FEBS Lett 2025; 599:645-655. [PMID: 39582243 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically regulated, eukaryotic catabolic pathway that responds to internal and external cellular signals. In plants, it plays crucial roles in development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Due to its role in limiting the hypersensitive response, research on the molecular mechanisms of autophagic signalling pathways in plant-microbe interactions has primarily focused on plant-pathogen responses. Although there is substantially less information on the role of autophagy signalling in symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, there is accumulating evidence that it is also a key regulator of mutualistic plant-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent progress on the roles of autophagy in symbiotic plant interactions and discuss potential future research directions. Once understood, the central role that autophagy plays within pathogenic and symbiotic plant-microbe interactions has significant potential application for crop improvement. Manipulating autophagy in legume crops could help support crop growth with reduced levels of fertiliser application while maintaining yields with increased protein content in the harvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni Thanthrige
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sudipta Das Bhowmik
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv Y, Liu Y, Lin Y, Zheng H, Yan J, Zhang Y, Miao W, Wu W, Lin C. Functional diversification of oxalate decarboxylases in terms of enzymatic activity, morphosporogenesis, stress regulation and virulence in Colletotrichum siamense. Front Microbiol 2025; 16:1547950. [PMID: 40092038 PMCID: PMC11906461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Oxalate decarboxylase (OxdC) is an enzyme that degrades oxalic acid and may affect the virulence of necrotrophic fungal pathogens that rely on oxalic acid as a pathogenicity factor. However, the biological function of OxdCs in hemibiotropic fungi is still unknown. Our previous studies revealed four OxdC-encoding genes in the whole genome, with CsOxdC3 playing important roles in morphosporogenesis, fungicide resistance and virulence in Colletotrichum siamense. Here, we systematically analyzed the biological functions of four oxalate decarboxylase genes in C. siamense via a loss-of-function method. The results revealed CsOxdC1, CsOxdC2, and CsOxdC4 played major roles in degrading oxalic acid in C. siamense, whereas CsOxdC3 did not. All four CsOxdCs positively modulated morphosporogenesis, including vegetative growth, conidial size, conidial germination rate and the appressorium formation rate, to different extents. In particular, the CsOxdC3 deletion mutant failed to form appressoria. The four OxdC gene deletion mutants had different responses to Mn2+, Cu2+, and multiple fungicides. Among them, CsOxdC2 and CsOxdC4 exhibited positive roles in resistance to Mn2+ and Cu2+ stresses; CsOxdC1 played a slightly positive role in C. siamense resistance to azole fungicides; and CsOxdC3 had a significantly positive role in regulating the sensitivity of C. siamense to multiple fungicides, including pyrrole and azole, but not CsOxdC2 and CsOxdC4. Furthermore, compared with the wild-type strain, ΔCsOxdC2 and ΔCsOxdC3, but not ΔCsOxdC1 and ΔCsOxdC4, displayed significantly reduced virulence. In conclusion, our data indicated that CsOxdCs exerted diverse functions in morphogenesis, stress homeostasis, fungicide resistance, and virulence in C. siamense. This study provides insights into the biological function of OxdCs in the hemibiotrophic fungus C. siamense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Lv
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Huiying Zheng
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jingting Yan
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu L, Shang Q, Nicolaisen M, Zeng R, Gao S, Gao P, Song Z, Dai F, Zhang J. Biocontrol Potential of Rhizospheric Bacillus Strains Against Sclerotinia minor Jagger Causing Lettuce Drop. Microorganisms 2025; 13:68. [PMID: 39858836 PMCID: PMC11767259 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic Sclerotinia minor Jagger causes lettuce drop, a destructive soil-borne disease. As potential biocontrol agents for this disease, 2 of 31 bacterial strains isolated from soil samples from fields containing S. minor Jagger were identified using in vitro antagonistic assays against S. minor Jagger. Bioactivity experiments showed that Bac20 had higher inhibitory activity against S. minor Jagger than Bac45. Based on 16S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis of a combination of sequences from gyrA, rpoB, purH, polC, and groEL, Bac20 and Bac45 were identified as Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Lipopeptide compounds produced by each strain were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. Both strains produced three types of lipopeptides, namely surfactins, iturins, and fengycins, whereas Bac20 showed the strongest intensity in its production of iturins, more than that of Bac45. Bac20 inhibited oxalic acid formation in early-stage lettuce leaves infected with S. minor Jagger, delaying pathogen infestation. Greenhouse experiments for controlling lettuce drop demonstrated that inoculation with Bac20 controlled lettuce drop by 71.7%. In conclusion, this study revealed that B. velezensis Bac20 has high potential for use as a biocontrol agent for controlling the lettuce drop caused by S. minor Jagger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Xu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Qinghua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Rong Zeng
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Shigang Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Fuming Dai
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (L.X.); (R.Z.); (S.G.); (P.G.); (Z.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture (SERCLA), Shanghai 201415, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ansari MM, Bisht N, Singh T, Mishra SK, Anshu A, Singh PC, Chauhan PS. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens modulate autophagy pathways to control Rhizoctonia solani infection in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2025; 218:109317. [PMID: 39603034 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani significantly threatens rice harvests and agricultural productivity by causing sheath blight disease. This study investigates the potential of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SN13) as a biocontrol agent in the sensitive rice variety Swarna against R. solani infection. Disease incidence analysis reveals untreated rice plants suffer from R. solani infection, while SN13 treatment effectively suppresses fungal growth. In detached leaf assays, SN13 mitigates R. solani-induced damage, and physio-biochemical analyses indicate improved growth in SN13-treated rice plants. Notably, treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, increases disease incidence, whereas SN13 treatment enhances the formation of autophagosomes stained with Mono Dansyl Cadaverine (MDC) dye, as observed through confocal microscopy, suggesting the involvement of autophagy in plant defense against R. solani. Gene expression analysis reveals alterations in ATG and defence-related genes (BZ1, 5H5, and 8A1), affirming that SN13 activates autophagy and bolsters plant resilience. Metabolite analysis using GC-MS indicates the accumulation of defence signalling molecules such as gluconic acid, arabitol, glucopyranoside, ribose, xylopyranose, and arabinofuranoside. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of SN13 in inducing the autophagy response and modulating crucial defense pathways to control R. solani infection in rice var Swarna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Mogees Ansari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Tanya Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Anshu Anshu
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam C Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li E, Zhu N, Zhang S, Xu B, Liu L, Zhang A. Efficacy of Trichoderma longibrachiatum SC5 Fermentation Filtrate in Inhibiting the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Growth and Development in Sunflower. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 26:201. [PMID: 39796062 PMCID: PMC11720231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive pathogen responsible for sunflower sclerotinia rot, resulting in substantial yield and economic losses worldwide. Trichoderma species have demonstrated the capacity to inhibit plant pathogen growth through the production of secondary metabolites. However, there are fewer recent studies focusing on the application of Trichoderma metabolites in inhibiting S. sclerotiorum growth and development and controlling sunflower sclerotinia rot disease. Our results showed that five Trichoderma strains (SC5, T6, TN, P6, and TS3) exhibited mycelial growth inhibition higher than 60% in dual culture assays out of the 11 tested strains. The Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate exhibited superior efficacy compared to other strains, achieving a 94.65% inhibition rate of mycelial growth on S. sclerotiorum, 96% inhibition of myceliogenic germination of sclerotia, and 81.05% reduction in the oxalic acid content of S. sclerotiorum, while significantly increasing the cell membrane permeability. In addition, the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate significantly decreased the activities of polygalacturonase and pectin methyl-galacturonic enzymes and even caused S. sclerotiorum hyphae to swell, branch, twist, lyse, and inhibited the production and development of sclerotia. Moreover, the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate downregulated genes expression that associated with the growth and infection of S. sclerotiorum. The control efficacies of the protective and curative activities of the Trichoderma SC5 fermentation filtrate were 95.45% and 75.36%, respectively, on detached sunflower leaves at a concentration of 8 mg/mL. Finally, the Trichoderma SC5 was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum through morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Our research indicates that the T. longibrachiatum SC5 can be considered a promising biological control candidate against S. sclerotiorum and controlling the sunflower sclerotinia rot disease, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Li
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (N.Z.)
| | - Na Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (N.Z.)
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (N.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (E.L.); (N.Z.)
| | - Lilong Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Pasture and Green Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Wheat Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Pasture and Green Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng Y, Xiao Y, Zhu S, Xu L, Huang L. VmSpm1: a secretory protein from Valsa mali that targets apple's abscisic acid receptor MdPYL4 to suppress jasmonic acid signaling and enhance infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:2489-2504. [PMID: 39417426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi such as Valsa mali secrete effector proteins to manipulate host defenses and facilitate infection. Subtilases are identified as potential virulence factors, yet their specific roles in fruit tree pathogens, such as those affecting apple trees, are poorly understood. Our research shows VmSpm1 as a virulence factor in V. mali. Knocking it out decreased virulence, whereas its heterologous expression in apple led to reduced disease resistance. Using Y2H, BiFC, SLC, and Co-IP techniques, we demonstrated an interaction between VmSpm1 and MdPYL4. MdPYL4 levels increased during V. mali infection. The stable transgenic apple lines inoculation experiment showed that MdPYL4 correlates with enhanced resistance to Apple Valsa canker when overexpressed in apples. Furthermore, through in vitro and in vivo assays, we showed the degradative role of VmSpm1 on MdPYL4. MdPYL4 promotes the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in apples in an abscisic acid-dependent manner. The degradation of MdPYL4 leads to a reduction in JA content in apples during V. mali infection, thereby impairing JA signal transduction and decreasing disease resistance in apple plants. In summary, this study reveals how V. mali utilizes VmSpm1 to subvert JA signaling, shedding light on fungal manipulation of plant hormones to disrupt immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingzhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huo D, Westrick NM, Nelson A, Kabbage M, Koch P. The Role of Oxalic Acid in Clarireedia jacksonii Virulence and Development on Creeping Bentgrass. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:2394-2400. [PMID: 39145740 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-24-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Dollar spot is a destructive foliar disease of amenity turfgrass caused by Clarireedia spp. fungi, mainly C. jacksonii, on the Northern United States region's cool-season grass. Oxalic acid (OA) is an important pathogenicity factor in related fungal plant pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; however, the role of OA in the pathogenic development of C. jacksonii remains unclear due to its recalcitrance to genetic manipulation. To overcome these challenges, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination approach was developed. Using this novel approach, the oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (oah) gene that is required for the biosynthesis of OA was deleted from a C. jacksonii wild-type (WT) strain. Two independent knockout mutants, ΔCjoah-1 and ΔCjoah-2, were generated and inoculated on potted creeping bentgrass along with a WT isolate and a genome sequenced isolate LWC-10. After 12 days, bentgrass inoculated with the mutants ΔCjoah-1 and ΔCjoah-2 exhibited 59.41% lower dollar spot severity compared with the WT and LWC-10 isolates. OA production and environmental acidification were significantly reduced in both mutants when compared with the WT and LWC-10. Surprisingly, stromal formation was also severely undermined in the mutants in vitro, suggesting a critical developmental role of OA independent of plant infection. These results demonstrate that OA plays a significant role in C. jacksonii virulence and provide novel directions for future management of dollar spot. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daowen Huo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Nathaniel M Westrick
- Valley Laboratory, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor, CT, U.S.A
| | - Ashley Nelson
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Paul Koch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu X, Zhao H, Yuan M, Li P, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Yu X, Chen T, Lin Y, Chen W, Jiang D, Cheng J. An effector essential for virulence of necrotrophic fungi targets plant HIRs to inhibit host immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9391. [PMID: 39477937 PMCID: PMC11525884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens often secrete effectors to enhance their infection of plants. In the case of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a necrotrophic phytopathogen, a secreted protein named SsPEIE1 (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Plant Early Immunosuppressive Effector 1) plays a crucial role in its virulence. During the early stages of infection, SsPEIE1 is significantly up-regulated. Additionally, transgenic plants expressing SsPEIE1 exhibit increased susceptibility to different phytopathogens. Further investigations revealed that SsPEIE1 interacts with a plasma membrane protein known as hypersensitive induced reaction (HIR) that dampens immune responses. SsPEIE1 is required for S. sclerotiorum virulence on wild-type Arabidopsis but not on Arabidopsis hir4 mutants. Moreover, Arabidopsis hir2 and hir4 mutants exhibit suppressed pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts and salicylic acid (SA)-associated immune gene induction, all of which are phenocopied by the SsPEIE1 transgenic plants. We find that the oligomerization of AtHIR4 is essential for its role in mediating immunity, and that SsPEIE1 inhibits its oligomerization through competitively binding to AtHIR4. Remarkably, both Arabidopsis and rapeseed plants overexpress AtHIR4 display significantly increased resistance to S. sclerotiorum. In summary, these results demonstrate that SsPEIE1 inhibits AtHIR4 oligomerization-mediated immune responses by interacting with the key immune factor AtHIR4, thereby promoting S. sclerotiorum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mingyun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Novaes MIC, Robertson C, Doyle VP, Burk D, Thomas-Sharma S. Distribution and Sequestration of Cercosporin by Cercospora cf. flagellaris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1822-1831. [PMID: 38700938 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi produce toxins as virulence factors in many plant diseases. In Cercospora leaf blight of soybean caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris, symptoms are a consequence of the production of a perylenequinone toxin, cercosporin, which is light-activated to produce damaging reactive oxygen species. Cercosporin is universally toxic to cells, except to the cells of the producer. The current model of self-resistance to cercosporin is largely attributed to the maintenance of cercosporin in a chemically reduced state inside hyphae, unassociated with cellular organelles. However, in another perylenequinone-producing fungus, Phaeosphaeria sp., the toxin was specifically sequestered inside lipid droplets (LDs) to prevent reactive oxygen species production. This study hypothesized that LD-based sequestration of cercosporin occurred in C. cf. flagellaris and that lipid-inhibiting fungicides could inhibit toxin production. Confocal microscopy using light-cultured C. cf. flagellaris indicated that 3-day-old hyphae contained two forms of cercosporin distributed in two types of hyphae. Reduced cercosporin was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of thick, primary hyphae, and, contrary to previous studies, active cercosporin was observed specifically in the LDs of thin, secondary hyphae. The production of hyphae of two different thicknesses, a characteristic of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, has not been documented in C. cf. flagellaris. No correlation was observed between cercosporin production and total lipid extracted, and two lipid-inhibiting fungicides had little effect on fungal growth in growth-inhibition assays. This study lays a foundation for exploring the importance of pathogen lifestyle, toxin production, and LD content in the pathogenicity and symptomology of Cercospora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Izabel Costa de Novaes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Clark Robertson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 20140 Iowa Street, Livingston, LA 70754
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - David Burk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sara Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology & Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu J, Liu Y, Song M, Xi Y, Yang H, Liu W, Li X, Norvienyeku J, Zhang Y, Miao W, Lin C. The CsPbs2-interacting protein oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 modulates morphosporogenesis, virulence, and fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum siamense. Microbiol Res 2024; 284:127732. [PMID: 38677265 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The HOG MAPK pathway mediates diverse cellular and physiological processes, including osmoregulation and fungicide sensitivity, in phytopathogenic fungi. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HOG MAPK pathway-associated stress homeostasis and pathophysiological developmental events are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the oxalate decarboxylase CsOxdC3 in Colletotrichum siamense interacts with the protein kinase kinase CsPbs2, a component of the HOG MAPK pathway. The expression of the CsOxdC3 gene was significantly suppressed in response to phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole fungicide treatments, while that of CsPbs2 was upregulated by phenylpyrrole and not affected by tebuconazole. We showed that targeted gene deletion of CsOxdC3 suppressed mycelial growth, reduced conidial length, and triggered a marginal reduction in the sporulation characteristics of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains. Interestingly, the ΔCsOxdC3 strain was significantly sensitive to fungicides, including phenylpyrrole and tebuconazole, while the CsPbs2-defective strain was sensitive to tebuconazole but resistant to phenylpyrrole. Additionally, infection assessment revealed a significant reduction in the virulence of the ΔCsOxdC3 strains when inoculated on the leaves of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). From these observations, we inferred that CsOxdC3 crucially modulates HOG MAPK pathway-dependent processes, including morphogenesis, stress homeostasis, fungicide resistance, and virulence, in C. siamense by facilitating direct physical interactions with CsPbs2. This study provides insights into the molecular regulators of the HOG MAPK pathway and underscores the potential of deploying OxdCs as potent targets for developing fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Lu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Miao Song
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yitao Xi
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication / Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) / School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cissé OH, Ma L, Kovacs JA. Retracing the evolution of Pneumocystis species, with a focus on the human pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020222. [PMID: 38587383 PMCID: PMC11332345 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00202-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEvery human being is presumed to be infected by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii at least once in his or her lifetime. This fungus belongs to a large group of species that appear to exclusively infect mammals, with P. jirovecii being the only one known to cause disease in humans. The mystery of P. jirovecii origin and speciation is just beginning to unravel. Here, we provide a review of the major steps of P. jirovecii evolution. The Pneumocystis genus likely originated from soil or plant-associated organisms during the period of Cretaceous ~165 million years ago and successfully shifted to mammals. The transition coincided with a substantial loss of genes, many of which are related to the synthesis of nutrients that can be scavenged from hosts or cell wall components that could be targeted by the mammalian immune system. Following the transition, the Pneumocystis genus cospeciated with mammals. Each species specialized at infecting its own host. Host specialization is presumably built at least partially upon surface glycoproteins, whose protogene was acquired prior to the genus formation. P. jirovecii appeared at ~65 million years ago, overlapping with the emergence of the first primates. P. jirovecii and its sister species P. macacae, which infects macaques nowadays, may have had overlapping host ranges in the distant past. Clues from molecular clocks suggest that P. jirovecii did not cospeciate with humans. Molecular evidence suggests that Pneumocystis speciation involved chromosomal rearrangements and the mounting of genetic barriers that inhibit gene flow among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane H. Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A. Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Spada M, Pugliesi C, Fambrini M, Pecchia S. Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host- Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6798. [PMID: 38928507 PMCID: PMC11203536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers., 1794), the causative agent of gray mold disease, causes significant losses in agricultural production. Control of this fungal pathogen is quite difficult due to its wide host range and environmental persistence. Currently, the management of the disease is still mainly based on chemicals, which can have harmful effects not only on the environment and on human health but also because they favor the development of strains resistant to fungicides. The flexibility and plasticity of B. cinerea in challenging plant defense mechanisms and its ability to evolve strategies to escape chemicals require the development of new control strategies for successful disease management. In this review, some aspects of the host-pathogen interactions from which novel and sustainable control strategies could be developed (e.g., signaling pathways, molecules involved in plant immune mechanisms, hormones, post-transcriptional gene silencing) were analyzed. New biotechnological tools based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) are emerging in the crop protection scenario as versatile, sustainable, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemicals. RNAi-based fungicides are expected to be approved soon, although they will face several challenges before reaching the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spada
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Pecchia
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun Y, Yang N, Li S, Chen F, Xie Y, Tang C. Mechanism of oxalate decarboxylase Oxd_S12 from Bacillus velezensis BvZ45-1 in defence against cotton verticillium wilt. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3500-3520. [PMID: 38517318 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, a soilborne vascular disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, strongly affects cotton yield and quality. In this study, an isolated rhizosphere bacterium, designated Bacillus velezensis BvZ45-1, exhibited >46% biocontrol efficacy against cotton verticillium wilt under greenhouse and field conditions. Moreover, through crude protein extraction and mass spectrometry analyses, we found many antifungal compounds present in the crude protein extract of BvZ45-1. The purified oxalate decarboxylase Odx_S12 from BvZ45-1 inhibited the growth of V. dahliae Vd080 by reducing the spore yield, causing mycelia to rupture, spore morphology changes, cell membrane rupture, and cell death. Subsequently, overexpression of Odx_S12 in Arabidopsis significantly improved plant resistance to V. dahliae. Through studies of the resistance mechanism of Odx_S12, V. dahliae was shown to produce oxalic acid (OA), which has a toxic effect on Arabidopsis leaves. Odx_S12 overexpression reduced Arabidopsis OA content, enhanced tolerance to OA, and improved resistance to verticillium wilt. Transcriptomics and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Odx_S12 promoted a reactive oxygen species burst and a salicylic acid- and abscisic acid-mediated defence response in Arabidopsis. In summary, this study not only identified B. velezensis BvZ45-1 as an efficient biological control agent, but also identified the resistance gene Odx_S12 as a candidate for cotton breeding against verticillium wilt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sirui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Canming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma M, Tang L, Sun R, Lyu X, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Chen T, Lin Y, Yu X, Chen W, Jiang D, Cheng J. An effector SsCVNH promotes the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through targeting class III peroxidase AtPRX71. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13464. [PMID: 38695733 PMCID: PMC11064801 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Many plant pathogens secrete effector proteins into the host plant to suppress host immunity and facilitate pathogen colonization. The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes severe plant diseases and results in enormous economic losses, in which secreted proteins play a crucial role. SsCVNH was previously reported as a secreted protein, and its expression is significantly upregulated at 3 h after inoculation on the host plant. Here, we further demonstrated that deletion of SsCVNH leads to attenuated virulence. Heterologous expression of SsCVNH in Arabidopsis enhanced pathogen infection, inhibited the host PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) response and increased plant susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. SsCVNH interacted with class III peroxidase AtPRX71, a positive regulator of innate immunity against plant pathogens. SsCVNH could also interact with other class III peroxidases, thus reducing peroxidase activity and suppressing plant immunity. Our results reveal a new infection strategy employed by S. sclerotiorum in which the fungus suppresses the function of class III peroxidases, the major component of PTI to promote its own infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Liguang Tang
- Wuhan Vegetable Research InstituteWuhan Academy of Agricultural ScienceWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xueliang Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Tao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Testi S, Kuhn ML, Allasia V, Auroy P, Kong F, Peltier G, Pagnotta S, Cazareth J, Keller H, Panabières F. The Phytophthora parasitica effector AVH195 interacts with ATG8, attenuates host autophagy, and promotes biotrophic infection. BMC Biol 2024; 22:100. [PMID: 38679707 PMCID: PMC11057187 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to suppress immune responses and manipulate fundamental cellular processes. One of these processes is autophagy, an essential recycling mechanism in eukaryotic cells that coordinates the turnover of cellular components and contributes to the decision on cell death or survival. RESULTS We report the characterization of AVH195, an effector from the broad-spectrum oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica. We show that P. parasitica expresses AVH195 during the biotrophic phase of plant infection, i.e., the initial phase in which host cells are maintained alive. In tobacco, the effector prevents the initiation of cell death, which is caused by two pathogen-derived effectors and the proapoptotic BAX protein. AVH195 associates with the plant vacuolar membrane system and interacts with Autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) isoforms/paralogs. When expressed in cells from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the effector delays vacuolar fusion and cargo turnover upon stimulation of autophagy, but does not affect algal viability. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AVH195 delays the turnover of ATG8 from endomembranes and promotes plant susceptibility to P. parasitica and the obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our observations suggest that AVH195 targets ATG8 to attenuate autophagy and prevent associated host cell death, thereby favoring biotrophy during the early stages of the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Testi
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Present Address: Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR8227 LBI2M, CNRS-Sorbonne Unversité, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Marie-Line Kuhn
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Valérie Allasia
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pascaline Auroy
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
- Present address: School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Harald Keller
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Franck Panabières
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qin L, Gong X, Nong J, Tang X, Cui K, Zhao Y, Xia S. Histone Methyltransferase SsDim5 Regulates Fungal Virulence through H3K9 Trimethylation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:271. [PMID: 38667942 PMCID: PMC11051235 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modification is one of the main mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, which plays a crucial role in the control of gene expression and various biological processes. However, whether or not it affects fungal virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is not clear. In this study, we identified and cloned the histone methyltransferase Defective in methylation 5 (Dim5) in S. sclerotiorum, which encodes a protein containing a typical SET domain. SsDim5 was found to be dynamically expressed during infection. Knockout experiment demonstrated that deletion of SsDim5 reduced the virulence in Ssdim5-1/Ssdim5-2 mutant strains, accompanied by a significant decrease in H3K9 trimethylation levels. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed the downregulation of genes associated with mycotoxins biosynthesis in SsDim5 deletion mutants. Additionally, the absence of SsDim5 affected the fungus's response to oxidative and osmotic, as well as cellular integrity. Together, our results indicate that the H3K9 methyltransferase SsDim5 is essential for H3K9 trimethylation, regulating fungal virulence throug mycotoxins biosynthesis, and the response to environmental stresses in S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xin Gong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jieying Nong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xianyu Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kan Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Yan Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (X.G.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Westrick NM, Dominguez EG, Bondy M, Hull CM, Smith DL, Kabbage M. A single laccase acts as a key component of environmental sensing in a broad host range fungal pathogen. Commun Biol 2024; 7:348. [PMID: 38514801 PMCID: PMC10957995 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Secreted laccases are important enzymes on a broad ecological scale for their role in mediating plant-microbe interactions, but within ascomycete fungi these enzymes have been primarily associated with melanin biosynthesis. In this study, a putatively secreted laccase, Sslac2, was characterized from the broad-host-range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which is largely unpigmented and is not dependent on melanogenesis for plant infection. Gene knockouts of Sslac2 demonstrate wide ranging developmental phenotypes and are functionally non-pathogenic. These mutants also displayed indiscriminate growth behaviors and enhanced biomass formation, seemingly as a result of their inability to respond to canonical environmental growth cues, a phenomenon further confirmed through chemical stress, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate apparent differences in extracellular matrix structure between WT and mutant strains that likely explain the inability of the mutants to respond to their environment. Targeting Sslac2 using host-induced gene silencing significantly improved resistance to S. sclerotiorum, suggesting that fungal laccases could be a valuable target of disease control. Collectively, we identified a laccase critical to the development and virulence of the broad-host-range pathogen S. sclerotiorum and propose a potentially novel role for fungal laccases in modulating environmental sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Westrick
- Valley Laboratory, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor, CT, USA
| | - Eddie G Dominguez
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Madeline Bondy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina M Hull
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen T, Chen Y, Li B, Tian S. Characterization of two SGNH family cell death-inducing proteins from the horticulturally important fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea based on the optimized prokaryotic expression system. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:9. [PMID: 38449027 PMCID: PMC10919021 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive phytopathogenic fungi, causing significant losses to horticultural crops. As a necrotrophic fungus, B. cinerea obtains nutrients by killing host cells. Secreted cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) play a crucial role in necrotrophic infection; however, only a limited number have been reported. For high-throughput CDIP screening, we optimized the prokaryotic expression system and compared its efficiency with other commonly used protein expression systems. The optimized prokaryotic expression system showed superior effectiveness and efficiency and was selected for subsequent CDIP screening. The screening system verified fifty-five candidate proteins and identified two novel SGNH family CDIPs: BcRAE and BcFAT. BcRAE and BcFAT exhibited high expression levels throughout the infection process. Site-directed mutagenesis targeting conserved Ser residues abolished the cell death-inducing activity of both BcRAE and BcFAT. Moreover, the transient expression of BcRAE and BcFAT in plants enhanced plant resistance against B. cinerea without inducing cell death, independent of their enzymatic activities. Our results suggest a high-efficiency screening system for high-throughput CDIP screening and provide new targets for further study of B. cinerea-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar P, Sharma R, Kumar K. A perspective on varied fungal virulence factors causing infection in host plants. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:392. [PMID: 38446264 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi and their spores are ubiquitously present and invade the tissues of higher living plants causing pathogenesis and inevitably death or retarded growth. A group of fungi kills its hosts and consume the dead tissues (necrotrophs), while others feed on living tissue (biotrophs) or combination of two (hemibiotrophs). A number of virulent factors is used by fungal pathogens to inhabit new hosts and cause illness. Fungal pathogens develop specialized structures for complete invasion into plant organs to regulate pathogenic growth. Virulence factors like effectors, mycotoxins, cell wall degrading enzymes and organic acids have varied roles depending on the infection strategy and assist the pathogens to possess control on living tissues of the plants. Infection strategies employed by fungi generally masks the plant defense mechanism, however necrotrophs are best known to harm plant tissues with their poisonous secretion. Interestingly, the effector chemicals released by Biotrophs reduce plant cell growth and regulate plant metabolism in their advantage causing no direct death. All these virulence tools cause huge loss to the agricultural product of pre- harvest crops and post-harvest yields causing low output leading to huge economic losses. This review focusses on comprehensive study of range of virulence factors of the pathogenic fungi responsible for their invasion inside the healthy tissues of plants. The compiled information would influence researchers to design antidote against all virulence factors of fungi relevant to their area of research which could pave way for protection against plant pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Rajani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Zhao H, Xie J, Fu Y, Li B, Yu X, Chen T, Lin Y, Jiang D, Cheng J. A Glycosyl Hydrolase 5 Family Protein Is Essential for Virulence of Necrotrophic Fungi and Can Suppress Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2693. [PMID: 38473940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi normally secrete large amounts of CWDEs to enhance infection of plants. In this study, we identified and characterized a secreted glycosyl hydrolase 5 family member in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SsGH5, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Glycosyl Hydrolase 5). SsGH5 was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection. Knocking out SsGH5 did not affect the growth and acid production of S. sclerotiorum but resulted in decreased glucan utilization and significantly reduced virulence. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SsGH5 became more susceptible to necrotrophic pathogens and basal immune responses were inhibited in these plants. Remarkably, the lost virulence of the ΔSsGH5 mutants was restored after inoculating onto SsGH5 transgenic Arabidopsis. In summary, these results highlight that S. sclerotiorum suppresses the immune responses of Arabidopsis through secreting SsGH5, and thus exerts full virulence for successful infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang Y, Zhaxi Z, Fu Y, Xie J, Chen T, Li B, Yu X, Lin Y, Jiang D, Cheng J. The Transcription Factor SsZNC1 Mediates Virulence, Sclerotial Development, and Osmotic Stress Response in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:135. [PMID: 38392807 PMCID: PMC10890190 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a fungal pathogen with a broad range of hosts, which can cause diseases and pose a great threat to many crops. Fungal-specific Zn2Cys6 transcription factors (TFs) constitute a large family prevalent among plant pathogens. However, the function of Zn2Cys6 TFs remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized SsZNC1, a Zn2Cys6 TF in S. sclerotiorum, which is involved in virulence, sclerotial development, and osmotic stress response. The expression of SsZNC1 was significantly up-regulated in the early stages of S. sclerotiorum infection on Arabidopsis leaves. The target deletion of SsZNC1 resulted in reduced virulence on Arabidopsis and oilseed rape. In addition, sclerotial development ability and growth ability under hyperosmotic conditions of SsZNC1 knockout transformants were reduced. A transcriptomic analysis unveiled its regulatory role in key cellular functions, including cellulose catabolic process, methyltransferase activity, and virulence, etc. Together, our results indicated that SsZNC1, a core regulatory gene involved in virulence, sclerotial development and stress response, provides new insight into the transcription regulation and pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhima Zhaxi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Xu Y, Wei Z, Kuang J, She M, Wang Y, Jin Q. NnSnRK1-NnATG1-mediated autophagic cell death governs flower bud abortion in shaded lotus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:979-998. [PMID: 38102881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Many plants can terminate their flowering process in response to unfavourable environments, but the mechanisms underlying this response are poorly understood. In this study, we observed that the lotus flower buds were susceptible to abortion under shaded conditions. The primary cause of abortion was excessive autophagic cell death (ACD) in flower buds. Blockade of autophagic flux in lotus flower buds consistently resulted in low levels of ACD and improved flowering ability under shaded conditions. Further evidence highlights the importance of the NnSnRK1-NnATG1 signalling axis in inducing ACD in lotus flower buds and culminating in their timely abortion. Under shaded conditions, elevated levels of NnSnRK1 activated NnATG1, which subsequently led to the formation of numerous autophagosome structures in lotus flower bud cells. Excessive autophagy levels led to the bulk degradation of cellular material, which triggered ACD and the abortion of flower buds. NnSnRK1 does not act directly on NnATG1. Other components, including TOR (target of rapamycin), PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and three previously unidentified genes, appeared to be pivotal for the interaction between NnSnRK1 and NnATG1. This study reveals the role of autophagy in regulating the abortion of lotus flower buds, which could improve reproductive success and act as an energy-efficient measure in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiehongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongyao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiaying Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingzhao She
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qijiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Su L, Zhang T, Yang B, Bai Y, Fang W, Xiong J, Cheng ZM(M. The Botrytis cinerea effector BcXYG1 suppresses immunity in Fragaria vesca by targeting FvBPL4 and FvACD11. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad251. [PMID: 38304330 PMCID: PMC10831327 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive pathogens in strawberry cultivation. Successful infection by B. cinerea requires releasing a large number of effectors that interfere with the plant's immune system. One of the effectors required by B. cinerea for optimal virulence is the secreted protein BcXYG1, which is thought to associate with proteins near the plasma membrane of the host plant to induce necrosis. However, the host proteins that associate with BcXYG1 at the plasma membrane are currently unknown. We found that BcXYG1 binds to FvBPL4 and FvACD11 at the plasma membrane. Both FvBPL4 and FvACD11 are negative regulators of plant immunity in strawberry. Our results demonstrate that degradation of FvBPL4 by BcXYG1 promotes disease resistance while stabilization of FvACD11 by BcXYG1 suppresses the immune response. These findings suggest that BcXYG1 suppresses plant immunity and promotes B. cinerea infection by regulating FvBPL4 and FvACD11 protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yibo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingsong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zong-Ming (Max) Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hasan N, Yang N, Xie Y, Tang C. Identification and characterization of the Bicupin domain family and functional analysis of GhBCD11 in response to verticillium wilt in cotton. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111875. [PMID: 37769874 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Bicupin domain protein (BCD) family, an important component of Cupin domain superfamily, plays important roles in oxalic acid (OA) degradation and stress responses in high plants. However, no studies have been reported on the Cupin domain family in cotton up till now. In our study, a total 110 proteins including Cupin domain were identified from the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Among them, 17 proteins contained Bicupin domain. Subsequently, we found that V. dahliae produces OA leading to cotton leaf wilting. RT-qPCR analysis of GhBCDs revealed that OA and V. dahliae Vd080 significantly enhanced the expression of GhBCD11. The Virus-induced gene silencing and overexpression analysis showed that GhBCD11 positively regulates plant resistance to V. dahliae. Subcellular localization showed GhBCD11 located on the plasma membrane. The analysis of expression pattern showed that GhBCD11 can be induced via hormone-mediated signal pathway including salicylic acid (SA), ethephon (ET), methyl jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). In addition, we identified an interaction between 60 S ribosomal protein GhRPL12-3 and GhBCD11 by yeast double hybridization. Overall, this is the first study, where we identified Cupin domain family in cotton, clarified the role of GhBCD11 in cotton for resistance to V. dahliae and found an interaction between GhRPL12-3 and GhBCD11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Nadeem Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Canming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saucedo-Bazalar M, Masias P, Nouchi-Moromizato E, Santos C, Mialhe E, Cedeño V. MALDI mass spectrometry-based identification of antifungal molecules from endophytic Bacillus strains with biocontrol potential of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a grapevine trunk pathogen in Peru. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100201. [PMID: 37752899 PMCID: PMC10518354 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a grapevine trunk pathogen, is becoming a significant threat to vineyards worldwide. In Peru, it is responsible for Botryosphaeria dieback in many grapevine-growing areas and it has spread rapidly due to its high transmissibility; hence, control measures are urgent. It is known that some endophytic bacteria are strong inhibitors of phytopathogens because they produce a wide range of antimicrobial molecules. However, studies of antimicrobial features from endophytic bacteria are limited to traditional confrontation methods. In this study, a MALDI mass spectrometry-based approach was performed to identify and characterize the antifungal molecules from Bacillus velezensis M1 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M2 grapevine endophytic strains. Solid medium antagonism assays were performed confronting B. velezensis M1 - L. theobromae and B. amyloliquefaciens M2 - L. theobromae for antifungal lipopeptides identification. By a MALDI TOF MS it was possible identify mass spectra for fengycin, iturin and surfactin protoned isoforms. Masses spectrums for mycobacillin and mycosubtilin were also identified. Using MALDI Imaging MS we were able to visualize and relate lipopeptides mass spectra of fengycin (1463.9 m/z) and mycobacillin (1529.6 m/z) in the interaction zone during confrontations. The presence of lipopeptides-synthesis genes was confirmed by PCR. Liquid medium antagonism assays were performed for a proteomic analysis during the confrontation of B. velezensis M1 - L. theobromae. Different peptide sequences corresponding to many antifungal proteins and enzymes were identified by MALDI TOF MS/MS. Oxalate decarboxylase bacisubin and flagellin, reported as antifungal proteins, were identified at 99 % identity through peptide mapping. MALDI mass spectrometry-based identification of antifungal molecules would allow the early selection of endophytic bacteria with antifungal features. This omics tool could lead to measures for prevention of grapevine diseases and other economically important crops in Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saucedo-Bazalar
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Av. Universitaria s/n, Pampa Grande, Tumbes, Peru
- Programa de Maestría en Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Av. Universitaria s/n, Pampa Grande, Tumbes, Peru
| | | | - Estefanía Nouchi-Moromizato
- Programa de Maestría en Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Av. Universitaria s/n, Pampa Grande, Tumbes, Peru
| | | | - Eric Mialhe
- INCABIOTEC SAC, Jr. Filipinas 212, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Virna Cedeño
- INCABIOTEC SAC, Jr. Filipinas 212, Tumbes, Peru
- CONCEPTO AZUL, Circunvalación Norte, 528 B, Urdesa, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- CEBIOMICS S.A. Calle 28 #2624 y Avenida Flavio Reyes, Manta, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
You Y, Astudillo-Estévez I, Essenstam B, Qin S, van Kan JAL. Leaf resistance to Botrytis cinerea in wild tomato Solanum habrochaites depends on inoculum composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1156804. [PMID: 37600190 PMCID: PMC10433766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Moneymaker (MM) is very susceptible to the grey mould Botrytis cinerea, while quantitative resistance in the wild species Solanum habrochaites (accession LYC4) has been reported. In leaf inoculation assays, an effect of nutrient and spore concentration on disease incidence was observed. Resistance in LYC4 leaves was manifested as a high incidence of tiny black, dispersed spots which did not expand ("incompatible interaction") and was pronounced when B. cinerea was inoculated at high spore density (1000 spores/µL) in medium with 10 mM sucrose and 10 mM phosphate buffer. Under the same condition, a high frequency of expanding lesions was observed on MM leaves ("compatible interaction"). Remarkably, inoculation of LYC4 with a high spore density in medium with higher concentrations of sucrose and/or phosphate as well as lower spore density (30 spores/µL) in medium with low sucrose and phosphate, all resulted in a higher percentage of expanding lesions. The lesion sizes at 3 days post inoculation differed markedly between all these inoculation conditions. This inoculation method provides a convenient tool to study mechanisms that determine the distinction between compatible and incompatible interactions between B. cinerea and a host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua You
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Essenstam
- Wageningen University & Research, Unifarm, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Si Qin
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiao Z, Huang G, Lu D. A MAPK signaling cascade regulates the fusaric acid-induced cell death in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154049. [PMID: 37423042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds is a global problem. Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that are phytopathogens of many economically important plant species. FA can cause programmed cell death (PCD) in several plant species. However, the signaling mechanisms of FA-induced cell death in plants are largely unknown. Here we showed that FA induced cell death in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and MPK3/6 phosphorylation was triggered by FA in Arabidopsis. Both the acid nature and the radical of FA are required for its activity in inducing MPK3/6 activation and cell death. Expression of the constitutively active MKK5DD resulted in the activation of MPK3/6 and promoted the FA-induced cell death. Our work demonstrates that the MKK5-MPK3/6 cascade positively regulates FA-induced cell death in Arabidopsis and also provides insight into the mechanisms of how cell death is induced by FA in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Xiao
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rai P, Prasad L, Rai PK. Fungal effectors versus defense-related genes of B. juncea and the status of resistant transgenics against fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139009. [PMID: 37360735 PMCID: PMC10285668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed brassica has become instrumental in securing global food and nutritional security. B. juncea, colloquially known as Indian mustard, is cultivated across tropics and subtropics including Indian subcontinent. The production of Indian mustard is severely hampered by fungal pathogens which necessitates human interventions. Chemicals are often resorted to as they are quick and effective, but due to their economic and ecological unsustainability, there is a need to explore their alternatives. The B. juncea-fungal pathosystem is quite diverse as it covers broad-host range necrotrophs (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), narrow-host range necrotrophs (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola) and biotrophic oomycetes (Albugo candida and Hyaloperonospora brassica). Plants ward off fungal pathogens through two-step resistance mechanism; PTI which involves recognition of elicitors and ETI where the resistance gene (R gene) interacts with the fungal effectors. The hormonal signalling is also found to play a vital role in defense as the JA/ET pathway is initiated at the time of necrotroph infection and SA pathway is induced when the biotrophs attack plants. The review discuss the prevalence of fungal pathogens of Indian mustard and the studies conducted on effectoromics. It covers both pathogenicity conferring genes and host-specific toxins (HSTs) that can be used for a variety of purposes such as identifying cognate R genes, understanding pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, and establishing the phylogeny of fungal pathogens. It further encompasses the studies on identifying resistant sources and characterisation of R genes/quantitative trait loci and defense-related genes identified in Brassicaceae and unrelated species which, upon introgression or overexpression, confer resistance. Finally, the studies conducted on developing resistant transgenics in Brassicaceae have been covered in which chitinase and glucanase genes are mostly used. The knowledge gained from this review can further be used for imparting resistance against major fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajjwal Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei J, Yao C, Zhu Z, Gao Z, Yang G, Pan Y. Nitrate reductase is required for sclerotial development and virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1096831. [PMID: 37342142 PMCID: PMC10277653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1096831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) on more than 450 plant species, is a notorious fungal pathogen. Nitrate reductase (NR) is required for nitrate assimilation that mediates the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and is the major enzymatic source for NO production in fungi. To explore the possible effects of nitrate reductase SsNR on the development, stress response, and virulence of S. sclerotiorum, RNA interference (RNAi) of SsNR was performed. The results showed that SsNR-silenced mutants showed abnormity in mycelia growth, sclerotia formation, infection cushion formation, reduced virulence on rapeseed and soybean with decreased oxalic acid production. Furthermore SsNR-silenced mutants are more sensitive to abiotic stresses such as Congo Red, SDS, H2O2, and NaCl. Importantly, the expression levels of pathogenicity-related genes SsGgt1, SsSac1, and SsSmk3 are down-regulated in SsNR-silenced mutants, while SsCyp is up-regulated. In summary, phenotypic changes in the gene silenced mutants indicate that SsNR plays important roles in the mycelia growth, sclerotia development, stress response and fungal virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanchun Yao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zonghe Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hossain MM, Sultana F, Li W, Tran LSP, Mostofa MG. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Insights into the Pathogenomic Features of a Global Pathogen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071063. [PMID: 37048136 PMCID: PMC10093061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a broad host-range fungus that infects an inclusive array of plant species and afflicts significant yield losses globally. Despite being a notorious pathogen, it has an uncomplicated life cycle consisting of either basal infection from myceliogenically germinated sclerotia or aerial infection from ascospores of carpogenically germinated sclerotia. This fungus is unique among necrotrophic pathogens in that it inevitably colonizes aging tissues to initiate an infection, where a saprophytic stage follows the pathogenic phase. The release of cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxalic acid, and effector proteins are considered critical virulence factors necessary for the effective pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis is still imprecise and remains a topic of continuing research. Previous comprehensive sequencing of the S. sclerotiorum genome has revealed new insights into its genome organization and provided a deeper comprehension of the sophisticated processes involved in its growth, development, and virulence. This review focuses on the genetic and genomic aspects of fungal biology and molecular pathogenicity to summarize current knowledge of the processes utilized by S. sclerotiorum to parasitize its hosts. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the infection process of S. sclerotiorum will contribute to devising strategies for preventing infections caused by this destructive pathogen.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bi K, Liang Y, Mengiste T, Sharon A. Killing softly: a roadmap of Botrytis cinerea pathogenicity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:211-222. [PMID: 36184487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a widespread plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle, causes gray mold disease in many crops. Massive secretion of enzymes and toxins was long considered to be the main driver of infection, but recent studies have uncovered a rich toolbox for B. cinerea pathogenicity. The emerging picture is of a multilayered infection process governed by the exchange of factors that collectively contribute to disease development. No plant shows complete resistance against B. cinerea, but pattern-triggered plant immune responses have the potential to significantly reduce disease progression, opening new possibilities for producing B. cinerea-tolerant plants. We examine current B. cinerea infection models, highlight knowledge gaps, and suggest directions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bahri BA, Parvathaneni RK, Spratling WT, Saxena H, Sapkota S, Raymer PL, Martinez-Espinoza AD. Whole genome sequencing of Clarireedia aff. paspali reveals potential pathogenesis factors in Clarireedia species, causal agents of dollar spot in turfgrass. Front Genet 2023; 13:1033437. [PMID: 36685867 PMCID: PMC9849252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1033437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dollar spot is one of the most damaging diseases in turfgrass, reducing its quality and playability. Two species, Clarireedia monteithiana and C. jacksonii (formerly Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) have been reported so far in the United States To study the Clarireedia genome, two isolates H2 and H3, sampled from seashore paspalum in Hawaii in 2019 were sequenced via Illumina paired-end sequencing by synthesis technology and PacBio SMRT sequencing. Both isolates were identified as C. aff. paspali, a novel species in the United States Using short and long reads, C. aff. paspali H3 contained 193 contigs with 48.6 Mbp and presented the most completed assembly and annotation among Clarireedia species. Out of the 13,428 protein models from AUGUSTUS, 349 cytoplasmic effectors and 13 apoplastic effectors were identified by EffectorP. To further decipher Clarireedia pathogenicity, C. aff. paspali genomes (H2 and H3), as well as available C. jacksonii (LWC-10 and HRI11), C. monteithiana (DRR09 and RB-19) genomes were screened for fifty-four pathogenesis determinants, previously identified in S. sclerotiorum. Seventeen orthologs of pathogenicity genes have been identified in Clarireedia species involved in oxalic acid production (pac1, nox1), mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (pka1, smk3, ste12), appressorium formation (caf1, pks13, ams2, rgb1, rhs1) and glycolytic pathway (gpd). Within these genes, 366 species-specific SNPs were recorded between Clarireedia species; twenty-eight were non-synonymous and non-conservative. The predicted protein structure of six of these genes showed superimposition of the models among Clarireedia spp. The genomic variations revealed here could potentially lead to differences in pathogenesis and other physiological functions among Clarireedia species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Amina Bahri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States,Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Bochra Amina Bahri,
| | - Rajiv Krishna Parvathaneni
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States,Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | | | - Harshita Saxena
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Suraj Sapkota
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Paul L. Raymer
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cloning and Molecular Characterization of CmOxdc3 Coding for Oxalate Decarboxylase in the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121304. [PMID: 36547637 PMCID: PMC9785797 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coniothyrium minitans (Cm) is a mycoparasitic fungus of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss), the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot of oilseed rape. Ss can produce oxalic acid (OA) as a phytotoxin, whereas Cm can degrade OA, thereby nullifying the toxic effect of OA. Two oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC)-coding genes, CmOxdc1 and CmOxdc2, were cloned, and only CmOxdc1 was found to be partially responsible for OA degradation, implying that other OA-degrading genes may exist in Cm. This study cloned a novel OxDC gene (CmOxdc3) in Cm and its OA-degrading function was characterized by disruption and complementation of CmOxdc3. Sequence analysis indicated that, unlike CmOxdc1, CmOxdc3 does not have the signal peptide sequence, implying that CmOxDC3 may have no secretory capability. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CmOxdc3 was up-regulated in the presence of OA, malonic acid and hydrochloric acid. Deletion of CmOxdc3 resulted in reduced capability to parasitize sclerotia of Ss. The polypeptide (CmOxDC3) encoded by CmOxdc3 was localized in cytoplasm and gathered in vacuoles in response to the extracellular OA. Taken together, our results demonstrated that CmOxdc3 is a novel gene responsible for OA degradation, which may work in a synergistic manner with CmOxdc1.
Collapse
|
36
|
Qian R, Zhao H, Liang X, Sun N, Zhang N, Lin X, Sun C. Autophagy alleviates indium-induced programmed cell death in wheat roots. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129600. [PMID: 35870211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indium released in agroecosystems is becoming an emerging plant stressor, causing cellular damage and consequently crop yield losses. Previous studies have focused on indium-induced toxicity in plants, while plant adaptive responses to such emerging metal xenobiotics are poorly understood. Here, we explored the relationship of autophagy and programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat roots under indium stress. Indium treatment significantly decreased root activity and cell viability, and suppressed the length of root epidermal cells in the elongation zones. These symptoms may be associated with indium-induced PCD, as indium-stressed wheat roots displayed condensed and granular nuclei, increased number of TUNEL-positive nuclei, enhanced nuclear DNA fragmentation and caspase-3-like protease activity compared to untreated roots. Accordingly, indium enhanced the expression levels of TaMCA1 and TaMCA4, two major metacaspase genes mediated PCD in wheat plants. The enhanced expression of autophagy genes and formation of autophagosomes indicate that autophagy could regulate metabolic adaptation and repair stress-induced damage in wheat roots. Furthermore, reinforcing autophagy by activator rapamycin significantly decreased the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei and the activity of caspase-3-like protease, whereas inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine aggravated diagnostic markers for PCD. These results together suggest that autophagy suppresses indium-induced PCD in wheat roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Proteomics analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
38
|
Li W, Lu J, Yang C, Arildsen K, Li X, Xia S. An Amidase Contributes to Full Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11207. [PMID: 36232508 PMCID: PMC9570306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most notorious and ubiquitous soilborne plant pathogens, causing serious economic losses to a large number of hosts worldwide. Although virulence factors have been identified in this filamentous fungus, including various cell-wall-degrading enzymes, toxins, oxalic acids and effectors, our understanding of its virulence strategies is far from complete. To explore novel factors contributing to disease, a new pipeline combining forward genetic screening and next-generation sequencing was utilized in this study. Analysis of a hypovirulent mutant revealed that a mutation in an amidase-encoding gene, Sscle_10g079050, resulted in reduced virulence. This is a first report on the contribution of an amidase to fungal virulence, likely through affecting oxalic acid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Junxing Lu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Chenghuizi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kate Arildsen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Derbyshire MC, Newman TE, Khentry Y, Owolabi Taiwo A. The evolutionary and molecular features of the broad-host-range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1075-1090. [PMID: 35411696 PMCID: PMC9276942 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a pathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species, including many of the world's most important crops. Key features of S. sclerotiorum include its extraordinary host range, preference for dicotyledonous plants, relatively slow evolution, and production of protein effectors that are active in multiple host species. Plant resistance to this pathogen is highly complex, typically involving numerous polymorphisms with infinitesimally small effects, which makes resistance breeding a major challenge. Due to its economic significance, S. sclerotiorum has been subjected to a large amount of molecular and evolutionary research. In this updated pathogen profile, we review the evolutionary and molecular features of S. sclerotiorum and discuss avenues for future research into this important species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Akeem Owolabi Taiwo
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang J, Xiao K, Li M, Hu H, Zhang X, Liu J, Pan H, Zhang Y. SsAGM1-Mediated Uridine Diphosphate-N-Acetylglucosamine Synthesis Is Essential for Development, Stress Response, and Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938784. [PMID: 35814696 PMCID: PMC9260252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating pathogen. S. sclerotiorum can cause Sclerotinia stem rot in more than 600 species of plants, which results in serious economic losses every year. Chitin is one of the most important polysaccharides in fungal cell walls. Chitin and β-Glucan form a scaffold that wraps around the cell and determines the vegetative growth and pathogenicity of pathogens. UDP-GlcNAc is a direct precursor of chitin synthesis. During the synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, the conversion of GlcNAc-6P to GlcNAc-1P that is catalyzed by AGM1 (N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate mutase) is a key step. However, the significance and role of AGM1 in phytopathogenic fungus are unclear. We identified a cytoplasm-localized SsAGM1 in S. sclerotiorum, which is homologous to AGM1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We utilized RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression to characterize the function of SsAGM1 in S. sclerotiorum. After reducing the expression of SsAGM1, the contents of chitin and UDP-GlcNAc decreased significantly. Concomitantly, the gene-silenced transformants of SsAGM1 slowed vegetative growth and, importantly, lost the ability to produce sclerotia and infection cushion; it also lost virulence, even on wounded leaves. In addition, SsAGM1 was also involved in the response to osmotic stress and inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. Our results revealed the function of SsAGM1 in the growth, development, stress response, and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang S, Li C, Si J, Han Z, Chen D. Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SsCut1 Modulates Virulence and Cutinase Activity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050526. [PMID: 35628781 PMCID: PMC9143608 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle is one of the protective layers of the external surface of plant tissues. Plants use the cuticle layer to reduce water loss and resist pathogen infection. Fungi release cell wall-degrading enzymes to destroy the epidermis of plants to achieve the purpose of infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum secretes a large amount of cutinase to disrupt the cuticle layer of plants during the infection process. In order to further understand the role of cutinase in the pathogenic process of S. sclerotiorum, the S. sclerotiorum cutinsae 1 (SsCut1) gene was cloned and analyzed. The protein SsCut1 contains the conserved cutinase domain and a fungal cellulose-binding domain. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of SsCut1 was significantly upregulated during infection. Split-Marker recombination was utilized for the deletion of the SsCut1 gene, ΔSsCut1 mutants showed reduced cutinase activity and virulence, but the deletion of the SsCut1 gene had no effect on the growth rate, colony morphology, oxalic acid production, infection cushion formation and sclerotial development. Complementation with the wild-type SsCut1 allele restored the cutinase activity and virulence to the wild-type level. Interestingly, expression of SsCut1 in plants can trigger defense responses, but it also enhanced plant susceptibility to SsCut1 gene knock-out mutants. Taken together, our finding demonstrated that the SsCut1 gene promotes the virulence of S. sclerotiorum by enhancing its cutinase activity.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang J, Miao S, Liu Y, Wang Y. Linking Autophagy to Potential Agronomic Trait Improvement in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094793. [PMID: 35563184 PMCID: PMC9103229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells, by which the superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic components can be delivered into vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Two decades of autophagy research in plants uncovers the important roles of autophagy during diverse biological processes, including development, metabolism, and various stress responses. Additionally, molecular machineries contributing to plant autophagy onset and regulation have also gradually come into people’s sights. With the advancement of our knowledge of autophagy from model plants, autophagy research has expanded to include crops in recent years, for a better understanding of autophagy engagement in crop biology and its potentials in improving agricultural performance. In this review, we summarize the current research progress of autophagy in crops and discuss the autophagy-related approaches for potential agronomic trait improvement in crop plants.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wei W, Xu L, Peng H, Zhu W, Tanaka K, Cheng J, Sanguinet KA, Vandemark G, Chen W. A fungal extracellular effector inactivates plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2213. [PMID: 35468894 PMCID: PMC9038911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens degrade cell wall through secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) during infection. Plants counteract the PGs by producing PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) for protection, reversibly binding fungal PGs, and mitigating their hydrolytic activities. To date, how fungal pathogens specifically overcome PGIP inhibition is unknown. Here, we report an effector, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum PGIP-INactivating Effector 1 (SsPINE1), which directly interacts with and functionally inactivates PGIP. S. sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus that causes stem rot diseases on more than 600 plant species with tissue maceration being the most prominent symptom. SsPINE1 enhances S. sclerotiorum necrotrophic virulence by specifically interacting with host PGIPs to negate their polygalacturonase-inhibiting function via enhanced dissociation of PGIPs from PGs. Targeted deletion of SsPINE1 reduces the fungal virulence. Ectopic expression of SsPINE1 in plant reduces its resistance against S. sclerotiorum. Functional and genomic analyses reveal a conserved virulence mechanism of cognate PINE1 proteins in broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Plants produce polygalacuturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) to counteract cell wall degradation by pathogenic microbes. Here the authors show that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal pathogen that causes stem rot disease, secretes a PGIP-inactivating effector to diminish plant resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - George Vandemark
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.,USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,Molecular Plant Science Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA. .,USDA Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopG1 triggers necrotic cell death that is attenuated by AtNHR2B. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5388. [PMID: 35354887 PMCID: PMC8967837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) has become a paradigm to investigate plant-bacteria interactions due to its ability to cause disease in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Pst DC3000 uses the type III secretion system to deliver type III secreted effectors (T3SEs) directly into the plant cytoplasm. Pst DC3000 T3SEs contribute to pathogenicity by suppressing plant defense responses and targeting plant’s physiological processes. Although the complete repertoire of effectors encoded in the Pst DC3000 genome have been identified, the specific function for most of them remains to be elucidated. Among those effectors, the mitochondrial-localized T3E HopG1, suppresses plant defense responses and promotes the development of disease symptoms. Here, we show that HopG1 triggers necrotic cell death that enables the growth of adapted and non-adapted pathogens. We further showed that HopG1 interacts with the plant immunity-related protein AtNHR2B and that AtNHR2B attenuates HopG1- virulence functions. These results highlight the importance of HopG1 as a multi-faceted protein and uncover its interplay with AtNHR2B.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jiao W, Liu X, Li Y, Li B, Du Y, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Fu M. Organic acid, a virulence factor for pathogenic fungi, causing postharvest decay in fruits. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:304-312. [PMID: 34820999 PMCID: PMC8743014 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decay due to fungal infection is a major cause of postharvest losses in fruits. Acidic fungi may enhance their virulence by locally reducing the pH of the host. Several devastating postharvest fungi, such as Penicillium spp., Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can secrete gluconic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid. Emerging evidence suggests that organic acids secreted by acidic fungi are important virulence factors. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the biosynthesis of organic acids, the role of the pH signalling transcription factor PacC in regulating organic acid, and the action mechanism of the main organic acid secreted via postharvest pathogenic fungi during infection of host tissues. This paper systematically demonstrates the relationships between tissue acidification and postharvest fungal pathogenicity, which will motivate the study of host-pathogen interactions and provide a better understanding of virulence mechanisms of the pathogens so as to design new technical strategies to prevent postharvest diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Jiao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanChina
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanChina
| | - Youyuan Li
- College of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanChina
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yamin Du
- College of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanChina
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qingmin Chen
- College of Food Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural and Engineering UniversityJinanChina
| | - Maorun Fu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanChina
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rana K, Yuan J, Liao H, Banga SS, Kumar R, Ding Y, Qian W. Host-induced gene silencing reveals the role of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase gene in fungal oxalic acid accumulation and virulence. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
48
|
Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang H, Li Y, Lai W, Huang K, Li Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang A. SsATG8 and SsNBR1 mediated-autophagy is required for fungal development, proteasomal stress response and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103632. [PMID: 34710583 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays vital roles in the interaction between the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its hosts. However, so far, only little is known about the impacts of autophagy machinery in S. sclerotiorum per se on the fungal morphogenesis and pathogenesis. Here, through functional genomic approaches, we showed that SsATG8, one of the core components of the autophagy machinery, and its interactor SsNBR1, an autophagy cargo receptor, are important for vegetative growth, sclerotial formation, oxalic acid (OA) production, compound appressoria development, and virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Complementation assays with chimeric fusion constructs revealed that both LDS [AIM (ATG8 interacting motif) / LIR (LC3-interacting region) docking site] and UDS [UIM (ubiquitin-interacting motif) docking site] sites of the SsATG8 are required for its functions in autophagy and pathogenesis. Importantly, ΔSsatg8 and ΔSsnbr1 mutants showed enhanced sensitivity to the exogenous treatment with the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib, and ΔSsnbr1 mutant had decreased expression of SsATG8 under the proteasomal stress conditions, suggesting that a cross-talk exists between ubiquitin-proteasome and selective autophagy pathways, which enables downstream protein degradation to proceed properly during diverse biological processes. Collectively, our data indicate that SsATG8- and SsNBR1-mediated autophagy is crucial for S. sclerotiorum development, proteasomal stress response and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yurong Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wenyu Lai
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaling Li
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Airong Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ding Y, Chen Y, Yan B, Liao H, Dong M, Meng X, Wan H, Qian W. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693334. [PMID: 34690946 PMCID: PMC8531507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoqin Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengquan Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinran Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|