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Vragel G, Gomez BD, Kostelecky RE, Noell KS, Tseng A, Cohen S, Dalwadi M, Medina EM, Nail EA, Goodspeed A, Clambey ET, van Dyk LF. Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Efficiently Infects Myeloid Cells Resulting In An Atypical, Restricted Form Of Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545948. [PMID: 37425871 PMCID: PMC10327065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) establish a lifelong infection in their hosts, with the cellular outcome of infection intimately regulated by target cell type. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a small animal model of γHV infection, infects macrophages in vivo, resulting in a range of outcomes, from lytic replication to latent infection. Here, we have further investigated the nature of MHV68 macrophage infection using reductionist and primary in vivo infection studies. While MHV68 readily infected the J774 macrophage cell line, viral gene expression and replication were significantly impaired relative to a fully permissive fibroblast cell line. Lytic replication only occurred in a small subset of MHV68-infected J774 cells, despite the fact that these cells were fully competent to support lytic replication following pre-treatment with interleukin-4, a known potentiator of replication in macrophages. In parallel, we harvested virally-infected macrophages at 16 hours after MHV68 infection in vivo and analyzed gene expression by single cell RNA-sequencing. Among virally infected macrophages, only rare (0.25%) cells had lytic cycle gene expression, characterized by detection of multiple lytic cycle RNAs. In contrast, ~50% of virally-infected macrophages were characterized by expression of ORF75A, ORF75B and/or ORF75C, in the absence of other detectable viral RNAs. Selective transcription of the ORF75 locus also occurred in MHV68-infected J774 cells. In total, these studies indicate that MHV68 efficiently infects macrophages, with the majority of cells characterized by an atypical state of restricted viral transcription, and only rare cells undergoing lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vragel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rachael E. Kostelecky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kyra S. Noell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashley Tseng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Shirli Cohen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Manaal Dalwadi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eva M. Medina
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Nail
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Wang Y, Tibbetts SA, Krug LT. Conquering the Host: Determinants of Pathogenesis Learned from Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:349-371. [PMID: 34586873 PMCID: PMC9153731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-011921-082615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are an important class of oncogenic pathogens that are exquisitely evolved to their respective hosts. As such, the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) do not naturally infect nonhuman primates or rodents. There is a clear need to fully explore mechanisms of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, host control, and immune evasion in the host. A gammaherpesvirus pathogen isolated from murid rodents was first reported in 1980; 40 years later, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, MuHV-4, γHV68) infection of laboratory mice is a well-established pathogenesis system recognized for its utility in applying state-of-the-art approaches to investigate virus-host interactions ranging from the whole host to the individual cell. Here, we highlight recent advancements in our understanding of the processes by which MHV68 colonizes the host and drives disease. Lessons that inform KSHV and EBV pathogenesis and provide future avenues for novel interventions against infection and virus-associated cancers are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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Demba RN, Aradi SM, Mwau M, Mwanda WO. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus protein ORF75 among HIV-1 patients in Kenya. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:939. [PMID: 32934910 PMCID: PMC7479412 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histology is used to identify Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) in countries with low resources to fund healthcare costs. Approximately 95% of KS cases can be detected using a polymerase chain reaction. Objective To determine the presence of the open reading frame 75 (ORF75) gene associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus among HIV-1/AIDS patients and to describe morphological presentations of KS. Methods This was a retrospective, descriptive study of archived tissue blocks collected from 2013 to 2016. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to identify KS. Deoxyribonucleic acid from archived tissue blocks was extracted and a nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the ORF75 gene. Results All 81 cases in this study had been diagnosed as HIV-1 positive, of which 68 had hallmark features of KS in the histology report and 13 had features suggestive of KS (‘KS-like’). Microscopic identification of KS by haematoxylin and eosin staining was considered a significant indicator of KS herpes virus ORF75 gene positivity (p = 0.002). The ORF75 gene was detected in 60.5% (49/81) of tissue blocks; 27.2% were men (22/81) and 33.3% were women (27/81). The ORF75 gene was observed to be present in up to 15.4% (2/13) of the cases reported to have KS-like features. Conclusion Following the initial diagnosis of KS by histology, the ORF75 gene was fur-ther detected from both cases that had hallmark features of KS as well as among cases with KS-like fea-tures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodgers N Demba
- School of Health Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya.,Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylviah M Aradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Busia, Kenya
| | - Walter O Mwanda
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Dangerous Liaisons: Gammaherpesvirus Subversion of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080788. [PMID: 32717815 PMCID: PMC7472090 DOI: 10.3390/v12080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A common biologic property of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is their use of B lymphocytes as a reservoir of latency in healthy individuals that can undergo oncogenic transformation later in life. Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) employ an impressive arsenal of proteins and non-coding RNAs to reprogram lymphocytes for proliferative expansion. Within lymphoid tissues, the germinal center (GC) reaction is a hub of B cell proliferation and death. The goal of a GC is to generate and then select for a pool of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes that will provide a protective humoral adaptive immune response. B cells infected with GHVs are detected in GCs and bear the hallmark signatures of the mutagenic processes of somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the Ig genes. However, data also supports extrafollicular B cells as a reservoir engaged by GHVs. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide unprecedented detail of the Ig sequence that informs the natural history of infection at the single cell level. Here, we review recent reports from human and murine GHV systems that identify striking differences in the immunoglobulin repertoire of infected B cells compared to their uninfected counterparts. Implications for virus biology, GHV-associated cancers, and host immune dysfunction will be discussed.
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O'Grady T, Feswick A, Hoffman BA, Wang Y, Medina EM, Kara M, van Dyk LF, Flemington EK, Tibbetts SA. Genome-wide Transcript Structure Resolution Reveals Abundant Alternate Isoform Usage from Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3988-4002.e5. [PMID: 31242428 PMCID: PMC7071827 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammaherpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, MuHV-4, γHV68), are etiologic agents of a wide range of lymphomas and non-hematological malignancies. These viruses possess large and highly dense dsDNA genomes that feature >80 bidirectionally positioned open reading frames (ORFs). The abundance of overlapping transcripts and extensive splicing throughout these genomes have until now prohibited high throughput-based resolution of transcript structures. Here, we integrate the capabilities of long-read sequencing with the accuracy of short-read platforms to globally resolve MHV68 transcript structures using the transcript resolution through integration of multi-platform data (TRIMD) pipeline. This approach reveals highly complex features, including: (1) pervasive overlapping transcript structures; (2) transcripts containing intra-gene or trans-gene splices that yield chimeric ORFs; (3) antisense and intergenic transcripts containing ORFs; and (4) noncoding transcripts. This work sheds light on the underappreciated complexity of gammaherpesvirus transcription and provides an extensively revised annotation of the MHV68 transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina O'Grady
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Cancer, GIGA-R (MBD), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - April Feswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brett A Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eva M Medina
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda F van Dyk
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Combinatorial Loss of the Enzymatic Activities of Viral Uracil-DNA Glycosylase and Viral dUTPase Impairs Murine Gammaherpesvirus Pathogenesis and Leads to Increased Recombination-Based Deletion in the Viral Genome. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01831-18. [PMID: 30377280 PMCID: PMC6212821 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01831-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrepaired uracils in DNA can lead to mutations and compromise genomic stability. Herpesviruses have hijacked host processes of DNA repair and nucleotide metabolism by encoding a viral UNG that excises uracils and a viral dUTPase that initiates conversion of dUTP to dTTP. To better understand the impact of these processes on gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis, we examined the separate and collaborative roles of vUNG and vDUT upon MHV68 infection of mice. Simultaneous disruption of the enzymatic activities of both vUNG and vDUT led to a severe defect in acute replication and establishment of latency, while also revealing a novel, combinatorial function in promoting viral genomic stability. We propose that herpesviruses require these enzymatic processes to protect the viral genome from damage, possibly triggered by misincorporated uracil. This reveals a novel point of therapeutic intervention to potentially block viral replication and reduce the fitness of multiple herpesviruses. Misincorporation of uracil or spontaneous cytidine deamination is a common mutagenic insult to DNA. Herpesviruses encode a viral uracil-DNA glycosylase (vUNG) and a viral dUTPase (vDUT), each with enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. However, the coordinated roles of these enzymatic activities in gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis and viral genomic stability have not been defined. In addition, potential compensation by the host UNG has not been examined in vivo. The genetic tractability of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) system enabled us to delineate the contribution of host and viral factors that prevent uracilated DNA. Recombinant MHV68 lacking vUNG (ORF46.stop) was not further impaired for acute replication in the lungs of UNG−/− mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, indicating host UNG does not compensate for the absence of vUNG. Next, we investigated the separate and combinatorial consequences of mutating the catalytic residues of the vUNG (ORF46.CM) and vDUT (ORF54.CM). ORF46.CM was not impaired for replication, while ORF54.CM had a slight transient defect in replication in the lungs. However, disabling both vUNG and vDUT led to a significant defect in acute expansion in the lungs, followed by impaired establishment of latency in the splenic reservoir. Upon serial passage of the ORF46.CM/ORF54.CM mutant in either fibroblasts or the lungs of mice, we noted rapid loss of the nonessential yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter gene from the viral genome, due to recombination at repetitive elements. Taken together, our data indicate that the vUNG and vDUT coordinate to promote viral genomic stability and enable viral expansion prior to colonization of latent reservoirs.
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Van Skike ND, Minkah NK, Hogan CH, Wu G, Benziger PT, Oldenburg DG, Kara M, Kim-Holzapfel DM, White DW, Tibbetts SA, French JB, Krug LT. Correction: Viral FGARAT ORF75A promotes early events in lytic infection and gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007319. [PMID: 30252914 PMCID: PMC6155549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang S, Carriere J, Lin X, Xie N, Feng P. Interplay between Cellular Metabolism and Cytokine Responses during Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100521. [PMID: 30249998 PMCID: PMC6213852 DOI: 10.3390/v10100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and immune responses are two fundamental biological processes that serve to protect hosts from viral infection. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to activate metabolism, while inactivating immune responses to achieve maximal reproduction or persistence within their hosts. The two-way virus-host interaction with metabolism and immune responses choreograph cytokine production via reprogramming metabolism of infected cells/hosts. In return, cytokines can affect the metabolism of virus-infected and bystander cells to impede viral replication processes. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the cross-talk between metabolic reprogramming and cytokine responses, and to highlight future potential research topics. Although the focus is placed on viral pathogens, relevant findings from other microbes are integrated to provide an overall picture, particularly when corresponding information on viral infection is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Jessica Carriere
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Na Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
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