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Lu J, Ma Y, Li Q, Xu Y, Xue Y, Xu S. CAR Macrophages: a promising novel immunotherapy for solid tumors and beyond. Biomark Res 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 39175095 PMCID: PMC11342599 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of adoptive cellular therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has gained widespread application in cancer treatment and has demonstrated significant efficacy against certain hematologic malignancies. However, due to the limitations of CAR-T cell therapy in treating solid tumors, other immune cells are being modified with CAR to address this issue. Macrophages have emerged as a promising option, owing to their extensive immune functions, which include antigen presentation, powerful tumor phagocytosis, and particularly active trafficking to the tumor microenvironment. Leveraging their unique advantages, CAR-macrophages (CAR-M) are expected to enhance the effectiveness of solid tumor treatments as a novel form of immunotherapy, potentially overcoming major challenges associated with CAR-T/NK therapy. This review outlines the primary mechanism underlying CAR-M and recent progressions in CAR-M therapy, while also discussing their further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiuxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yihuan Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiquan Xue
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Dobransky A, Root M, Hafner N, Marcum M, Sharifi HJ. CRL4-DCAF1 Ubiquitin Ligase Dependent Functions of HIV Viral Protein R and Viral Protein X. Viruses 2024; 16:1313. [PMID: 39205287 PMCID: PMC11360348 DOI: 10.3390/v16081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) encodes several proteins that contort the host cell environment to promote viral replication and spread. This is often accomplished through the hijacking of cellular ubiquitin ligases. These reprogrammed complexes initiate or enhance the ubiquitination of cellular proteins that may otherwise act to restrain viral replication. Ubiquitination of target proteins may alter protein function or initiate proteasome-dependent destruction. HIV Viral Protein R (Vpr) and the related HIV-2 Viral Protein X (Vpx), engage the CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase complex to target numerous cellular proteins. In this review we describe the CRL4-DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase complex and its interactions with HIV Vpr and Vpx. We additionally summarize the cellular proteins targeted by this association as well as the observed or hypothesized impact on HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Dobransky
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Mary Root
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Nicholas Hafner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - Matty Marcum
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
| | - H John Sharifi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA
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Vauthier V, Lasserre A, Morel M, Versapuech M, Berlioz-Torrent C, Zamborlini A, Margottin-Goguet F, Matkovic R. HUSH-mediated HIV silencing is independent of TASOR phosphorylation on threonine 819. Retrovirology 2022; 19:23. [PMID: 36309692 PMCID: PMC9618200 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TASOR, a component of the HUSH repressor epigenetic complex, and SAMHD1, a cellular triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase), are both anti-HIV proteins antagonized by HIV-2/SIVsmm Viral protein X. As a result, the same viral protein is able to relieve two different blocks along the viral life cell cycle, one at the level of reverse transcription, by degrading SAMHD1, the other one at the level of proviral expression, by degrading TASOR. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 has been shown to downregulate its antiviral activity. The discovery that T819 in TASOR was lying within a SAMHD1 T592-like motif led us to ask whether TASOR is phosphorylated on this residue and whether this post-translational modification could regulate its repressive activity. RESULTS Using a specific anti-phospho-antibody, we found that TASOR is phosphorylated at T819, especially in cells arrested in early mitosis by nocodazole. We provide evidence that the phosphorylation is conducted by a Cyclin/CDK1 complex, like that of SAMHD1 at T592. While we could not detect TASOR in quiescent CD4 + T cells, TASOR and its phosphorylated form are present in activated primary CD4 + T lymphocytes. In addition, TASOR phosphorylation appears to be independent from TASOR repressive activity. Indeed, on the one hand, nocodazole barely reactivates HIV-1 in the J-Lat A1 HIV-1 latency model despite TASOR T819 phosphorylation. On the other hand, etoposide, a second cell cycle arresting drug, reactivates latent HIV-1, without concomitant TASOR phosphorylation. Furthermore, overexpression of wt TASOR or T819A or T819E similarly represses gene expression driven by an HIV-1-derived LTR promoter. Finally, while TASOR is degraded by HIV-2 Vpx, TASOR phosphorylation is prevented by HIV-1 Vpr, likely as a consequence of HIV-1 Vpr-mediated-G2 arrest. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we show that TASOR phosphorylation occurs in vivo on T819. This event does not appear to correlate with TASOR-mediated HIV-1 silencing. We speculate that TASOR phosphorylation is related to a role of TASOR during cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vauthier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Lasserre
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marina Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Margaux Versapuech
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Alessia Zamborlini
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roy Matkovic
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
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