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Wei X, Zhou Y, Shen X, Fan L, Liu D, Gao X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li Y, Feng W, Zhang Z. Ciclopirox inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by promoting the degradation of the nucleocapsid protein. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2505-2519. [PMID: 38828154 PMCID: PMC11143514 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NP) plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and is the most abundant structural protein with a long half-life. Despite its vital role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assembly and host inflammatory response, it remains an unexplored target for drug development. In this study, we identified a small-molecule compound (ciclopirox) that promotes NP degradation using an FDA-approved library and a drug-screening cell model. Ciclopirox significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication both in vitro and in vivo by inducing NP degradation. Ciclopirox induced abnormal NP aggregation through indirect interaction, leading to the formation of condensates with higher viscosity and lower mobility. These condensates were subsequently degraded via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, ultimately resulting in a shortened NP half-life and reduced NP expression. Our results suggest that NP is a potential drug target, and that ciclopirox holds substantial promise for further development to combat SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Wei
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Lujie Fan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511495, China
| | - Donglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yezi Wu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
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2
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Yuan X, Ruan W, Bobrow B, Carmeliet P, Eltzschig HK. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:175-200. [PMID: 38123660 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved transcription factors that are crucial for adaptation of metazoans to limited oxygen availability. Recently, HIF activation and inhibition have emerged as therapeutic targets in various human diseases. Pharmacologically desirable effects of HIF activation include erythropoiesis stimulation, cellular metabolism optimization during hypoxia and adaptive responses during ischaemia and inflammation. By contrast, HIF inhibition has been explored as a therapy for various cancers, retinal neovascularization and pulmonary hypertension. This Review discusses the biochemical mechanisms that control HIF stabilization and the molecular strategies that can be exploited pharmacologically to activate or inhibit HIFs. In addition, we examine medical conditions that benefit from targeting HIFs, the potential side effects of HIF activation or inhibition and future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Ruan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bentley Bobrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Farahani E, Reinert LS, Narita R, Serrero MC, Skouboe MK, van der Horst D, Assil S, Zhang B, Iversen MB, Gutierrez E, Hazrati H, Johannsen M, Olagnier D, Kunze R, Denham M, Mogensen TH, Lappe M, Paludan SR. The HIF transcription network exerts innate antiviral activity in neurons and limits brain inflammation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113792. [PMID: 38363679 PMCID: PMC10915869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce host defense but can also induce exacerbated inflammatory responses. This raises the question of whether other mechanisms are also involved in early host defense. Using transcriptome analysis of disrupted transcripts in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells, we find that HSV infection disrupts the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription network in neurons and epithelial cells. Importantly, HIF activation leads to control of HSV replication. Mechanistically, HIF activation induces autophagy, which is essential for antiviral activity. HSV-2 infection in vivo leads to hypoxia in CNS neurons, and mice with neuron-specific HIF1/2α deficiency exhibit elevated viral load and augmented PRR signaling and inflammatory gene expression in the CNS after HSV-2 infection. Data from human stem cell-derived neuron and microglia cultures show that HIF also exerts antiviral and inflammation-restricting activity in human CNS cells. Collectively, the HIF transcription factor system senses virus-induced hypoxic stress to induce cell-intrinsic antiviral responses and limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Kelder Skouboe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Demi van der Horst
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sonia Assil
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Baocun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eugenio Gutierrez
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hossein Hazrati
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Forensic Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Lappe
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; CONNECT - Center for Clinical and Genomic Data, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Chernov AS, Rodionov MV, Kazakov VA, Ivanova KA, Meshcheryakov FA, Kudriaeva AA, Gabibov AG, Telegin GB, Belogurov AA. CCR5/CXCR3 antagonist TAK-779 prevents diffuse alveolar damage of the lung in the murine model of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1351655. [PMID: 38449806 PMCID: PMC10915062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1351655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), secondary to viral pneumonitis, is one of the main causes of high mortality in patients with COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019)-ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection- reached more than 0.7 billion registered cases. Methods: Recently, we elaborated a non-surgical and reproducible method of the unilateral total diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) of the left lung in ICR mice-a publicly available imitation of the ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2. Our data read that two C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) ligands, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIPs) MIP-1α/CCL3 and MIP-1β/CCL4, are upregulated in this DAD model up to three orders of magnitude compared to the background level. Results: Here, we showed that a nonpeptide compound TAK-779, an antagonist of CCR5/CXCR3, readily prevents DAD in the lung with a single injection of 2.5 mg/kg. Histological analysis revealed reduced peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear infiltration in the lung and mononuclear infiltration of the wall and lumen of the alveoli in the TAK-779-treated animals. Administration of TAK-779 decreased the 3-5-fold level of serum cytokines and chemokines in animals with DAD, including CCR5 ligands MIP-1α/β, MCP-1, and CCL5. Computed tomography revealed rapid recovery of the density and volume of the affected lung in TAK-779-treated animals. Discussion: Our pre-clinical data suggest that TAK-779 is more effective than the administration of dexamethasone or the anti-IL6R therapeutic antibody tocilizumab, which brings novel therapeutic modality to TAK-779 and other CCR5 inhibitors for the treatment of virus-induced hyperinflammation syndromes, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Chernov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim V. Rodionov
- Medical Radiological Research Center (MRRC), A.F. Tsyb-Branch of the National Medical Radiological Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly A. Kazakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina A. Ivanova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Meshcheryakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii B. Telegin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Russian University of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Zhuang X, Gallo G, Sharma P, Ha J, Magri A, Borrmann H, Harris JM, Tsukuda S, Bentley E, Kirby A, de Neck S, Yang H, Balfe P, Wing PA, Matthews D, Harris AL, Kipar A, Stewart JP, Bailey D, McKeating JA. Hypoxia inducible factors inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infection by modulation of nucleolin expression. iScience 2024; 27:108763. [PMID: 38261926 PMCID: PMC10797196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a global healthcare problem, causing respiratory illness in young children and elderly individuals. Our knowledge of the host pathways that define susceptibility to infection and disease severity are limited. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) define metabolic responses to low oxygen and regulate inflammatory responses in the lower respiratory tract. We demonstrate a role for HIFs to suppress RSV entry and RNA replication. We show that hypoxia and HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors reduce the expression of the RSV entry receptor nucleolin and inhibit viral cell-cell fusion. We identify a HIF regulated microRNA, miR-494, that regulates nucleolin expression. In RSV-infected mice, treatment with the clinically approved HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, Daprodustat, reduced the level of infectious virus and infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils in the lung. This study highlights a role for HIF-signalling to limit multiple aspects of RSV infection and associated inflammation and informs future therapeutic approaches for this respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jiyeon Ha
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon de Neck
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A.C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Tsukuda S, Harris JM, Magri A, Balfe P, Siddiqui A, Wing PA, McKeating JA. The N6-methyladenosine demethylase ALKBH5 regulates the hypoxic HBV transcriptome. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011917. [PMID: 38227578 PMCID: PMC10817175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a global health problem and current treatments only suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, highlighting the need for new curative treatments. Oxygen levels influence HBV replication and we previously reported that hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) activate the basal core promoter (BCP). Here we show that the hypoxic-dependent increase in BCP-derived transcripts is dependent on N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in the 5' stem loop that regulate RNA half-life. Application of a probe-enriched long-read sequencing method to accurately map the HBV transcriptome showed an increased abundance of pre-genomic RNA under hypoxic conditions. Mapping the transcription start sites of BCP-RNAs identified a role for hypoxia to regulate pre-genomic RNA splicing that is dependent on m6A modification. Bioinformatic analysis of published single cell RNA-seq of murine liver showed an increased expression of the RNA demethylase ALKBH5 in the peri-central low oxygen region. In vitro studies with a human hepatocyte derived HepG2-NTCP cell line showed increased ALKBH5 gene expression under hypoxic conditions and a concomitant reduction in m6A-modified HBV BCP-RNA and host RNAs. Silencing the demethylase reduced the level of BCP-RNAs and host gene (CA9, NDRG1, VEGFA, BNIP3, FUT11, GAP and P4HA1) transcripts and this was mediated via reduced HIFα expression. In summary, our study highlights a previously unrecognized role for ALKBH5 in orchestrating viral and cellular transcriptional responses to low oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, University of California, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A.C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of California, California, United States of America
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7
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Jones EAV. Mechanism of COVID-19-Induced Cardiac Damage from Patient, In Vitro and Animal Studies. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2023; 20:451-460. [PMID: 37526812 PMCID: PMC10589152 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-023-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Though patient studies have been important for understanding the disease, research done in animals and cell culture complement our knowledge from patient data and provide insight into the mechanism of the disease. Understanding how COVID causes damage to the heart is essential to understanding possible long-term consequences. RECENT FINDINGS COVID-19 is primarily a disease that attacks the lungs; however, it is known to have important consequences in many other tissues including the heart. Though myocarditis does occur in some patients, for most cases of cardiac damage, the injury arises from scarring either due to myocardial infarction or micro-infarction. The main focus is on how COVID affects blood flow through the coronaries. We review how endothelial activation leads to a hypercoagulative state in COVID-19. We also emphasize the effects that the cytokine storm can directly have on the regulation of coronary blood flow. Since the main two cell types that can be infected in the heart are pericytes and cardiomyocytes, we further describe the known effects on pericyte function and how that can further lead to microinfarcts within the heart. Though many of these effects are systemic, this review focuses on the consequences on cardiac tissue of this dysregulation and the role that it has in the formation of myocardial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A V Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Herestraat 49, Bus 911, 3000, KU, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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8
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Schilling M, Vaughan-Jackson A, James W, McKeating JA. Hypoxia dampens innate immune signalling at early time points and increases Zika virus RNA levels in iPSC-derived macrophages. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001885. [PMID: 37584553 PMCID: PMC10877081 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are the major host defence against viral infection and are induced following activation of cell surface or intracellular pattern recognition receptors, including retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). All cellular processes are shaped by the microenvironment and one important factor is the local oxygen tension. The majority of published studies on IFN signalling are conducted under laboratory conditions of 18% oxygen (O2), that do not reflect the oxygen levels in most organs (1-5 % O2). We studied the effect of low oxygen on IFN induction and signalling in induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages as a model for tissue-resident macrophages and assessed the consequence for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Hypoxic conditions dampened the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) following RLR stimulation or IFN treatment at early time points. RNA-sequencing and bio-informatic analysis uncovered several pathways including changes in transcription factor availability, the presence of HIF binding sites in promoter regions, and CpG content that may contribute to the reduced ISG expression. Hypoxic conditions increased the abundance of ZIKV RNA highlighting the importance of understanding how low oxygen conditions in the local microenvironment affect pathogen sensing and host defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schilling
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Alun Vaughan-Jackson
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - William James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
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9
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Akinsulie OC, Shahzad S, Ogunleye SC, Oladapo IP, Joshi M, Ugwu CE, Gbadegoye JO, Hassan FO, Adeleke R, Afolabi Akande Q, Adesola RO. Crosstalk between hypoxic cellular micro-environment and the immune system: a potential therapeutic target for infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224102. [PMID: 37600803 PMCID: PMC10434535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are overwhelming reports on the promotional effect of hypoxia on the malignant behavior of various forms of cancer cells. This has been proposed and tested exhaustively in the light of cancer immunotherapy. However, there could be more interesting functions of a hypoxic cellular micro-environment than malignancy. There is a highly intricate crosstalk between hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a transcriptional factor produced during hypoxia, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which has been well characterized in various immune cell types. This important crosstalk shares common activating and inhibitory stimuli, regulators, and molecular targets. Impaired hydroxylase activity contributes to the activation of HIFs. Inflammatory ligands activate NF-κB activity, which leads to the expression of inflammatory and anti-apoptotic genes. The eventual sequelae of the interaction between these two molecular players in immune cells, either bolstering or abrogating functions, is largely cell-type dependent. Importantly, this holds promise for interesting therapeutic interventions against several infectious diseases, as some HIF agonists have helped prevent immune-related diseases. Hypoxia and inflammation are common features of infectious diseases. Here, we highlighted the role of this crosstalk in the light of functional immunity against infection and inflammation, with special focus on various innate and adaptive immune cells. Particularly, we discussed the bidirectional effects of this crosstalk in the regulation of immune responses by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells. We believe an advanced understanding of the interplay between HIFs and NF-kB could reveal novel therapeutic targets for various infectious diseases with limited treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Chris Akinsulie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sammuel Shahzad
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Seto Charles Ogunleye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Ifeoluwa Peace Oladapo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Melina Joshi
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Charles Egede Ugwu
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joy Olaoluwa Gbadegoye
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Richard Adeleke
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Qudus Afolabi Akande
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Jessop F, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Miltko M, Shaia C, Bosio CM. Targeting 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming That Protects against Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:528-542. [PMID: 37417946 PMCID: PMC10587500 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of host metabolism is a feature of lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Perturbations in α-ketoglutarate levels can elicit metabolic reprogramming through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDGs), leading to stabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1α. HIF1-α activation has been reported to promote antiviral mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 through direct regulation of ACE2 expression (a receptor required for viral entry). However, given the numerous pathways HIF-1α serves to regulate it is possible that there are other undefined metabolic mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 independent of ACE2 downregulation. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo models in which HIF-1α modulation of ACE2 expression was negated, allowing for isolated characterization of the host metabolic response within SARS-CoV-2 disease pathogenesis. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection limited stabilization of HIF-1α and associated mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming by maintaining activity of the 2-ODDG prolyl hydroxylases. Inhibition of 2-ODDGs with dimethyloxalylglycine promoted HIF-1α stabilization following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and significantly increased survival among SARS-CoV-2-infected mice compared with vehicle controls. However, unlike previous reports, the mechanism by which activation of HIF-1α responses contributed to survival was not through impairment of viral replication. Rather, dimethyloxalylglycine treatment facilitated direct effects on host metabolism including increased glycolysis and resolution of dysregulated pools of metabolites, which correlated with reduced morbidity. Taken together, these data identify (to our knowledge) a novel function of α-ketoglutarate-sensing platforms, including those responsible for HIF-1α stabilization, in the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and support targeting these metabolic nodes as a viable therapeutic strategy to limit disease severity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Jessop
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Molly Miltko
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
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11
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Shariq M, Malik AA, Sheikh JA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Regulation of autophagy by SARS-CoV-2: The multifunctional contributions of ORF3a. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28959. [PMID: 37485696 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-2) regulates autophagic flux by blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, causing the accumulation of membranous vesicles for replication. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins regulate autophagy with significant roles attributed to ORF3a. Mechanistically, open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) forms a complex with UV radiation resistance associated, regulating the functions of the PIK3C3-1 and PIK3C3-2 lipid kinase complexes, thereby modulating autophagosome biogenesis. ORF3a sequesters VPS39 onto the late endosome/lysosome, inhibiting assembly of the soluble NSF attachement protein REceptor (SNARE) complex and preventing autolysosome formation. ORF3a promotes the interaction between BECN1 and HMGB1, inducing the assembly of PIK3CA kinases into the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and activating reticulophagy, proinflammatory responses, and ER stress. ORF3a recruits BORCS6 and ARL8B to lysosomes, initiating the anterograde transport of the virus to the plasma membrane. ORF3a also activates the SNARE complex (STX4-SNAP23-VAMP7), inducing fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane for viral egress. These mechanistic details can provide multiple targets for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by developing host- or host-pathogen interface-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shariq
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signalling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asrar A Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Wing PAC, Schmidt NM, Peters R, Erdmann M, Brown R, Wang H, Swadling L, Newman J, Thakur N, Shionoya K, Morgan SB, Hinks TSC, Watashi K, Bailey D, Hansen SB, Davidson AD, Maini MK, McKeating JA. An ACAT inhibitor suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and boosts antiviral T cell activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011323. [PMID: 37134108 PMCID: PMC10202285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of disease following infection with SARS-CoV-2 is determined by viral replication kinetics and host immunity, with early T cell responses and/or suppression of viraemia driving a favourable outcome. Recent studies uncovered a role for cholesterol metabolism in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and in T cell function. Here we show that blockade of the enzyme Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with Avasimibe inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle infection and disrupts the association of ACE2 and GM1 lipid rafts on the cell membrane, perturbing viral attachment. Imaging SARS-CoV-2 RNAs at the single cell level using a viral replicon model identifies the capacity of Avasimibe to limit the establishment of replication complexes required for RNA replication. Genetic studies to transiently silence or overexpress ACAT isoforms confirmed a role for ACAT in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, Avasimibe boosts the expansion of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from the blood of patients sampled during the acute phase of infection. Thus, re-purposing of ACAT inhibitors provides a compelling therapeutic strategy for the treatment of COVID-19 to achieve both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration: NCT04318314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie M. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Peters
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Erdmann
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brown
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kaho Shionoya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sophie B. Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy SC Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Centre for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Scott B. Hansen
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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