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Lynch DR, Rojsajjakul T, Subramony SH, Perlman SL, Keita M, Mesaros C, Blair IA. Frataxin analysis using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: application to a large heterogeneous clinical cohort. J Neurol 2024; 271:1844-1849. [PMID: 38063871 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich ataxia is a progressive multisystem disorder caused by deficiency of the protein frataxin; a small mitochondrial protein involved in iron sulfur cluster synthesis. Two types of frataxin exist: FXN-M, found in most cells, and FXN-E, found almost exclusively in red blood cells. Treatments in clinical trials include frataxin restoration by gene therapy, protein replacement, and epigenetic therapies, all of which necessitate sensitive assays for assessing frataxin levels. METHODS In the present study, we have used a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry-based assay to examine the features of both types of frataxin levels in blood in a large heterogenous cohort of 106 patients with FRDA. RESULTS Frataxin levels (FXN-E and FXN M) were predicted by GAA repeat length in regression models (R2 values = 0.51 and 0.27, respectively), and conversely frataxin levels predicted clinical status as determined by modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating scale scores and by disability status (R2 values = 0.13-0.16). There was no significant change in frataxin levels in individual subjects over time, and apart from start codon mutations, FXN-E and FXN-M levels were roughly equal. Accounting for hemoglobin levels in a smaller sub-cohort improved prediction of both FXN-E and FXN-M levels from R2 values of (0.3-0.38 to 0.20-0.51). CONCLUSION The present data show that assay of FXN-M and FXN-E levels in blood provides an appropriate biofluid for assessing their repletion in particular clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Lynch
- Penn/CHOP Friedreich Ataxia Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 502F Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4318, USA.
| | - Teerapat Rojsajjakul
- Penn/CHOP Friedreich Ataxia Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - S H Subramony
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Susan L Perlman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Medina Keita
- Penn/CHOP Friedreich Ataxia Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Penn/CHOP Friedreich Ataxia Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn/CHOP Friedreich Ataxia Center of Excellence, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Wang Q, Laboureur L, Weng L, Eskenazi NM, Hauser LA, Mesaros C, Lynch DR, Blair IA. Simultaneous Quantification of Mitochondrial Mature Frataxin and Extra-Mitochondrial Frataxin Isoform E in Friedreich’s Ataxia Blood. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:874768. [PMID: 35573317 PMCID: PMC9098139 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.874768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an intronic guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet expansion in the frataxin (FXN) gene, which leads to reduced expression of full-length frataxin (1–210) also known as isoform 1. Full-length frataxin has a mitochondrial targeting sequence, which facilitates its translocation into mitochondria where it is processed through cleavage at G41-L42 and K80-S81 by mitochondrial processing (MPP) to release mitochondrial mature frataxin (81–210). Alternative splicing of FXN also leads to expression of N-terminally acetylated extra-mitochondrial frataxin (76–210) named isoform E because it was discovered in erythrocytes. Frataxin isoforms are undetectable in serum or plasma, and originally whole blood could not be used as a biomarker in brief therapeutic trials because it is present in erythrocytes, which have a half-life of 115-days and so frataxin levels would remain unaltered. Therefore, an assay was developed for analyzing frataxin in platelets, which have a half-life of only 10-days. However, our discovery that isoform E is only present in erythrocytes, whereas, mature frataxin is present primarily in short-lived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), granulocytes, and platelets, meant that both proteins could be quantified in whole blood samples. We now report a quantitative assay for frataxin proteoforms in whole blood from healthy controls and FRDA patients. The assay is based on stable isotope dilution coupled with immunoprecipitation (IP) and two-dimensional-nano-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/parallel reaction monitoring/high resolution mass spectrometry (2D-nano-UHPLC-PRM/HRMS). The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL for each proteoform and the assays had 100% sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between healthy controls (n = 11) and FRDA cases (N = 100 in year-1, N = 22 in year-2,3). The mean levels of mature frataxin in whole blood from healthy controls and homozygous FRDA patients were significantly different (p < 0.0001) at 7.5 ± 1.5 ng/mL and 2.1 ± 1.2 ng/mL, respectively. The mean levels of isoform E in whole blood from healthy controls and homozygous FRDA patients were significantly different (p < 0.0001) at 26.8 ± 4.1 ng/mL and 4.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL, respectively. The mean levels of total frataxin in whole blood from healthy controls and homozygous FRDA patients were significantly different (p < 0.0001) at 34.2 ± 4.3 ng/mL and 6.8 ± 4.0 ng/mL, respectively. The assay will make it possible to rigorously monitor the natural history of the disease and explore the potential role of isoform E in etiology of the disease. It will also facilitate the assessment of therapeutic interventions (including gene therapy approaches) that attempt to increase frataxin protein expression as a treatment for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laurent Laboureur
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liwei Weng
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolas M. Eskenazi
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren A. Hauser
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David R. Lynch
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn/CHOP Center of Excellence in Friedreich’s Ataxia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ian A. Blair,
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Jasoliya M, Sacca F, Sahdeo S, Chedin F, Pane C, Brescia Morra V, Filla A, Pook M, Cortopassi G. Dimethyl fumarate dosing in humans increases frataxin expression: A potential therapy for Friedreich's Ataxia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217776. [PMID: 31158268 PMCID: PMC6546270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder resulting from decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin, for which there is no approved therapy. High throughput screening of clinically used drugs identified Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as protective in FA patient cells. Here we demonstrate that DMF significantly increases frataxin gene (FXN) expression in FA cell model, FA mouse model and in DMF treated humans. DMF also rescues mitochondrial biogenesis deficiency in FA-patient derived cell model. We further examined the mechanism of DMF's frataxin induction in FA patient cells. It has been shown that transcription-inhibitory R-loops form at GAA expansion mutations, thus decreasing FXN expression. In FA patient cells, we demonstrate that DMF significantly increases transcription initiation. As a potential consequence, we observe significant reduction in both R-loop formation and transcriptional pausing thereby significantly increasing FXN expression. Lastly, DMF dosed Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients showed significant increase in FXN expression by ~85%. Since inherited deficiency in FXN is the primary cause of FA, and DMF is demonstrated to increase FXN expression in humans, DMF could be considered for Friedreich's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mittal Jasoliya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Francesco Sacca
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sunil Sahdeo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Frederic Chedin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chiara Pane
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mark Pook
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Lynch DR, Hauser L, McCormick A, Wells M, Dong YN, McCormack S, Schadt K, Perlman S, Subramony SH, Mathews KD, Brocht A, Ball J, Perdok R, Grahn A, Vescio T, Sherman JW, Farmer JM. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon- γ 1b in Friedreich Ataxia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:546-553. [PMID: 30911578 PMCID: PMC6414489 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In vitro, in vivo, and open-label studies suggest that interferon gamma (IFN-γ 1b) may improve clinical features in Friedreich Ataxia through an increase in frataxin levels. The present study evaluates the efficacy and safety of IFN-γ 1b in the treatment of Friedreich Ataxia through a double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Methods Ninety-two subjects with FRDA between 10 and 25 years of age were enrolled. Subjects received either IFN-γ 1b or placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale (mFARS). Results No difference was noted between the groups after 6 months of treatment in the mFARS or secondary outcome measures. No change was noted in buccal cell or whole blood frataxin levels. However, during an open-label extension period, subjects had a more stable course than expected based on natural history data. Conclusions This study provides no direct evidence for a beneficial effect of IFN-γ1b in FRDA. The modest stabilization compared to natural history data leaves open the possibility that longer studies may demonstrate benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Lynch
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - Lauren Hauser
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - Ashley McCormick
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - McKenzie Wells
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - Yi Na Dong
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - Shana McCormack
- Division of Endocrinology & DiabetesChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia19104
| | - Kim Schadt
- Division of NeurologyChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia502 Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center BlvdPhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104‐4318
| | - Susan Perlman
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California Los AngelesBox 956975, 1‐167 RNRCLos AngelesCalifornia90095
| | - Sub H. Subramony
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of FloridaRoom L3‐100, McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell DriveGainesvilleFlorida32611
| | - Katherine D. Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics and NeurologyUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowa
| | - Alicia Brocht
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew York14620
| | - Julie Ball
- Horizon Pharma, Inc.Lake ForestIllinois60045
| | | | - Amy Grahn
- Horizon Pharma, Inc.Lake ForestIllinois60045
| | - Tom Vescio
- Horizon Pharma, Inc.Lake ForestIllinois60045
| | | | - Jennifer M. Farmer
- Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance533 W Uwchlan AveDowningtownPennsylvania19335
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Reverter-Branchat G, Bosch J, Vall J, Farré M, Papaseit E, Pichini S, Segura J. Determination of Recent Growth Hormone Abuse Using a Single Dried Blood Spot. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1353-60. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.257592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Although it is being increasingly applied, blood collection for drug testing in sport presents some logistic issues that complicate full applicability on a large scale. The use of dried blood spots (DBS) could benefit compliant blood testing considerably owing to its simplicity, minimal invasiveness, analyte stability, and reduced costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of DBS to the methodology approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for detection of doping by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in serum.
METHODS
A protocol for a single DBS analysis using the hGH isoforms differential immunoassays (kit 1 and kit 2) was developed and validated. A clinical study with healthy volunteers injected for 3 consecutive days with a low subcutaneous dose (0.027 mg · kg−1 · day−1 · person−1) of rhGH was conducted. Finger prick DBS and paired-time serum samples from arm venipuncture were compared.
RESULTS
The analysis of the DBS-based protocol indicated that with only a single blood spot it was possible to detect positivity for growth hormone abuse. In spite of the low rhGH dose administered and independently of the kit used, the window of detection for DBS was confirmed in all analyzed samples up to 8 h after rhGH administration and extended up to 12 h in 50% of the cases. Serum positivity was detected in all studied samples for 12 h after administration.
CONCLUSIONS
These results support the usefulness of DBS as a biological matrix for testing recent growth hormone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Reverter-Branchat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Vall
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology and Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès (Bellaterra), Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Steffen P, Kwiatkowski M, Robertson WD, Zarrine-Afsar A, Deterra D, Richter V, Schlüter H. Protein species as diagnostic markers. J Proteomics 2016; 134:5-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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DeBarber AE, Steiner RD. A US perspective on newborn screening: a powerful tool for prevention. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.978857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Deutsch EC, Oglesbee D, Greeley NR, Lynch DR. Usefulness of frataxin immunoassays for the diagnosis of Friedreich ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:994-1002. [PMID: 24463479 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the frataxin (FXN) gene, resulting in reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease has led to a growing need for informative biomarkers to assess disease progression and response to therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of frataxin measurements as a diagnostic tool using two different immunoassays. METHODS Clinical and demographic information was provided through an ongoing longitudinal natural history study on FRDA. Frataxin protein levels from multiple cell types in controls, carriers and FRDA patients were measured and compared using a lateral flow immunoassay and a Luminex xMAP-based immunoassay. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were then performed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for each immunoassay. RESULTS For whole blood and buccal cells, analysing FRDA patients and carriers together in a cohort resulted in higher sensitivities and positive predictive values compared with analyzing controls and carriers together, with similar results between each tissue type. We then compared the usefulness of a lateral flow immunoassay with a multianalyte Luminex xMAP-based immunoassay, and showed that both assays demonstrate high positive predictive values with low rates of false negatives and false positives. CONCLUSIONS Frataxin measurements from peripheral tissues can be used to identify FRDA patients and carriers. While multiple cell types and assays may be useful for diagnostic purposes, each assay and cell type used has its advantages and disadvantages depending on study design and scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Deutsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Greeley
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sharma A, Jaiswal S, Shukla M, Lal J. Dried blood spots: Concepts, present status, and future perspectives in bioanalysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisheak Sharma
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; New Delhi India
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Goldstein A. A high-throughput assay for frataxin allows for newborn screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring of Friedreich ataxia. Clin Chem 2013; 59:1430-1. [PMID: 23868874 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.211094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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