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Tashkin DP, Barjaktarevic I, Gomez-Seco J, Behbehani NH, Koltun A, Siddiqui UA. Prevalence and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Gulf Countries with a Focus on Inhaled Pharmacotherapy. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024. [PMID: 38813999 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable, progressive disease and the third leading cause of death worldwide. The epidemiological data of COPD from Gulf countries are very limited, as it remains underdiagnosed and underestimated. Risk factors for COPD include tobacco cigarette smoking, water pipe smoking (Shisha), exposure to air pollutants, occupational dusts, fumes, and chemicals. Inadequate treatment of COPD leads to worsening of disease. The 2024 GOLD guidelines recommend use of inhaled bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and adjunct therapies for treatment and management of COPD patients based on an individual assessment of the severity of symptoms and risk of exacerbations. This article reviews COPD pharmacotherapy in the Gulf countries and explores the role of nebulization in the management of COPD in this region. Methods: To review the COPD pharmacotherapy in the Gulf Countries, literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar databases (before December 2022), using search terms such as COPD, nebulization, inhalers/inhalation, aerosols, and Gulf countries. Relevant articles from the reference list of identified studies were reviewed. Consensus statements, expert opinion, and other published review articles were included. Results: In the Gulf countries, pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), soft mist inhalers, and nebulizers are used for drug delivery to COPD patients. pMDIs and DPIs are most prone to errors in technique and other common device handling errors. Nebulization is another mode of inhalation drug delivery, which is beneficial in certain patient populations such as the elderly and patients with cognitive impairment, motor or neuromuscular disorders, and other comorbidities. Conclusion: There is no major difference between Gulf countries and rest of the world in the approach to management of COPD. Nebulizers should be considered for patients who have difficulties in accessing or using MDIs and DPIs, irrespective of geographical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Tashkin
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Julio Gomez-Seco
- Department of Pulmonology, Fakeeh University Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Sayed AAEA, Ahmed MM, Salah H. Pattern of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in Nasser Institute, Egypt. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43168-022-00150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
One of the most widespread chronic respiratory disease with rising morbidity and death is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in enormous societal and economic costs. COPD is a widespread, avoidable, and curable condition characterised by usual symptoms such as dyspnea, coughing, and/or sputum production. The goal of this study was to use a COPD questionnaire to analyse clinical, demographic, and available prescription pattern for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Results
Our findings suggest that patients’ early knowledge of COPD risk factors and symptoms and assistance in early illness detection and the provision of patient-centred treatment based on patients’ unique requirements in disease management are all necessary.
Conclusion
The major objective of COPD management is to control symptoms and limit the risk of exacerbation in order to enhance the quality of life of patients. In addition to pharmaceutical management, achieving these goals necessitates the adoption of a healthy lifestyle and the avoidance of risk factors.
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3
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Nanotechnology based advanced therapeutic strategies for targeting interleukins in chronic respiratory diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 348:109637. [PMID: 34506765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both communicable and non-communicable chronic respiratory conditions have accorded for suffering of millions of people of all ages and stated to be leading cause of death, morbidity, economic and social pressures, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. These illnesses impair patient's health and negatively impacts families and society, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) affect different organs of respiratory system, involving airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. As the number of respiratory diseases are exponentially escalating but still the stakeholders are not paying attention towards its serious complications. Currently, the treatment being used primarily focusses only on alleviating symptoms of these illness rather delivering the therapeutic agent at target site for optimal care and/or prevention. Lately, extensive research is being conducted on airways and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, airway, or parenchymal rehabilitation. From which macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, as well as structural cells as fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells have been found to be active participants that are involved in these chronic respiratory diseases. The pathogenesis of all these chronic respiratory diseases gets caused differently via mediators and proteins, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and oxidants. Presently, the target of prescription therapies is to reduce the inflammation of airways and relieve the airway contraction. In all studies, cytokines have been found to play an imperative role in fostering chronic airway inflammation and remodelling. Owing to the limitations of conventional treatments, the current review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the chronic respiratory disease and discuss further about the various conventional methods that can be used for treating this ailment. Additionally, it also highlights and discusses about the advanced drug delivery system that are being used for targeting the interleukins for the treatment of CRDs.
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Shin HJ, Kim TO, Kim YI, Kim SH, Kim HK, Kim YH, Byun MK, Jung KS, Yoo KH, Lee JS, Lim SC. The paradoxical response to short-acting bronchodilator administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:511-520. [PMID: 33717524 PMCID: PMC7947541 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There are a few studies about paradoxical bronchodilator response (BDR), which means a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or forced vital capacity (FVC) after short-acting bronchodilator administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We evaluated the effect of paradoxical BDR on the clinical outcomes of COPD patients in South Korea. Methods We analyzed the KOrea COpd Subgroup Study team (KOCOSS) cohort data in South Korea between January 2012 and December 2017. BDR was defined as at least a 12% and 200-mL reduction in FEV1 or FVC after bronchodilator administration. Results A total of 1,991 patients were included in this study. A paradoxical BDR was noted in 57 (2.9%) patients and was independently associated with worse dyspnea and poor quality of life. High C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were associated with a paradoxical BDR (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09; P=0.003). However, paradoxical BDR was not associated with severe acute exacerbations. Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (L) showed a higher area under the curve (AUC) for predicting severe acute exacerbations than the post-bronchodilator FEV1 (L) in the paradoxical BDR group (0.788 vs. 0.752). Conclusion A paradoxical reduction of FEV1 or FVC after bronchodilator administration may be associated with chronic inflammation in the airway and independently associated with worse respiratory symptoms and poor quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Joon Shin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ok Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Yu-Il Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Min Kwang Byun
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, South Korea
| | - Ki-Suck Jung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical School, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Ha Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Kwangju, South Korea
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5
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Zhao K, Tu C, Liang K, Li Y, Yu Y. Long noncoding RNA MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 is downregulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and regulates human bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520935215. [PMID: 32940099 PMCID: PMC7503009 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520935215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the involvement of MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS The expression levels of plasma MCM3AP-AS1 in COPD patients and healthy controls were measured by quantitative PCR before treatment and at 3 months after the initiation of treatment (post-treatment) from COPD patients. The role of MCM3AP-AS1 in regulating the proliferation of human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs) was explored by a cell proliferation assay. RESULTS We found that MCM3AP-AS1 expression was downregulated in the plasma of COPD patients compared with controls. Among controls, MCM3AP-AS1 expression was lower in smokers than never-smokers. A 3-year follow-up study showed that, among smokers, patients with low MCM3AP-AS1 expression showed a higher incidence of COPD. After treatment for COPD, MCM3AP-AS1 expression significantly increased. The cell proliferation assay showed that MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression decreased the proliferation rate of HBSMCs. MCM3AP-AS1 silencing had the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS MCM3AP-AS1 appears to be downregulated in COPD and to predict its occurrence. MCM3AP-AS1 regulates the proliferation of HBSMCs to participate in airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaiyi Liang
- Department of Radiology, Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Lo Bello F, Ieni A, Hansbro PM, Ruggeri P, Di Stefano A, Nucera F, Coppolino I, Monaco F, Tuccari G, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of the mucins in pathogenesis of COPD: implications for therapy. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:465-483. [PMID: 32133884 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1739525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence accumulated in the last decade has started to reveal the enormous complexity in the expression, interactions and functions of the large number of different mucins present in the different compartments of the human lower airways. This occurs both in normal subjects and in COPD patients in different clinical phases and stages of severity.Areas covered: We review the known physiological mechanisms that regulate mucin production in human lower airways of normal subjects, the changes in mucin synthesis/secretion in COPD patients and the clinical efficacy of drugs that modulate mucin synthesis/secretion.Expert opinion: It is evident that the old simplistic concept that mucus hypersecretion in COPD patients is associated with negative clinical outcomes is not valid and that the therapeutic potential of 'mucolytic drugs' is under-appreciated due to the complexity of the associated molecular network(s). Likewise, our current knowledge of the effects of the drugs already available on the market that target mucin synthesis/secretion/structure in the lower airways is extremely limited and often indirect and more well-controlled clinical trials are needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lo Bello
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale di Chirurgia Toracica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), AOU Policlinico "G.martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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7
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Triple inhaled therapy in COPD patients: determinants of prescription in primary care. Respir Med 2019; 154:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chino K, Ganzberg S, Mendoza K. Office-Based Sedation/General Anesthesia for COPD Patients, Part II. Anesth Prog 2019; 66:44-51. [PMID: 30883229 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-66-02-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in dental office office-based settings can be quite complex without a current understanding of the etiology, course, severity, and current treatment modalities of the disease. The additional concerns of providing sedation and/or general anesthesia to patients with COPD in settings outside of a hospital demand thorough investigation of individual patient presentation and realistic development of planned treatment that patients suffering from this respiratory condition can tolerate. Along with other co-morbidities, such as advanced age and potential significant cardiovascular compromise, the dental practitioner providing sedation or general anesthesia must tailor any treatment plan to address multiple organ systems and mitigate risks of precipitating acute respiratory failure from inadequate pain and/or anxiety control. Part I of this article covered the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of COPD. Patient considerations in the preoperative period were also reviewed. Part II will cover which patients are acceptable for sedation/general anesthesia in the dental office-based setting as well as sedation/general anesthesia techniques that may be considered. Postoperative care will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Chino
- Private Practice, Anesthesia for Dentistry, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Steven Ganzberg
- Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Abstract
Asthma is a serious global health issue and asthma guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to management with goals to achieve control and minimize future risk. Prior to escalation of pharmacotherapy, steps to confirm accurate diagnosis as well as address comorbidities and triggers are critical to effective asthma management. This article provides readers with a structured approach to evaluation and management of asthma of varying severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Khurana
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mary Parkes Center for Asthma, Allergy and Pulmonary Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 692, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K4/914 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-9988, USA
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10
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Vigna M, Aiello M, Bertorelli G, Crisafulli E, Chetta A. Flow and volume response to bronchodilator in patients with COPD. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 89:332-336. [PMID: 30333454 PMCID: PMC6502113 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i3.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The response to a bronchodilator is considered as crucial to diagnose COPD and to distinguish COPD from asthma. COPD is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction that is only partly reversible, whereas asthma is associated with airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. In spite of the partly reversible airflow obstruction, patients with COPD may show a significant bronchodilator response both in terms of an increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or in forced vital capacity (FVC) after an adequate dose of an inhaled bronchodilator. Changes in FEV1 or FVC characterize, respectively, flow or volume response after bronchodilator administration. This overview will deal with the reversibility testing characteristics and its clinical significance in COPD patients.
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11
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Huang WC, Wu MF, Chen HC, Hsu JY. Characteristics and risk factors for inconsistency between the risk of exacerbations and the severity of airflow limitation in COPD based on GOLD 2017: A retrospective, cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529075 PMCID: PMC5846773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The clinical implications of the discordance between the risk of exacerbations and the level of airflow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still unknown. This study aimed to clarify the clinical significance of such discordance in the management of COPD by exploring its characteristics and risk factors. Methods In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, participating physicians completed a detailed patient record form for each participating outpatient with COPD. The data, collected by the Taiwan Obstructive Lung Disease consortium, were managed and analyzed. Results Of the enrolled participants, 316 (41.7%) had an inconsistency between the risk of exacerbations and the severity of airflow limitation. Univariate analysis showed that more severe airflow limitation (p = 0.000), higher COPD assessment test (CAT) scores (p = 0.003) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scales (p = 0.008), and the presence of at least one (p = 0.000) or two (p = 0.003) co-morbidities were significantly associated with such inconsistency. More severe airflow limitation (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 3 and 4 classification; odds ratio (OR) = 27.09, p = 0.000 and OR = 25.15, p = 0.000, respectively) and the presence of at least one co-morbidity (OR = 2.01, p = 0.001) were still associated with the inconsistency in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, the presence of wheezing (OR = 3.90, p = 0.000) and at least two co-morbidities (OR = 5.43, p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for an inconsistency of a high risk of exacerbations / GOLD 1 or 2 and the CAT score≧10 (OR = 1.58, p = 0.007), mMRC scale 2–4 (OR = 1.53, p = 0.017), and the presence of at least one co-morbidity (OR = 2.55, p = 0.000) for an inconsistency of a low risk of exacerbations / GOLD 3 or 4. Conclusions The patients with COPD and an inconsistency between the risk of exacerbations and level of airflow limitation had unique clinical characteristics and risk factors for this inconsistency. Management of these patients should include more detailed evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Division of Clinical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kang J, Kim KT, Lee JH, Kim EK, Kim TH, Yoo KH, Lee JS, Kim WJ, Kim JH, Oh YM. Predicting treatable traits for long-acting bronchodilators in patients with stable COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3557-3565. [PMID: 29263660 PMCID: PMC5732547 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s151909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is currently no measure to predict a treatability of long-acting β-2 agonist (LABA) or long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to build prediction models for the treatment response to these bronchodilators, in order to determine the most responsive medication for patients with COPD. Methods We performed a prospective open-label crossover study, in which each long-acting bronchodilator was given in a random order to 65 patients with stable COPD for 4 weeks, with a 4-week washout period in between. We analyzed 14 baseline clinical traits, expression profiles of 31,426 gene transcripts, and damaged-gene scores of 6,464 genes acquired from leukocytes. The gene expression profiles were measured by RNA microarray and the damaged-gene scores were obtained after DNA exome sequencing. Linear regression analyses were performed to build prediction models after using factor and correlation analyses. Results Using a prediction model for a LABA, traits found associated with the treatment response were post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second, bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) to salbutamol, expression of three genes (CLN8, PCSK5, and SKP2), and damage scores of four genes (EPG5, FNBP4, SCN10A, and SPTBN5) (R2=0.512, p<0.001). Traits associated with the treatment response to a LAMA were COPD assessment test score, BDR, expression of four genes (C1orf115, KIAA1618, PRKX, and RHOQ) and damage scores of three genes (FBN3, FDFT1, and ZBED6) (R2=0.575, p<0.001). The prediction models consisting only of clinical traits appeared too weak to predict the treatment response, with R2=0.231 for the LABA model and R2=0.121 for the LAMA model. Conclusion Adding the expressions of genes and damaged-gene scores to the clinical traits may improve the predictability of treatment response to long-acting bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kang
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
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Soulele K, Macheras P, Karalis V. Pharmacokinetic analysis of inhaled salmeterol in asthma patients: Evidence from two dry powder inhalers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:407-419. [PMID: 28374512 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmeterol (SAL) is a long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist, which is widely used in the therapy of asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of inhaled salmeterol in asthma patients using two different dry powder inhalers. This analysis was based on data from 45 subjects who participated in a two-sequence, four-period crossover bioequivalence (BE) study after single administration of the test (T) and reference (R) products. In order to mimic more closely the real treatment conditions, activated charcoal was not co-administered. Plasma concentration-time (C-t) data were initially analysed using classic non-compartmental PK approaches, while the main objective of the study was to apply population PK modeling. The relative fraction of the dose absorbed via the lungs (RL ) was set as a parameter in the structural model. The plasma C-t profiles of salmeterol showed a biphasic time course indicating a parallel pulmonary and gastrointestinal (GI) absorption. A two-compartment disposition model with first order absorption from the GI and very rapid absorption from lungs (like an i.v. bolus) was found to describe successfully the C-t profiles of salmeterol. The estimated RL value was 13% suggesting a high gut deposition of inhaled salmeterol. Women were found to exert less capability to eliminate salmeterol than men, while body weight (in allometric form) was found to be an important covariate on the peripheral volume of distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Soulele
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Vangelis Karalis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Campus, Athens, 157 84, Greece
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14
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Vetrano DL, Bianchini E, Onder G, Cricelli I, Cricelli C, Bernabei R, Bettoncelli G, Lapi F. Poor adherence to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease medications in primary care: Role of age, disease burden and polypharmacy. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2500-2506. [PMID: 28656664 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and determinants of poor adherence to pharmacological treatment in a cohort of primary care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), paying special attention to the role of age, comorbidity and polypharmacy. METHODS We identified a cohort of COPD patients using the primary care Italian Health Search - IMS Longitudinal Patient Database. We assessed 1-year adherence to COPD maintenance pharmacotherapy (encompassing inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta agonists and long-acting anticholinergics). Poor adherence was defined as <80% of proportion of days covered by pharmacological treatment over a 1-year period. RESULTS Of 22 505 patients (mean age 67.3 ± 13.2; 41.3% women) entering the study, 17 486 (77.7%) were poorly adherent. According to multivariate analysis, poor adherence is less likely in older adults (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.40-0.66), in non-smokers (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86) and in those with a history of alcohol abuse (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94). Higher comorbidity (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.13-1.80) was positively associated with poor adherence. Polypharmacy was associated with poor adherence only in patients aged ≥65 years (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.59). Finally, COPD severity was associated with a reduced likelihood of poor adherence (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.61 for stage IV). CONCLUSIONS The present findings show that poor medication adherence is common in patients with COPD receiving long-term treatment. The interaction between age and polypharmacy, and the role of comorbidity suggest a pivotal role of biological age as a steering determinant of poor adherence. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2500-2506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide L Vetrano
- Deptartment of Geriatrics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Bianchini
- Health Search, Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Florence, Italy
| | - Graziano Onder
- Deptartment of Geriatrics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Iacopo Cricelli
- Health Search, Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Cricelli
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Deptartment of Geriatrics, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Lapi
- Health Search, Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Florence, Italy
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Kim J, Kim WJ, Lee CH, Lee SH, Lee MG, Shin KC, Yoo KH, Lee JH, Lim SY, Na JO, Hwang HG, Hong Y, Lim MN, Yoo CG, Jung KS, Lee SD. Which bronchodilator reversibility criteria can predict severe acute exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients? Respir Res 2017; 18:107. [PMID: 28558829 PMCID: PMC5450062 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether various bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) criteria affect the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of positive BDR defined according to various BDR criteria on the risk of severe acute exacerbation (AE) in COPD patients. METHODS Patients from four prospective COPD cohorts in South Korea who underwent follow-up for at least 1 year were enrolled in this study. The assessed BDR criteria included the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), American Thoracic Society (ATS), American College of Chest Physicians, (ACCP), major criteria of the Spanish definition of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS), criteria compatible with ACOS in the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), and European Respiratory Society (ERS). The rate of patients with severe AE who required hospitalization within 1 year due to BDR results according to each set of criteria was analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Among a total of 854 patients, the BDR-positive cases varied according to the criteria used. There was a 3.5% positive BDR rate according to GINA and a 29.9% rate according to the ATS criteria. Positive BDR according to the GOLD criteria was significantly associated with a decreased risk of severe AE (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.38; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 0.15-0.93). This result remained statistically significant even in a sensitivity analysis that included only participants with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years and in the analysis for the propensity score-matched participants. CONCLUSIONS Among different criteria for positive BDR, the use of the GOLD ones was significantly associated with a decreased risk of severe AE in COPD patients. Increase use of ICS/LABA may have affected this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Haak Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Paul’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Goo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Cheol Shin
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Regional Center for Respiratory Disease, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yong Lim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ock Na
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Gyu Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi’s Hospital, Gumi, North Kyungsang Province Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Nam Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Suck Jung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical School, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Baker JG, Wilcox RG. β-Blockers, heart disease and COPD: current controversies and uncertainties. Thorax 2016; 72:271-276. [PMID: 27927840 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Treating people with cardiovascular disease and COPD causes significant clinician anxiety. β-Blockers save lives in people with heart disease, specifically postinfarction and heart failure. COPD and heart disease frequently coexist and people with both disorders have particularly high cardiovascular mortality. There are concerns about giving β-blockers to people with concomitant COPD that include reduced basal lung function, diminished effectiveness of emergency β-agonist treatments, reduced benefit of long-acting β-agonist treatment and difficulty in discriminating between asthma and COPD. β-Blockers appear to reduce lung function in both the general population and those with COPD because they are poorly selective for cardiac β1-adrenoceptors over respiratory β2-adrenoceptors, and studies have shown that higher β-agonist doses are required to overcome the β-blockade. COPD and cardiovascular disease share similar environmental risks and both disease states have high adrenergic and inflammatory activation. β-Blockers may therefore be particularly helpful in reducing cardiovascular events in this high-risk group. They may reduce the background inflammatory state, and inhibit the tachycardia and hypertension associated with both the endogenous adrenaline and high-dose β-agonist treatment associated with acute exacerbations of COPD. Some studies have suggested no increased and, at times, reduced mortality in patients with COPD taking β-blockers for heart disease. However, these are all observational studies and there are no randomised controlled trials. Potential ways to improve this dilemma include the development of highly β1-selective β-blockers or the use of non-β-blocking heart rate reducing agents, such as ivabridine, if these are proven to be beneficial in randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Respiratory Medicine, Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert G Wilcox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Jeong HJ, Lee H, Carriere KC, Kim JH, Han JH, Shin B, Jeong BH, Koh WJ, Kwon OJ, Park HY. Effects of long-term bronchodilators in bronchiectasis patients with airflow limitation based on bronchodilator response at baseline. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2757-2764. [PMID: 27853363 PMCID: PMC5106217 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The association between positive bronchodilator response (BDR) at baseline and the effect of long-term bronchodilator therapy has not been well elucidated in patients with bronchiectasis. The aims of our study were to explore the association between positive BDR at baseline and lung-function improvement following long-term (3–12 months) bronchodilator therapy in bronchiectasis patients with airflow limitation. Materials and methods The medical records of 166 patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis who underwent baseline pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry and repeated spirometry after 3–12 months of bronchodilator therapy were retrospectively reviewed. For analysis, patients were divided into two groups, responders and poor responders, based on achievement of at least 12% and 200 mL in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) following bronchodilator therapy from baseline FEV1. Results A total of 57 patients (34.3%) were responders. These patients were more likely to have positive BDR at baseline than poor responders (38.6% [22 of 57] vs 18.3% [20 of 109], P=0.004). This association persisted after adjustment for other confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio 2.298, P=0.034). However, we found FEV1 improved significantly following long-term bronchodilator therapy, even in patients without positive BDR at baseline (change in FEV1 130 mL, interquartile range −10 to 250 mL; P<0.001). Conclusion Positive BDR at baseline was independently associated with responsiveness to long-term bronchodilator therapy in bronchiectasis patients with airflow limitation. However, FEV1 improvement was also evident in bronchiectasis patients without positive BDR at baseline, suggesting that these patients can benefit from long-term bronchodilator therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keumhee C Carriere
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Beomsu Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Ho Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - O Jung Kwon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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O'Donnell DE, Webb KA, Harle I, Neder JA. Pharmacological management of breathlessness in COPD: recent advances and hopes for the future. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:823-34. [PMID: 27115291 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1182867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activity-related breathlessness is often the dominant symptom in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and usually persists despite optimal medical therapy. Currently, our inability to meaningfully alter the pathophysiology of the underlying disease means that we must focus our attention on relieving this distressing symptom so as to improve exercise tolerance and quality of life. AREAS COVERED The current review examines the neurobiology of breathlessness and constructs a solid physiological rationale for amelioration of this distressing symptom. We will examine the efficacy of interventions which: 1) reduce the increased central drive to breathe (opioids); 2) improve the respiratory system's ability to appropriately respond to this increased demand (bronchodilators); and 3) address the important affective dimension of breathlessness (anxiolytics). Expert commentary: Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of activity-related breathlessness in COPD, and its measurement in the clinical domain, now set the stage for the development of effective management strategies on an individual patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E O'Donnell
- a Department of Medicine , Queen's University & Kingston General Hospital , Kingston , ON , Canada
| | - Katherine A Webb
- a Department of Medicine , Queen's University & Kingston General Hospital , Kingston , ON , Canada
| | - Ingrid Harle
- a Department of Medicine , Queen's University & Kingston General Hospital , Kingston , ON , Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- a Department of Medicine , Queen's University & Kingston General Hospital , Kingston , ON , Canada
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19
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Roberts MH, Borrego ME, Kharat AA, Marshik PL, Mapel DW. Economic evaluations of fluticasone-propionate/salmeterol combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review of published studies. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 16:167-92. [PMID: 26839089 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1148602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies and evaluates the comprehensive reporting of peer-reviewed economic evaluations of the effectiveness of fluticasone-propionate/salmeterol combination (FSC) therapy for maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Economic evaluations were included if published in English since 2003. Evaluation categories included in the review were cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-consequence analyses. FSC is cost-effective in comparison to short-acting bronchodilators (SABDs). Cost and outcome differences between FSC and other long-acting therapies were modest. Studies exhibited large variations in populations, designs and environment, limiting the ability to draw conclusions. Many new maintenance treatments for COPD have been approved since 2010. Most have yet to be compared to older treatments like FSC. Evaluations are needed that consider costs and outcomes from a societal perspective (e.g., patients' ability to keep working) and evaluations that include subgroup analyses to investigate differential impacts according to clusters of patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Roberts
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b LCF Research, Health Services Research Division , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - M E Borrego
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - A A Kharat
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - P L Marshik
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences , University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - D W Mapel
- b LCF Research, Health Services Research Division , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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20
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Huang WC, Wu MF, Chen HC, Hsu JY. Features of COPD patients by comparing CAT with mMRC: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2015; 25:15063. [PMID: 26538368 PMCID: PMC4633725 DOI: 10.1038/npjpcrm.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The group assignment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may differ depending on whether the COPD assessment test (CAT) or modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (mMRC) is used. AIMS This study intended to clarify how different patient characteristics influence the differences, to determine the relationships between CAT and mMRC and to characterise COPD patients by both CAT and mMRC. METHODS This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. The data, collected by Taiwan Obstructive Lung Disease consortium, were managed and analysed. RESULTS Of the 757 participants, COPD group assignment was not identical as well as no substantial agreement presented when categorised based on the cut-point CAT score ⩾10 and each mMRC cut-point. In all, 38.2% of participants had discordant group assignments together with a lower mean CAT score, less severe airway obstruction and less severe airflow limitation compared with those with concordant group assignments. In the discordant group, the CAT⩾10/mMRC 0-1 subgroup had more wheezing than CAT<10/mMRC⩾2 subgroup. Only moderate correlations existed between CAT and mMRC. More-symptom groups and combined high-risk group had better correlations than less-symptom groups and combined low-risk group, respectively. A modest negative correlation existed between forced expiratory volume in 1 s percentage (FEV1%) predicted and CAT score and between FEV1% predicted and mMRC scale in parallel with a significant positive relationship existing between the CAT score and mMRC scale. Notably, a significant proportion of COPD patients with each scale of mMRC had health status impairment. CONCLUSIONS The Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease committee should redefine the applications of CAT and mMRC in the management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Critical Care and Respiratory Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Physical Therapy, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Yamada M, Ichinose M. Cutting edge of COPD therapy: current pharmacological therapy and future direction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40749-015-0009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Murphy L, Rennard S, Donohue J, Molimard M, Dahl R, Beeh KM, Dederichs J, Fülle HJ, Higgins M, Young D. Turning a molecule into a medicine: the development of indacaterol as a novel once-daily bronchodilator treatment for patients with COPD. Drugs 2015; 74:1635-57. [PMID: 25212789 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Indacaterol is the first once-daily, long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Indacaterol was developed using a combination of informed drug design and molecular chemistry to generate a β2-adrenergic agonist with a fast onset and long duration of action, enabling once-daily dosing with an acceptable safety profile. Early preclinical studies with indacaterol demonstrated these characteristics, and this promising molecule was taken into clinical development, originally for asthma treatment. Subsequent safety concerns over LABA monotherapy in patients with asthma redirected indacaterol's development to centre on COPD, where a good evidence base and guideline recommendations for bronchodilator monotherapy existed. Clinical development was initially complicated by different inhaler devices and differing doses of indacaterol. Using a phase III innovative adaptive-design clinical trial (INHANCE), indacaterol 150 and 300 μg once-daily doses were selected to be taken forward into the phase III INERGIZE programme. This programme delivered placebo-controlled and active-comparator data, including comparisons with formoterol, tiotropium and salmeterol/fluticasone, as well as the use of indacaterol in combination with tiotropium. Together, these studies provided a comprehensive assessment of the benefit-risk profile of indacaterol, allowing for regulatory submission. Indacaterol was first approved at once-daily doses of 150 and 300 μg in the European Union in 2009, followed by 150 µg in Japan (2011) and China (2012), and 75 μg in the United States (2011). To date, indacaterol is approved and marketed in more than 100 countries worldwide for once-daily maintenance treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Murphy
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK,
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23
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Zhong N, Wang C, Zhou X, Zhang N, Humphries M, Wang L, Thach C, Patalano F, Banerji D. LANTERN: a randomized study of QVA149 versus salmeterol/fluticasone combination in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:1015-26. [PMID: 26082625 PMCID: PMC4461092 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s84436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) treatment strategy recommends the use of one or more bronchodilators according to the patient's airflow limitation, their history of exacerbations, and symptoms. The LANTERN study evaluated the effect of the long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) dual bronchodilator, QVA149 (indacaterol/glycopyrronium), as compared with the LABA/inhaled corticosteroid, salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC), in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD with a history of ≤1 exacerbation in the previous year. METHODS In this double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study, 744 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD with a history of ≤1 exacerbations in the previous year were randomized (1:1) to QVA149 110/50 μg once daily or SFC 50/500 μg twice daily for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was noninferiority of QVA149 versus SFC for trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) at week 26. RESULTS Overall, 676 patients completed the study. The primary objective of noninferiority between QVA149 and SFC in trough FEV1 at week 26 was met. QVA149 demonstrated statistically significant superiority to SFC for trough FEV1 (treatment difference [Δ]=75 mL; P<0.001). QVA149 demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in standardized area under the curve (AUC) from 0 hours to 4 hours for FEV1 (FEV1 AUC0-4h) at week 26 versus SFC (Δ=122 mL; P<0.001). QVA149 and SFC had similar improvements in transition dyspnea index focal score, St George Respiratory Questionnaire total score, and rescue medication use. However, QVA149 significantly reduced the rate of moderate or severe exacerbations by 31% (P=0.048) over SFC. Overall, the incidence of adverse events was comparable between QVA149 (40.1%) and SFC (47.4%). The incidence of pneumonia was threefold lower with QVA149 (0.8%) versus SFC (2.7%). CONCLUSION These findings support the use of the LABA/LAMA, QVA149 as an alternative treatment, over LABA/inhaled corticosteroid, in the management of moderate-to-severe COPD patients (GOLD B and GOLD D) with a history of ≤1 exacerbation in the previous year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xin Qiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing City, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing City, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuofu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Humphries
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linda Wang
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chau Thach
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Donald Banerji
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Criner GJ, Bourbeau J, Diekemper RL, Ouellette DR, Goodridge D, Hernandez P, Curren K, Balter MS, Bhutani M, Camp PG, Celli BR, Dechman G, Dransfield MT, Fiel SB, Foreman MG, Hanania NA, Ireland BK, Marchetti N, Marciniuk DD, Mularski RA, Ornelas J, Road JD, Stickland MK. Prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline. Chest 2015; 147:894-942. [PMID: 25321320 PMCID: PMC4388124 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States as well as throughout the rest of the world. An exacerbation of COPD (periodic escalations of symptoms of cough, dyspnea, and sputum production) is a major contributor to worsening lung function, impairment in quality of life, need for urgent care or hospitalization, and cost of care in COPD. Research conducted over the past decade has contributed much to our current understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of COPD. Additionally, an evolving literature has accumulated about the prevention of acute exacerbations. METHODS In recognition of the importance of preventing exacerbations in patients with COPD, the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) and Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) joint evidence-based guideline (AECOPD Guideline) was developed to provide a practical, clinically useful document to describe the current state of knowledge regarding the prevention of acute exacerbations according to major categories of prevention therapies. Three key clinical questions developed using the PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) format addressed the prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD: nonpharmacologic therapies, inhaled therapies, and oral therapies. We used recognized document evaluation tools to assess and choose the most appropriate studies and to extract meaningful data and grade the level of evidence to support the recommendations in each PICO question in a balanced and unbiased fashion. RESULTS The AECOPD Guideline is unique not only for its topic, the prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD, but also for the first-in-kind partnership between two of the largest thoracic societies in North America. The CHEST Guidelines Oversight Committee in partnership with the CTS COPD Clinical Assembly launched this project with the objective that a systematic review and critical evaluation of the published literature by clinical experts and researchers in the field of COPD would lead to a series of recommendations to assist clinicians in their management of the patient with COPD. CONCLUSIONS This guideline is unique because it provides an up-to-date, rigorous, evidence-based analysis of current randomized controlled trial data regarding the prevention of COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Donna Goodridge
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kristen Curren
- School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Mohit Bhutani
- Division of Respirology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pat G Camp
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gail Dechman
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Darcy D Marciniuk
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Jeremy D Road
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Gu W, Yuan Y, Yang H, Qi G, Jin X, Yan J. A bibliometric analysis of the 100 most influential papers on COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:667-76. [PMID: 25848243 PMCID: PMC4378874 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s74911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the 100 top-cited articles published on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to analyze their characteristics so as to provide information on the achievement and development in COPD research over the past decades. METHODS AND MATERIALS A comprehensive list of citation classics in COPD was generated by searching the Science Citation Index expanded database, using the keywords "COPD" or "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" or "chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases". The 100 top-cited research papers were retrieved by reading the abstract or full text if needed. All eligible articles were read for basic information, including country of origin, organizations, article type, journals, research field, and authors. RESULTS The 100 top-cited articles on COPD were published between 1966 and 2010. The number of citations ranged from 254 to 2,164, with a mean of 450 citations for each article. These citation classics were from 32 countries, with 38 from the United States. The Imperial College London led the list of classics, with 16 papers. The 100 top-cited articles were distributed in 18 journals, with the American Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care Medicine, and Journal of the American Medical Association topping the list. Among the various fields, both respiratory system (63%) and general internal medicine (63%) were the most common fields of study for the 100 articles. CONCLUSION Our bibliometric analysis provides a historical perspective on the progress of scientific research on COPD. Articles originating from the United States and published in high-impact specialized respiratory journals are most likely to be cited in the field of COPD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Pudong New Area, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Pudong New Area, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Pudong New Area, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangsheng Qi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Pudong New Area, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Nardini S, Camiciottoli G, Locicero S, Maselli R, Pasqua F, Passalacqua G, Pela R, Pesci A, Sebastiani A, Vatrella A. COPD: maximization of bronchodilation. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:50. [PMID: 25364503 PMCID: PMC4216364 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent guidelines define COPD in a multidimensional way, nevertheless the diagnosis is still linked to the limitation of airflow, usually measured by the reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio below 70%. However, the severity of obstruction is not directly correlated to symptoms or to invalidity determined by COPD. Thus, besides respiratory function, COPD should be evaluated based on symptoms, frequency and severity of exacerbations, patient's functional status and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Therapy is mainly aimed at increasing exercise tolerance and reducing dyspnea, with improvement of daily activities and HRQoL. This can be accomplished by a drug-induced reduction of pulmonary hyperinflation and exacerbations frequency and severity. All guidelines recommend bronchodilators as baseline therapy for all stages of COPD, and long-acting inhaled bronchodilators, both beta-2 agonist (LABA) and antimuscarinic (LAMA) drugs, are the most effective in regular treatment in the clinically stable phase. The effectiveness of bronchodilators should be evaluated in terms of functional (relief of bronchial obstruction and pulmonary hyperinflation), symptomatic (exercise tolerance and HRQoL), and clinical improvement (reduction in number or severity of exacerbations), while the absence of a spirometric response is not a reason for interrupting treatment, if there is subjective improvement in symptoms. Because LABA and LAMA act via different mechanisms of action, when administered in combination they can exert additional effects, thus optimizing (i.e. maximizing) sustained bronchodilation in COPD patients with severe airflow limitation, who cannot benefit (or can get only partial benefit) by therapy with a single bronchodilator. Recently, a fixed combination of ultra LABA/LAMA (indacaterol/glycopyrronium) has shown that it is possible to get a stable and persistent bronchodilation, which can help in avoiding undesirable fluctuations of bronchial calibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nardini
- />Pulmonary and TB Unit, Vittorio Veneto General Hospital, Vittorio Veneto, TV Italy
| | - Gianna Camiciottoli
- />Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Respiratory Medicine, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Maselli
- />Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Respiratory Diseases, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franco Pasqua
- />Pneumology Rehabilitation, Villa delle Querce Hospital, Nemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- />Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Respiratory Diseases and Allergology, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pela
- />Pneumology Unit, C. e G. Mazzoni Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Alberto Pesci
- />Department of Pneumology, San Gerardo Hospital Monza (Mi), Monza, Italy
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Tse HN, Raiteri L, Wong KY, Ng LY, Yee KS, Tseng CZS. Benefits of High-Dose N-Acetylcysteine to Exacerbation-Prone Patients With COPD. Chest 2014; 146:611-623. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Tashkin DP, Li N, Kleerup EC, Halpin D, Celli B, Decramer M, Elashoff R. Acute bronchodilator responses decline progressively over 4 years in patients with moderate to very severe COPD. Respir Res 2014; 15:102. [PMID: 25175805 PMCID: PMC4244051 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a progressive decline in absolute responses of FEV1 and FVC to a near-maximal dose of 2 different short-acting bronchodilators over 4 years. Since varying host factors and the method of expressing the response may impact the time trend of acute bronchodilator responses, we now examined the potential influence of salient host characteristics on changes in bronchodilator responses over time expressed in different ways. METHODS As part of the 4-year, placebo-controlled Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT) trial, pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed at baseline and 1 month and every 6 months thereafter. Post-bronchodilator values for FEV1 and FVC were analyzed for subjects completing at least the 1 year visit (Placebo - N = 2463; Tiotropium - N = 2579), stratified by GOLD stage, age, gender and smoking status and expressed as absolute, relative (%) and % predicted changes from pre-bronchodilator values. Annual changes in bronchodilator response were estimated using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS For all subjects analyzed, FEV1 and FVC bronchodilator responses showed progressive and highly significant (p < 0.0001) declines over 4 years. Declines were generally larger in patients with severe/very severe than mild/moderate airflow obstruction, in older patients (≥65 yrs) and in former than continuing smokers. CONCLUSION Acute FEV1 and FVC responses to bronchodilators decline significantly over time in COPD patients, whether expressed as absolute, relative or % predicted changes, potentially impacting on the clinical responses to bronchodilator therapy as well as on the annual rate of decline in post-bronchodilator lung function. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT00144339.
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Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Anzalone G, Bonanno A, Riccobono L, Di Sano C, Gagliardo R, Siena L, Pieper MP, Gjomarkaj M, Profita M. Cigarette smoke alters non-neuronal cholinergic system components inducing MUC5AC production in the H292 cell line. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:35-43. [PMID: 24797786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the expression of Choline Acetyl-Transferase (ChAT), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and mucin production in bronchial epithelial cells. Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, ChAT expression, acetylcholine levels and acetylcholine binding were measured in a human pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line (H292) stimulated with CSE. We performed ChAT/RNA interference experiments in H292 cells stimulated with CSE to study the role of ChAT/acetylcholine in MUC5AC production. The effects of Hemicholinium-3 (HCh-3) (50 μM) (a potent and selective choline uptake blocker) and Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva(®)) (100 nM), alone or in combination with Salmeterol (SL) and Fluticasone propionate (FP), were tested in this model. MUC5AC, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, ChAT, acetylcholine expression and acetylcholine binding significantly increased in H292 cells stimulated with CSE (5%) compared to untreated cells. HCh-3 reduced acetylcholine binding and MUC5AC production in H292 cells stimulated with CSE. ChAT/RNA interference eliminated the effect of CSE on MUC5AC production. FP reduced ChAT and acetylcholine binding in unstimulated cells, while showing a partial effect in CSE stimulated cells. SL increased the ChAT expression and acetylcholine binding in H292 cells stimulated with or without CSE. Tiotropium, alone or together with FP and SL, reduced acetylcholine binding and MUC5AC production in H292 cells stimulated with CSE. CSE affects the ChAT/acetylcholine expression, increasing MUC5AC production in H292 cells. Pharmacological treatment with anticholinergic drugs reduces the secretion of MUC5AC generated by autocrine acetylcholine activity in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), Sezione di Pneumologia, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Liboria Siena
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mark Gjomarkaj
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
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Marín JM, Ciudad M, Moya V, Carrizo S, Bello S, Piras B, Celli BR, Miravitlles M. Airflow reversibility and long-term outcomes in patients with COPD without comorbidities. Respir Med 2014; 108:1180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Donohue JF, Niewoehner D, Brooks J, O’Dell D, Church A. Safety and tolerability of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 125/25 mcg and umeclidinium 125 mcg in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Respir Res 2014; 15:78. [PMID: 25015176 PMCID: PMC4113670 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) umeclidinium (UMEC) and the combination of UMEC with the long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) vilanterol (UMEC/VI) are approved maintenance treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the US and EU. They are not indicated for the treatment of asthma. METHODS In this 52-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group safety study (GSK study DB2113359; NCT01316887), patients were randomized 2:2:1 to UMEC/VI 125/25 mcg, UMEC 125 mcg, or placebo. Study endpoints included adverse events (AEs), clinical chemistry and hematology parameters, vital signs, 12-lead, and 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms. COPD exacerbations and rescue medication use were assessed as safety parameters; lung function was also evaluated. RESULTS The incidence of on-treatment AEs, serious AEs (SAEs), and drug-related AEs was similar between treatment groups (AEs: 52-58%; SAEs: 6-7%; drug-related AEs: 12-13%). Headache was the most common AE in each treatment group (8-11%). AEs associated with the LAMA and LABA pharmacologic classes occurred at a low incidence across treatment groups. No clinically meaningful effects on vital signs or laboratory assessments were reported for active treatments versus placebo. The incidences of atrial arrhythmias with UMEC/VI 125/25 mcg were similar to placebo; for UMEC 125 mcg, the incidences of ectopic supraventricular beats, sustained supraventricular tachycardia, and ectopic supraventricular rhythm were ≥2% greater than placebo. With active treatments, COPD exacerbations were fewer (13-15% of patients reporting ≥1 exacerbation) and on average less rescue medication was required (1.6-2.2 puffs/day) versus placebo (24% reporting ≥1 exacerbation, 2.6 puffs/day). Both active treatments improved lung function versus placebo. CONCLUSION UMEC/VI 125/25 mcg and UMEC 125 mcg were well tolerated over 12 months in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Donohue
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jean Brooks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Respiratory Medicines Development Centre, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Dianne O’Dell
- Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alison Church
- Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
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Sanguinetti CM, De Benedetto F, Donner CF, Nardini S, Visconti A. Pneumocafé project: an inquiry on current COPD diagnosis and management among General Practitioners in Italy through a novel tool for professional education. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:35. [PMID: 24944787 PMCID: PMC4061438 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of COPD are frequently disregarded by patients and also by general practitioners (GPs) in early stages of the disease, that consequently is diagnosed when already at an advanced grade of severity. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of COPD and scarce use of spirometry are widely recurrent, while a better knowledge of the disease and a wider use of spirometry would be critical to diagnose more patients still neglected, do it at an earlier stage and properly treat established COPD. The aim of Pneumocafè project is to improve, through an innovative approach, the diagnosis and management of COPD at primary care level increasing the awareness of issues pertaining to early diagnosis, adequate prevention and correct treatment of the disease. METHODS Pneumocafè is based on informal meetings between GPs of various geographical zones of Italy and their reference respiratory specialist (RS), aimed at discussing the current practice in comparison to suggestions of official guidelines, analyzing the actual problems in diagnosing and managing COPD patients and sharing the possible solution at the community level. In these meetings RSs faced many issues including patho-physiological mechanisms of bronchial obstruction, significance of clinical symptoms, patients' phenotyping, and clinical approach to diagnosis and long-term treatment, also reinforcing the importance of a timely diagnosis, proper long term treatment and the compliance to treatment. At the end of each meeting GPs had to fill in a questionnaire arranged by the scientific board of the Project that included 18 multiple-choice questions concerning their approach to COPD management. The results of the analysis of these questionnaires are here presented. RESULTS 1, 964 questionnaires were returned from 49 RSs. 1,864 questionnaires out of those received (94.91% of the total) resulted properly compiled and form the object of the present analysis. The 49 RSs, 37 males and 12 females, were distributed all over the Italian country and practiced their profession both in public and private hospitals and in territorial sanitary facilities. GPs were 1,330 males (71.35%) and 534 females (28.64%), mean age 56,29 years (range 27-70 yrs). Mean duration of general practice was 25.56 years (range: 0,5-40 yrs) with a mean of 1,302.43 patients assisted by each GP and 2,427,741 patients assisted in all. The majority of GPs affirmed that in their patients COPD has a mean-to-great prevalence and a mean/high impact on their practice, preceded only by diabetes and heart failure. Three-quarters of GPs refer to COPD guidelines and most of them believe that a screening on their assisted patients at risk would enhance early diagnosis of COPD. Tobacco smoking is the main recognized cause of COPD but the actions carried out by GPs to help a patient to give up smoking result still insufficient. The majority of GPs recognize spirometry as necessary to early COPD diagnosis, but the main obstacle pointed out to its wider use was the too long time for the spirometry to be performed. GPs' main reason for prescribing a bronchodilator is dyspnea and bronchodilators preferably prescribed are LABA and LAMA. Control of patient's adherence to therapy is mainly carried out by GPs checking the number of drugs annually prescribed or asking the patient during a control visit. Finally, about how many COPD patients GPs believe are in their group of assisted patients, a mean range of 25-40 patients was reported, that is consistently below the forecast based on epidemiological data and number of patients assisted by each GP. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained with this project confirm the validity of this informal approach to professional education. Furthermore, this inquiry provided important insights about the general management of COPD and the process of integration between RS and GPs activities on this disease condition in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio F Donner
- Mondo Medico, Multidisciplinary and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic, Borgomanero, NO, Italy
| | - Stefano Nardini
- Pulmonary and TB Unit-Vittorio Veneto (TV), Vittorio Veneto, Italy
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Sanguinetti CM. The lungs need to be deflated: effects of glycopyrronium on lung hyperinflation in COPD patients. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:19. [PMID: 24690294 PMCID: PMC4229742 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation caused by bronchial alterations, small airways disease and parenchymal destruction. In patients with COPD the structural and functional lung alterations can progress more or less rapidly from the initial small airways disease to an overt COPD where a severe expiratory flow limitation takes place. In these conditions, lung hyperinflation develops characterized by increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) and decrease in inspiratory capacity (IC). Thus, IC is an easy and reliable index to monitor lung hyperinflation and to assess the efficacy of bronchodilator drugs. When FRC increases, tidal volume (VT) is located in a more flatted upper part of the P -V curve of the respiratory system and respiratory muscles must sustain a greater elastic workload. Furthermore, due to inadequate time for expiration, there is a positive alveolar pressure at the end of expiration (PEEPi). This represents a further elastic workload for the inspiratory muscles. This impairment of ventilatory mechanics generates dyspnea that in most severely compromised patients occurs also for small efforts causing activity limitation and worst health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Due to these respiratory alterations, bronchodilators are the cornerstone of the long-term treatment of COPD in order to decrease airways resistances, lung hyperinflation and exacerbation rate, and improve patient's symptoms, exercise tolerance and health status. Long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilators (LAMAs) have proven to be very useful in terms of lung deflation and exercise tolerance. Recently, new LAMAs with several positive characteristics have been introduced into clinical use among which glycopyrronium bromide has shown to be particularly effective. Glycopyrronium has a longer-lasting effect compared to other anticholinergic drugs, therefore it allows a single daily administration and facilitates the therapy of a disease that needs a chronic bronchodilation by decreasing the mechanic stress of the airways determined by repeated bronchoconstriction and increasing patient's adherence to treatment plan with better clinical results. Several studies demonstrated that glycopyrronium is able to positively and significantly decrease lung hyperinflation, symptoms, and improve psycho-physical status of COPD patients, with a low rate of adverse events, similar to that of placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Sanguinetti
- Consultant Respiratory Medicine, Quisisana Clinical Center, Via G, Porro 5, Rome 00197, Italy.
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Kew KM, Dias S, Cates CJ. Long-acting inhaled therapy (beta-agonists, anticholinergics and steroids) for COPD: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD010844. [PMID: 24671923 PMCID: PMC10879916 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010844.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is aimed at relieving symptoms, improving quality of life and preventing or treating exacerbations.Treatment tends to begin with one inhaler, and additional therapies are introduced as necessary. For persistent or worsening symptoms, long-acting inhaled therapies taken once or twice daily are preferred over short-acting inhalers. Several Cochrane reviews have looked at the risks and benefits of specific long-acting inhaled therapies compared with placebo or other treatments. However for patients and clinicians, it is important to understand the merits of these treatments relative to each other, and whether a particular class of inhaled therapies is more beneficial than the others. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of treatment options for patients whose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cannot be controlled by short-acting therapies alone. The review will not look at combination therapies usually considered later in the course of the disease.As part of this network meta-analysis, we will address the following issues.1. How does long-term efficacy compare between different pharmacological treatments for COPD?2. Are there limitations in the current evidence base that may compromise the conclusions drawn by this network meta-analysis? If so, what are the implications for future research? SEARCH METHODS We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in existing Cochrane reviews by searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). In addition, we ran a comprehensive citation search on the Cochrane Airways Group Register of trials (CAGR) and checked manufacturer websites and reference lists of other reviews. The most recent searches were conducted in September 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA We included parallel-group RCTs of at least 6 months' duration recruiting people with COPD. Studies were included if they compared any of the following treatments versus any other: long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs; formoterol, indacaterol, salmeterol); long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs; aclidinium, glycopyrronium, tiotropium); inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs; budesonide, fluticasone, mometasone); combination long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) and inhaled corticosteroid (LABA/ICS) (formoterol/budesonide, formoterol/mometasone, salmeterol/fluticasone); and placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We conducted a network meta-analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for two efficacy outcomes: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score and trough forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). We modelled the relative effectiveness of any two treatments as a function of each treatment relative to the reference treatment (placebo). We assumed that treatment effects were similar within treatment classes (LAMA, LABA, ICS, LABA/ICS). We present estimates of class effects, variability between treatments within each class and individual treatment effects compared with every other.To justify the analyses, we assessed the trials for clinical and methodological transitivity across comparisons. We tested the robustness of our analyses by performing sensitivity analyses for lack of blinding and by considering six- and 12-month data separately. MAIN RESULTS We identified 71 RCTs randomly assigning 73,062 people with COPD to 184 treatment arms of interest. Trials were similar with regards to methodology, inclusion and exclusion criteria and key baseline characteristics. Participants were more often male, aged in their mid sixties, with FEV1 predicted normal between 40% and 50% and with substantial smoking histories (40+ pack-years). The risk of bias was generally low, although missing information made it hard to judge risk of selection bias and selective outcome reporting. Fixed effects were used for SGRQ analyses, and random effects for Trough FEV1 analyses, based on model fit statistics and deviance information criteria (DIC). SGRQ SGRQ data were available in 42 studies (n = 54,613). At six months, 39 pairwise comparisons were made between 18 treatments in 25 studies (n = 27,024). Combination LABA/ICS was the highest ranked intervention, with a mean improvement over placebo of -3.89 units at six months (95% credible interval (CrI) -4.70 to -2.97) and -3.60 at 12 months (95% CrI -4.63 to -2.34). LAMAs and LABAs were ranked second and third at six months, with mean differences of -2.63 (95% CrI -3.53 to -1.97) and -2.29 (95% CrI -3.18 to -1.53), respectively. Inhaled corticosteroids were ranked fourth (MD -2.00, 95% CrI -3.06 to -0.87). Class differences between LABA, LAMA and ICS were less prominent at 12 months. Indacaterol and aclidinium were ranked somewhat higher than other members of their classes, and formoterol 12 mcg, budesonide 400 mcg and formoterol/mometasone combination were ranked lower within their classes. There was considerable overlap in credible intervals and rankings for both classes and individual treatments. Trough FEV1 Trough FEV1 data were available in 46 studies (n = 47,409). At six months, 41 pairwise comparisons were made between 20 treatments in 31 studies (n = 29,271). As for SGRQ, combination LABA/ICS was the highest ranked class, with a mean improvement over placebo of 133.3 mL at six months (95% CrI 100.6 to 164.0) and slightly less at 12 months (mean difference (MD) 100, 95% CrI 55.5 to 140.1). LAMAs (MD 103.5, 95% CrI 81.8 to 124.9) and LABAs (MD 99.4, 95% CrI 72.0 to 127.8) showed roughly equivalent results at six months, and ICSs were the fourth ranked class (MD 65.4, 95% CrI 33.1 to 96.9). As with SGRQ, initial differences between classes were not so prominent at 12 months. Indacaterol and salmeterol/fluticasone were ranked slightly better than others in their class, and formoterol 12, aclidinium, budesonide and formoterol/budesonide combination were ranked lower within their classes. All credible intervals for individual rankings were wide. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This network meta-analysis compares four different classes of long-acting inhalers for people with COPD who need more than short-acting bronchodilators. Quality of life and lung function were improved most on combination inhalers (LABA and ICS) and least on ICS alone at 6 and at 12 months. Overall LAMA and LABA inhalers had similar effects, particularly at 12 months. The network has demonstrated the benefit of ICS when added to LABA for these outcomes in participants who largely had an FEV1 that was less than 50% predicted, but the additional expense of combination inhalers and any potential for increased adverse events (which has been established by other reviews) require consideration. Our findings are in keeping with current National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Kew
- St George's, University of LondonPopulation Health Research InstituteCranmer TerraceLondonUKSW17 0RE
| | - Sofia Dias
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community MedicineCanynge Hall39 Whatley RoadBristolUKBS8 2PS
| | - Christopher J Cates
- St George's, University of LondonPopulation Health Research InstituteCranmer TerraceLondonUKSW17 0RE
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Abstract
Airway mucus is part of the lung's native immune function that traps particulates and microorganisms, enabling their clearance from the lung by ciliary transport and cough. Mucus hypersecretion and chronic productive cough are the features of the chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overproduction and hypersecretion by goblet cells and the decreased elimination of mucus are the primary mechanisms responsible for excessive mucus in chronic bronchitis. Mucus accumulation in COPD patients affects several important outcomes such as lung function, health-related quality of life, COPD exacerbations, hospitalizations, and mortality. Nonpharmacologic options for the treatment of mucus accumulation in COPD are smoking cessation and physical measures used to promote mucus clearance. Pharmacologic therapies include expectorants, mucolytics, methylxanthines, beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, antioxidants, and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick L Ramos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason S Krahnke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victor Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Antoniu SA. Effects of inhaled therapies on health-related quality of life in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 10:155-62. [DOI: 10.1586/erp.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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D'Urzo A, Vogelmeier C. Future of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 6:285-99. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang YB, Watts AB, Peters JI, Williams RO. The impact of pulmonary diseases on the fate of inhaled medicines—A review. Int J Pharm 2014; 461:112-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease that causes progressive symptoms of breathlessness, cough and mucus build-up. It is the fourth or fifth most common cause of death worldwide and is associated with significant healthcare costs.Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs) are widely prescribed to manage the symptoms of COPD when short-acting agents alone are no longer sufficient. Twice-daily treatment with an inhaled LABA is aimed at relieving symptoms, improving exercise tolerance and quality of life, slowing decline and even improving lung function and preventing and treating exacerbations. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of twice-daily long-acting beta2-agonists compared with placebo for patients with COPD on the basis of clinically important endpoints, primarily quality of life and COPD exacerbations. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trials register, ClinicalTrials.gov and manufacturers' websites in June 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA Parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting populations of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies were required to be at least 12 weeks in duration and designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a long-acting beta2-agonist against placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data and characteristics were extracted independently by two review authors, and each study was assessed for potential sources of bias. Data for all outcomes were pooled and subgrouped by LABA agent (formoterol 12 μg, formoterol 24 μg and salmeterol 50 μg) and then were separately analysed by LABA agent and subgrouped by trial duration. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for the proportion of participants taking inhaled corticosteroids and for studies with high or uneven rates of attrition. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-six RCTs met the inclusion criteria, randomly assigning 14,939 people with COPD to receive twice-daily LABA or placebo. Study duration ranged from three months to three years; the median duration was six months. Participants were more often male with moderate to severe symptoms at randomisation; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was between 33% and 55% predicted normal in the studies, and mean St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score (SGRQ) ranged from 44 to 55 when reported.Moderate-quality evidence showed that LABA treatment improved quality of life on the SGRQ (mean difference (MD) -2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.09 to -1.54; I(2) = 50%; 17 trials including 11,397 people) and reduced the number of exacerbations requiring hospitalisation (odds ratio (OR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95; I(2) = 10%; seven trials including 3804 people). In absolute terms, 18 fewer people per 1000 were hospitalised as the result of an exacerbation while receiving LABA therapy over a weighted mean of 7 months (95% CI 3 to 31 fewer). Scores were also improved on the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), and more people receiving LABA treatment showed clinically important improvement of at least four points on the SGRQ.The number of people who had exacerbations requiring a course of oral steroids or antibiotics was also lower among those taking LABA (52 fewer per 1000 treated over 8 months; 95% CI 24 to 78 fewer, moderate quality evidence).Mortality was low, and combined findings of all studies showed that LABA therapy did not significantly affect mortality (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.08; I(2) = 21%; 23 trials including 14,079 people, moderate quality evidence). LABA therapy did not affect the rate of serious adverse events (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.14; I(2) = 34%, moderate quality evidence), although there was significant unexplained heterogeneity, especially between the two formoterol doses.LABA therapy improved predose FEV1 by 73 mL more than placebo (95% CI 48 to 98; I(2) = 71%, low quality evidence), and people were more likely to withdraw from placebo than from LABA therapy (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.80; I(2) = 0%). Higher rates of withdrawal in the placebo arm may reduce our confidence in some results, but the disparity is more likely to reduce the magnitude of difference between LABA and placebo than inflate the true effect; removing studies at highest risk of bias on the basis of high and unbalanced attrition did not change conclusions for the primary outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Moderate-quality evidence from 26 studies showed that inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists are effective over the medium and long term for patients with moderate to severe COPD. Their use is associated with improved quality of life and reduced exacerbations, including those requiring hospitalisation. Overall, findings showed that inhaled LABAs did not significantly reduce mortality or serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh M Kew
- Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK, SW17 0RE
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Pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a bi-functional molecule, in patients with COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:581-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gupta D, Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Maturu VN, Dhooria S, Prasad KT, Sehgal IS, Yenge LB, Jindal A, Singh N, Ghoshal AG, Khilnani GC, Samaria JK, Gaur SN, Behera D. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Joint ICS/NCCP (I) recommendations. Lung India 2013; 30:228-67. [PMID: 24049265 PMCID: PMC3775210 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.116248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem in India. Although several International guidelines for diagnosis and management of COPD are available, yet there are lot of gaps in recognition and management of COPD in India due to vast differences in availability and affordability of healthcare facilities across the country. The Indian Chest Society (ICS) and the National College of Chest Physicians (NCCP) of India have joined hands to come out with these evidence-based guidelines to help the physicians at all levels of healthcare to diagnose and manage COPD in a scientific manner. Besides the International literature, the Indian studies were specifically analyzed to arrive at simple and practical recommendations. The evidence is presented under these five headings: (a) definitions, epidemiology, and disease burden; (b) disease assessment and diagnosis; (c) pharmacologic management of stable COPD; (d) management of acute exacerbations; and (e) nonpharmacologic and preventive measures. The modified grade system was used for classifying the quality of evidence as 1, 2, 3, or usual practice point (UPP). The strength of recommendation was graded as A or B depending upon the level of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - V. N. Maturu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sahajal Dhooria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K. T. Prasad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Inderpaul S. Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lakshmikant B. Yenge
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aditya Jindal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - A. G. Ghoshal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indian Chest Society, India
| | - G. C. Khilnani
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National College of Chest Physicians, India
| | - J. K. Samaria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indian Chest Society, India
| | - S. N. Gaur
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National College of Chest Physicians, India
| | - D. Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
This review article summarizes the main treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, their mechanisms, and the key evidence from trials supporting their use. Drug classes covered were short acting beta agonists (SABA), short acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMA), long acting beta agonists (LABA), long acting antimuscarinics (LAMA), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), LABA/ICS combinations, specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors, non-specific PDE inhibitors, mucolytics, and oxygen. Non-specific therapies, such as opiates for relief of dyspnoea and therapies for smoking cessation, are also covered briefly. For each class of drug, mechanisms of action are described, key clinical trial results are reported, and available agents compared. Finally, the place of each drug in therapy is compared between current worldwide guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Ejiofor
- Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alice M Turner
- University of Birmingham, QEHB Research Labs, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In addition to generating high healthcare costs, COPD imposes a significant burden in terms of disability and impaired quality of life. Unlike many leading causes of death and disability, COPD is projected to increase in many regions of the world as the frequency of smoking is rising and the population is aging. The pharmacological treatment of COPD includes bronchodilators to relax smooth muscle, such as β2-agonists (salbutamol, terbutaline, and fenoterol, short-acting β2-agonists as well as salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol, and long-acting β2-agonists) and anticholinergics, such as ipratropium, oxitropium (short-acting anticholinergic), and tiotropium (long-acting anticholinergic). Although airway inflammation in COPD poorly responds to steroids, several inhaled corticosteroids (fluticasone, budesonide, and beclomethasone) are in use in combination with long-acting β2-agonists. Other medications include theophylline (both a bronchodilator and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and the phosphodiesterase-4 antagonists, such as roflumilast. Finally, a number of novel long-acting anticholinergics and β2-agonists with once- or twice-daily profiles are in development and clinical testing.
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Maltais F. Exercise and COPD: therapeutic responses, disease-related outcomes, and activity-promotion strategies. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2013; 41:66-80. [PMID: 23445862 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2013.02.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reduces patients' exercise capacities and their abilities to perform daily physical activities, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality rates. The cycle of dyspnea, deconditioning, and declining physical activity not only accelerates the progression of COPD but also increases the risk for developing or aggravating metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities also limit physical function, and their disabling effects in combination with COPD may be greater than the effects of each disease alone. The impact of COPD and its treatment on the ability to exercise, and the degree of physical activity in daily life, can be measured by field-based tests (eg, the 6-minute walk test or incremental and endurance shuttle-walk test), laboratory-based tests (eg, incremental or constant work-rate treadmill and cycle-ergometer tests), and physical activity assessments (eg, questionnaires and accelerometers). Walking tests increase oxygen consumption and desaturation in patients with COPD more than cycling tests with similar work-rate profiles and may more closely resemble patients' normal activities. Despite the questionable relevance of exercise testing to patients' daily functionality, exercise parameters remain important predictors of survival in patients with COPD. Treatment of COPD (pharmacotherapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, or both) can increase exercise capacity and physical activity in daily life, which potentially slows the decline of lung function, reduces the frequencies of exacerbations and hospitalizations, decreases mortality, slows the progression of comorbidities, improves health-related quality of life, and increases the activity reserve for routine function. This article examines the interactions of reduced physical activity and decreased exercise capacity with the progression of COPD, comorbidities, and mortality. The article also describes the available exercise tests for patients with COPD and reviews the evidence indicating that treating COPD improves exercise capacity. Notably, it appears that even mild COPD reduces exercise capacity and daily physical activity, indicating the need for early intervention.
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Kim V, Criner GJ. Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:228-37. [PMID: 23204254 PMCID: PMC4951627 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201210-1843ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic bronchitis (CB) is a common but variable phenomenon in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It has numerous clinical consequences, including an accelerated decline in lung function, greater risk of the development of airflow obstruction in smokers, a predisposition to lower respiratory tract infection, higher exacerbation frequency, and worse overall mortality. CB is caused by overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells, which leads to worsening airflow obstruction by luminal obstruction of small airways, epithelial remodeling, and alteration of airway surface tension predisposing to collapse. Despite its clinical sequelae, little is known about the pathophysiology of CB and goblet cell hyperplasia in COPD, and treatment options are limited. In addition, it is becoming increasingly apparent that in the classic COPD spectrum, with emphysema on one end and CB on the other, most patients lie somewhere in the middle. It is known now that many patients with severe emphysema can develop CB, and small airway pathology has been linked to worse clinical outcomes, such as increased mortality and lesser improvement in lung function after lung volume reduction surgery. However, in recent years, a greater understanding of the importance of CB as a phenotype to identify patients with a beneficial response to therapy has been described. Herein we review the epidemiology of CB, the evidence behind its clinical consequences, the current understanding of the pathophysiology of goblet cell hyperplasia in COPD, and current therapies for CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Influence of salmeterol/fluticasone via single versus separate inhalers on exacerbations in severe/very severe COPD. Respir Med 2013; 107:542-9. [PMID: 23337300 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe or very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently suffer repeated exacerbations generating high health care utilization costs. Combined corticosteroid and bronchodilator treatment using a single inhaler might - via improved compliance - reduce exacerbation rates. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to obtain descriptive data on exacerbation rates in patients with severe or very severe COPD (GOLD Stages III and IV as per GOLD 2009 classification) receiving salmeterol xinafoate/fluticasone propionate via a single inhaler (SFC) or via separate inhalers (Sal/FP) in addition to individual existing therapy in order to investigate the potential benefit of a fixed combination device as compared with two separate devices due to potentially improved patients' compliance. METHODS This prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multi-center, exploratory study was conducted in Germany in 2007-2009. Patients were required to have suffered ≥ 2 moderate/severe exacerbations in the preceding year. RESULTS 213 patients (SFC: 108 patients, Sal/FP: 105 patients) from 23 centers were evaluated. Approximately 25% of patients showed COPD Stage IV. On average patients had suffered 2.3 ± 0.6 moderate/severe exacerbations in the preceding year. The annual rate of moderate/severe exacerbations observed in the study was similar in both treatment groups (SFC: 0.86 ± 0.13; Sal/FP: 0.86 ± 0.14; exacerbation rate ratio SFC/Sal/FP: 1.00; p = 0.73; negative binomial model). Compliance was high and comparable in both groups. Besides COPD exacerbations, pneumonia (5.6%) and nasopharyngitis (5.2%) were the most common adverse events. CONCLUSION Observed exacerbation rates were lower than those reported at baseline. No substantial difference was observed between administration of salmeterol xinafoate/fluticasone propionate via a single inhaler and separate inhalers. Treatment was safe and well tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00527826.
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Hoshino M, Ohtawa J. Effects of Tiotropium and Salmeterol/Fluticasone Propionate on Airway Wall Thickness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration 2013; 86:280-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000351116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vijayasaratha K, Stockley RA. Relationship between frequency, length, and treatment outcome of exacerbations to baseline lung function and lung density in alpha-1 antitrypsin-deficient COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012; 7:789-96. [PMID: 23226015 PMCID: PMC3514009 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s31797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diary cards are useful for analyzing exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although factors influencing the length and frequency of each episode are poorly understood. This study investigated factors that influence the features of exacerbations in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (PiZ phenotype) and COPD. Methods Daily diary cards were collected over 2 years. Patients had emphysema visualized and quantified by computed tomography scan, and had at least one documented exacerbation in the previous year. Results The patients (n = 23) had a mean age of 52.5 years, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 1.2 L (38.4% predicted), corrected gas transfer (KCO) of 0.90 mmol/min/kPa/L (59.7% predicted), and 15th percentile lung density of 44.55 g/L. Two hundred and sixty-three exacerbations (164 treated) were identified. The frequency of treated exacerbations correlated negatively with KCO% predicted (r = −0.432; P = 0.022). Exacerbation length (determined for 17 of the patients for whom diary card data through the episode were available) correlated negatively with baseline 15th percentile lung density (r = −0.361; P = 0.003), and increased the longer treatment was delayed (r = 0.503; P < 0.001). Treatment delay was shorter with higher day 1 symptom score, lower baseline FEV1, FEV1/forced vital capacity, and lower 15th percentile lung density (r = −0.368, 0.272, 0.461, and 0.786; P = 0.004, 0.036, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). Time to resolution of exacerbation after treatment initiation was not affected by treatment delay, but correlated negatively with KCO% predicted (r = −0.647; P = 0.007). Conclusion In alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, the frequency and length of resolution of exacerbation were related to baseline gas transfer. Treatment delay adversely affected exacerbation length, and lung density was the best independent predictor of delay in starting treatment.
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Huetsch JC, Uman JE, Udris EM, Au DH. Predictors of adherence to inhaled medications among Veterans with COPD. J Gen Intern Med 2012; 27:1506-12. [PMID: 22782274 PMCID: PMC3475808 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-012-2130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors contributing to medication nonadherence among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To identify patient characteristics that are predictive of adherence to inhaled medications for COPD and, for patients on multiple inhalers, to assess whether adherence to one medication class was associated with adherence to other medication classes. DESIGN Cohort study using data from Veteran Affairs (VA) electronic databases. PARTICIPANTS This study included 2,730 patients who underwent pulmonary function testing between 2003 and 2007 at VA facilities in the Northwestern United States, and who met criteria for COPD. MAIN MEASURES We used pharmacy records to estimate adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), ipratropium bromide (IP), and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) over two consecutive six month periods. We defined patients as adherent if they had refilled medications to have 80 % of drug available over the time period. We also collected information on their demographics, behavioral habits, COPD severity, and comorbidities. KEY RESULTS Adherence to medications was poor, with 19.8 % adherent to ICS, 30.6 % adherent to LABA, and 25.6 % adherent to IP. Predictors of adherence to inhaled therapies were highly variable and dependent on the medication being examined. In adjusted analysis, being adherent to a medication at baseline was the strongest predictor of future adherence to that same medication [(Odds ratio, 95 % confidence interval) ICS: 4.78 (3.21-7.11); LABA: 6.56 (3.89-11.04); IP: 13.96 (9.88-19.72)], [corrected] but did not reliably predict adherence to other classes of medications. [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with COPD, past adherence to one class of inhaled medication strongly predicted future adherence to the same class of medication, but only weakly predicted adherence to other classes of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Huetsch
- Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Jane E. Uman
- Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Edmunds M. Udris
- Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - David H. Au
- Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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