1
|
Saha BK, Chong WH, Milman NT. Differentiation of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis from rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases causing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: establishing a diagnostic approach. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:325-336. [PMID: 34491458 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review provides an overview of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) associated with rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases and their differentiation from idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH). Relevant immunologic diseases associated with DAH are discussed, and a diagnostic flowchart is proposed to establish a "definitive" diagnosis of IPH within the spectrum of DAH. IPH is a rare cause of recurrent DAH both in children and adults. In adults, a definitive diagnosis of IPH requires a lung biopsy and histopathologic examination demonstrating intraalveolar hemorrhage, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and a variable degree of fibrosis in the absence of both capillaritis and cellular inflammation. The presence of small vessel vasculitis points towards immunologic, well-differentiated, or sometimes undifferentiated rheumatologic diseases. However, it is essential to recognize that many rheumatologic diseases may in the initial phase present with DAH without any evidence of capillaritis, thus mimicking IPH. Although not definitely established, it is likely that immunologic processes are involved in IPH, and we, therefore, suggest the consideration of a more suitable term for the disease, e.g., "Immune-mediated Pulmonary Hemosiderosis" to acknowledge the aberrancy in the immune parameters and a positive response to immunosuppressive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, West Plains, MO, USA.
| | - Woon H Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nils T Milman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, University College Zealand, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Makhzoum JP, Grayson PC, Ponte C, Robson J, Suppiah R, Watts RA, Luqmani R, Merkel PA, Pagnoux C. Pulmonary Involvement in Primary Systemic Vasculitides. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:319-330. [PMID: 33788906 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes the spectrum and initial impact of pulmonary manifestations in the primary systemic vasculitides. METHODS Description and comparison of pulmonary manifestations in adults with Takayasu's arteritis (TAK), giant cell arteritis (GCA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), and IgA vasculitis (IgAV), using data collected within the Diagnostic and Classification Criteria in Vasculitis (DCVAS) study. RESULTS Data from 1952 patients with primary vasculitides were included: 170 TAK, 657 GCA, 555 GPA, 223 MPA, 146 EGPA, 153 IgAV, and 48 PAN. Pulmonary manifestations were observed in patients with TAK (21.8%), GCA (15.8%), GPA (64.5%), MPA (65.9%), EGPA (89.0%), PAN (27.1%) and IgAV (5.9%). Dyspnea occurred in patients with TAK (14.7%), GCA (7.8%), GPA (41.8%), MPA (43.5%), EGPA (65.8%), PAN (18.8%) and IgAV (2.6%). Cough was reported in TAK (7.6%), GCA (9.3%), GPA (34.8%), MPA (37.7%), EGPA (55.5%), PAN (16.7%) and IgAV (3.3%). Hemoptysis occurred mainly in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Fibrosis on imaging at diagnosis was documented in GPA (1.9%), MPA (24.9%), and EGPA (6.3%). Only patients with AAV (GPA 2.7%, MPA 2.7% and EGPA 3.4%) required mechanical ventilation. At 6 months, the presence of at least one pulmonary item in the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) was observed in TAK (4.1%), GCA (3.3%), GPA (15.4%), MPA (28.7%), EGPA (52.7%), PAN (6.2%), and IgAV (1.3%). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary manifestations can occur in all primary systemic vasculitides, but are more frequent and more often associated with permanent damage in AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Makhzoum
- Vasculitis Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, CAN
| | - Peter C Grayson
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Ponte
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal; and Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisboa, PT
| | - Joanna Robson
- Academic Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK; andHon Senior Lecturer, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol & Hon Consultant in Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Ravi Suppiah
- Department of Rheumatology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, NZ
| | - Richard A Watts
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Raashid Luqmani
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adams TN, Zhang D, Batra K, Fitzgerald JE. Pulmonary manifestations of large, medium, and variable vessel vasculitis. Respir Med 2018; 145:182-191. [PMID: 30509707 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of vasculitis is autoimmune inflammation of blood vessels and surrounding tissues, resulting in an array of constitutional symptoms and organ damage. The lung is commonly targeted in the more familiar ANCA-associated small vessel vasculitidies, but large and medium vessel vasculitides, including Takayasu arteritis, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Behcet's disease, and necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis, may also feature prominent pulmonary involvement. Pulmonary manifestations of these conditions include pulmonary arterial aneurysms, pulmonary hypertension, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary nodules, and parenchymal infiltrates. An understanding of the diverse manifestations of vasculitis and a high index of clinical suspicion are essential to avoid delays in disease recognition that may result in permanent or life threatening morbidity. In this review, we outline the general clinical manifestations, pulmonary manifestations, diagnostic workup, imaging findings, and treatment of medium, large, and variable vessel vasculitides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traci N Adams
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, United States.
| | - Da Zhang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, United States
| | - Kiran Batra
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, United States
| | - John E Fitzgerald
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karch SB, Busardò FP, Vaiano F, Portelli F, Zaami S, Bertol E. Levamisole adulterated cocaine and pulmonary vasculitis: Presentation of two lethal cases and brief literature review. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Martín-Suñé N, Ríos-Blanco JJ. Pulmonary affectation of vasculitis. Arch Bronconeumol 2012; 48:410-8. [PMID: 22682604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract affectation is frequent in some types of vasculitis, fundamentally in those associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). The clinical, radiological and histopathological presentation is also heterogeneous and conditions the evolution. It is therefore necessary to establish an early diagnosis based on the symptoms because, thanks to new treatments, and despite them being potentially serious diseases, their prognosis has improved considerably in recent years. The present paper updates the diagnosis and the new therapeutic options for pulmonary vasculitis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of diseases that often occur as a component of systemic vasculitic diseases. Most frequently, pulmonary vasculitis is observed in vasculitic syndromes that preferentially affect small vessels. Pulmonary involvement may develop because the lung has an extensive vascular and microvascular network. Sensitising antigens can easily reach the lung, and there are large numbers of vasoactive and activated immune cells in the lung. A diagnosis often can be made on the basis of clinical presentation and serologic studies, but biopsy of skin, nose, kidney, or lung may be necessary to ascertain the precise syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P O'Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mass. Memorial Health Care; Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakaguchi Y, Uehata T, Kawabata H, Niihata K, Shimomura A, Suzuki A, Kaneko T, Shoji T, Shimazu K, Fushimi H, Tsubakihara Y. An autopsy-proven case of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive polyarteritis nodosa with acute renal failure and alveolar hemorrhage. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 15:281-4. [PMID: 21161718 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-010-0386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An 80-year-old woman positive for myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) was admitted with a 3-month history of fever, general malaise, and weight loss, after unsuccessful treatment with antibiotics. Upon admission, her fever persisted, and there was concomitant deterioration of renal function without active urine sediments. Furthermore, she developed hemoptysis, and chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed bilateral diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Although a renal biopsy was not performed because of her dementia, we initially suspected microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) on the basis of her clinical course. Because of her poor general condition, she was administered a low dose of prednisolone. Although her fever subsided, she suffered from intractable alveolar hemorrhage and eventually died from respiratory failure. During the autopsy, fibrinoid necrosis was restricted to medium-sized arteries, including the arcuate arteries of the kidneys and the bronchial arteries, without necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and alveolar capillaritis. Therefore, polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) was diagnosed. It is important to distinguish between MPA and PAN because they can lead to life-threatening complications, and their treatment strategies and prognosis are different. When a patient presents with MPO-ANCA, alveolar hemorrhage, and acute renal failure with little evidence of glomerulonephritis, a differential diagnosis of PAN should be made; however, it is difficult to do so without pathological findings. Therefore, pathological examination should be carried out whenever possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakaguchi
- Department of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Osaka General Medical Center, 3-1-56 Bandaihigashi, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8558, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Naniwa T, Maeda T, Shimizu S, Ito R. Hepatitis B virus-related polyarteritis nodosa presenting with multiple lung nodules and cavitary lesions. Chest 2010; 138:195-7. [PMID: 20605819 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient presented here is a 59-year-old Japanese man with active chronic hepatitis B with precore and core promoter mutated virus, presenting with high fever, bloody sputum, and multiple lung nodules with excavation. Surgical biopsy of the lung nodule showed necrotizing vasculitis affecting pulmonary arteries without granulomatous changes. The pulmonary manifestations of this patient resembled Wegener granulomatosis. However, the pathologic findings showing nongranulomatous necrotizing vasculitis involving the small pulmonary arteries, presence of circulating immune complex, absence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and excellent response to the combination therapy of corticosteroid and an anti-hepatitis B virus agent, entecavir, led us to the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus-related polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Radiographic evidence of lung nodules or cavitations seen in systemic vasculitis patients has been considered a sign suggestive of granulomatous disease and a diagnostic surrogate marker for necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis, but a clinical relevance to hepatitis B virus-related PAN has not been reported before this case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taio Naniwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Nagoya City University Hospital, and Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-city, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Une PAN pleuro-pulmonaire. Rev Med Interne 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Magro CM, Wusirika R, Frambach GE, Nuovo GJ, Ferri C, Ross P. Autoimmune-Like Pulmonary Disease in Association With Parvovirus B19. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2006; 14:208-16. [PMID: 16785792 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000160730.54062.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parvovirus B19, the agent responsible for fifth disease, has been emerging as a significant pathogenetic factor in various acute vasculitic syndromes such as Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, and Kawasaki disease. It has also been implicated in more chronic vasculopathic syndromes, specifically in the context of scleroderma and dermatomyositis. The basis of this association is likely multifactorial; implicated mechanisms include the virus's affinity for endothelium, resulting in a state of neoantigenicity through varied mechanisms as well as the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, a factor involved in the propagation of ANCA-positive vasculitic syndromes. The authors present a series of 12 patients with interstitial lung disease including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, and septal capillaritis. In all cases there was evidence of chronic parvovirus B19 infection based on serologic assessment and the isolation of B19 DNA on lung samples in all patients. Furthermore, in two cases there was in situ localization of B19 RNA and tumor necrosis factor alpha to endothelium and stromal cells. On pathologic examination, there were varying degrees of both septal fibrosis and inflammation along with evidence of septal capillary injury. In those cases categorized as representing either scleroderma or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the immunofluorescent studies showed evidence of anti-endothelial cell antibody formation. The ANCA-associated syndromes were, as expected, negative by fluorescent analysis. Significantly elevated factor VIII levels, a standard serologic index of endothelial cell injury, were seen in four of the six patients tested. The antiphospholipid profile revealed antiphospholipids in 7 of the 11 patients tested. This report highlights a possible causal role for parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of select pulmonary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Magro
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Picard C, Parrot A, Mayaud C, Cadranel J. Hémorragies intra-alvéolaires de l’adulte d’origine immunitaire. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)73417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
As síndromes hemorrágicas pulmonares caracterizam-se por infiltrado pulmonar bilateral, queda dos níveis de hemoglobina e hipoxemia. Dentre as causas de sangramento estão as infecções, vasculites, coagulopatias e doenças do colágeno. A terapêutica consiste do tratamento da doença causal e suporte ventilatório, podendo ser associada a plasmaferese.
Collapse
|
14
|
Marten K, Schnyder P, Schirg E, Prokop M, Rummeny EJ, Engelke C. Pattern-Based Differential Diagnosis in Pulmonary Vasculitis Using Volumetric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184:720-33. [PMID: 15728589 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marten
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral hepatitis is a major world-wide public health issue. An increasing number of virus hepatitis carriers with acute or chronic hepatitis at all stages of the disease will be referred to anaesthetists. An update of what anaesthetists should know about viral hepatitis was believed to be warranted. METHODS The present review focuses on (a) diagnosis criteria and main biological and clinical patterns of acute and chronic hepatitis, and (b) extrahepatic manifestations, and adverse effects resulting from specific drug therapy likely to influence anaesthetic care. RESULTS Elective surgery should be postponed and any medications that could be harmful to the liver should be disregarded in patients suspected of having acute viral hepatitis. A prothrombin time decrease to less than 50% (INR > 1.75) is the first sign of acute severe liver failure. Extrahepatic manifestations resulting mainly from small- and medium-sized vessel alteration, and adverse effects caused by specific drug therapy are associated with chronic viral hepatitis and are likely to alter anaesthetic care. A titrated anaesthesia should be provided and agents not eliminated by the liver should be favoured. Vasopressor therapy should be administered early to control a systemic intraoperative blood pressure decrease associated with a high cardiac output. Prophylactic antibiotics should take into consideration the risk of translocation of gut bacteria to the systemic circulation. Prophylactic guidelines of hepatitis nosocomial transmission should be respected. CONCLUSIONS Anaesthetists are likely to play a key role in immediate acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis perioperative assessment and care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lentschener
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Paris V - René Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Menon Y, Singh R, Cuchacovich R, Espinoza LR. Pulmonary involvement in hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa. Chest 2002; 122:1497-8. [PMID: 12377894 DOI: 10.1378/chest.122.4.1497-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|