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Coupling between endocytosis and sphingosine kinase 1 recruitment. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:652-62. [PMID: 24929359 PMCID: PMC4230894 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have suggested a functional link between cholesterol/sphingolipid metabolism and endocytic membrane traffic. Here we show that perturbing the cholesterol/sphingomyelin balance in the plasma membrane results in the massive formation of clusters of narrow endocytic tubular invaginations positive for N-BAR proteins. These tubules are intensely positive for sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1). SPHK1 is also targeted to physiologically occurring early endocytic intermediates, and is highly enriched in nerve terminals, cellular compartments specialized for exo-endocytosis. Membrane recruitment of SPHK1 involves a direct, curvature-sensitive interaction with the lipid bilayer mediated by a hydrophobic patch on the enzyme’s surface. The knockdown of SPHKs results in endocytic recycling defects, and a mutation that disrupts the hydrophobic patch of C. elegans SPHK fails to rescue the neurotransmission defects in loss-of-function mutants of this enzyme. Our studies support a role of sphingosine phosphorylation in endocytic membrane trafficking beyond the established function of sphingosine-1-phosphate in intercellular signaling.
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Mendoza A, Bréart B, Ramos-Perez WD, Pitt LA, Gobert M, Sunkara M, Lafaille JJ, Morris AJ, Schwab SR. The transporter Spns2 is required for secretion of lymph but not plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1104-10. [PMID: 23103166 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates vascular permeability, and plasma and lymph S1P guide lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. S1P is made intracellularly, and little is known about how S1P is delivered into circulatory fluids. Here, we find that mice without the major facilitator superfamily transporter Spns2 have a profound reduction in lymph S1P, but only a minor decrease in plasma S1P. Spns2-deficient mice have a redistribution of lymphocytes from the spleen to lymph nodes and a loss of circulating lymphocytes, consistent with normal egress from the spleen directed by plasma S1P and blocked egress from lymph nodes directed by lymph S1P. Spns2 is needed in endothelial cells to supply lymph S1P and support lymphocyte circulation. As a differential requirement for lymph and blood S1P, Spns2 may be an attractive target for immune suppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mendoza
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Castillo-Badillo JA, Molina-Muñoz T, Romero-Ávila MT, Vázquez-Macías A, Rivera R, Chun J, García-Sáinz JA. Sphingosine 1-phosphate-mediated α1B-adrenoceptor desensitization and phosphorylation. Direct and paracrine/autocrine actions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:245-54. [PMID: 22019450 PMCID: PMC3273635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced α1B-adrenergic receptor desensitization and phosphorylation were studied in rat-1 fibroblasts stably expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged adrenoceptors. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induced adrenoceptor desensitization and phosphorylation through a signaling cascade that involved phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase C activities. The autocrine/paracrine role of sphingosine-1-phosphate was also studied. It was observed that activation of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors increased sphingosine kinase activity. Such activation and consequent production of sphingosine-1-phosphate appear to be functionally relevant in IGF-I- and EGF-induced α1B-adrenoceptor phosphorylation and desensitization as evidenced by the following facts: a) expression of a catalytically inactive (dominant-negative) mutant of sphingosine kinase 1 or b) S1P1 receptor knockdown markedly reduced this growth factor action. This action of sphingosine-1-phosphate involves EGF receptor transactivation. In addition, taking advantage of the presence of the eGFP tag in the receptor construction, we showed that S1P was capable of inducing α1B-adrenergic receptor internalization and that its autocrine/paracrine generation was relevant for internalization induced by IGF-I. Four distinct hormone receptors and two autocrine/paracrine mediators participate in IGF-I receptor-α1B-adrenergic receptor crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Castillo-Badillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510
| | - Tzindilú Molina-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510
| | - M. Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510
| | - Aleida Vázquez-Macías
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510
| | - Richard Rivera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J. Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510
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Fischer I, Alliod C, Martinier N, Newcombe J, Brana C, Pouly S. Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 are functionally upregulated on astrocytes under pro-inflammatory conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23905. [PMID: 21887342 PMCID: PMC3161076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive astrocytes are implicated in the development and maintenance of neuroinflammation in the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). The sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/sphingosine1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling pathway is involved in modulation of the inflammatory response in many cell types, but the role of S1P receptor subtype 3 (S1P(3)) signaling and SphK1 in activated rat astrocytes has not been defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using immunohistochemistry we observed the upregulation of S1P(3) and SphK1 expression on reactive astrocytes and SphK1 on macrophages in MS lesions. Increased mRNA and protein expression of S1P(3) and SphK1, as measured by qPCR and Western blotting respectively, was observed after treatment of rat primary astrocyte cultures with the pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activation of SphK by LPS stimulation was confirmed by SphK activity assay and was blocked by the use of the SphK inhibitor SKI (2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorphenyl) thiazole. Treatment of astrocytes with a selective S1P(3) agonist led to increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2), which was further elevated with a LPS pre-challenge, suggesting that S1P(3) upregulation can lead to increased functionality. Moreover, astrocyte migration in a scratch assay was induced by S1P and LPS and this LPS-induced migration was sensitive to inhibition of SphK1, and independent of cell proliferation. In addition, S1P induced secretion of the potentially neuroprotective chemokine CXCL1, which was increased when astrocytes were pre-challenged with LPS. A more prominent role of S1P(3) signaling compared to S1P(1) signaling was demonstrated by the use of selective S1P(3) or S1P(1) agonists. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, our data demonstrate that the SphK1/S1P(3) signaling axis is upregulated when astrocytes are activated by LPS. This signaling pathway appears to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of astrocyte activation. Upregulation of the pathway in MS may be detrimental, e.g. through enhancing astrogliosis, or beneficial through increased remyelination via CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Fischer
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Alliod
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Martinier
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Corinne Brana
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Pouly
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Wu YP, Mizugishi K, Bektas M, Sandhoff R, Proia RL. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis controls glial proliferation in mice with Sandhoff disease. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2257-64. [PMID: 18424450 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid-signaling molecule produced by sphingosine kinase in response to a wide number of stimuli. By acting through a family of widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors, S1P regulates diverse physiological processes. Here we examined the role of S1P signaling in neurodegeneration using a mouse model of Sandhoff disease, a prototypical neuronopathic lysosomal storage disorder. When sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) was deleted in Sandhoff disease mice, a milder disease course occurred, with decreased proliferation of glial cells and less-pronounced astrogliosis. A similar result of milder disease course and reduced astroglial proliferation was obtained by deletion of the gene for the S1P(3) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor enriched in astrocytes. Our studies demonstrate a functional role of S1P synthesis and receptor expression in astrocyte proliferation leading to astrogliosis during the terminal stages of neurodegeneration in Sandhoff disease mice. Because astrocyte responses are involved in many types of neurodegeneration, the Sphk1/S1P receptor signaling axis may be generally important during the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Wu
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1821, USA
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Ryu J, Kim HJ, Chang EJ, Huang H, Banno Y, Kim HH. Sphingosine 1-phosphate as a regulator of osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-osteoblast coupling. EMBO J 2006; 25:5840-51. [PMID: 17124500 PMCID: PMC1698879 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), produced by sphingosine kinase (SPHK), acts both by intracellular and extracellular modes. We evaluated the role of SPHK1 and S1P in osteoclastogenesis using bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) single and BMM/osteoblast coculture systems. In BMM single cultures, the osteoclastogenic factor receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) upregulated SPHK1 and increased S1P production and secretion. SPHK1 siRNA enhanced and SPHK1 overexpression attenuated osteoclastogenesis via modulation of p38 and ERK activities, and NFATc1 and c-Fos levels. Extracellular S1P had no effect in these cultures. These data suggest that intracellular S1P produced in response to RANKL forms a negative feedback loop in BMM single cultures. In contrast, S1P addition to BMM/osteoblast cocultures greatly increased osteoclastogenesis by increasing RANKL in osteoblasts via cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE(2) regulation. S1P also stimulated osteoblast migration and survival. The RANKL elevation and chemotactic effects were also observed with T cells. These results indicate that secreted S1P attracts and acts on osteoblasts and T cells to augment osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, S1P plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis regulation and in communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts or T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Ryu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoshiko Banno
- Department of Cell Signaling, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program, DRI, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-749, Korea. Tel.: +82 2 740 8686; Fax: +82 2 765 8656; E-mail:
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Bektas M, Jolly PS, Müller C, Eberle J, Spiegel S, Geilen CC. Sphingosine kinase activity counteracts ceramide-mediated cell death in human melanoma cells: role of Bcl-2 expression. Oncogene 2005; 24:178-87. [PMID: 15637591 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
While most of the pharmacological therapies for melanoma utilize the apoptotic machinery of the cells, the available therapeutic options are limited due to the ability of melanoma cells to resist programmed cell death. Human melanoma cell lines A-375 and M186 are sensitive to ceramide- and Fas-induced cell death, while Mel-2a and M221 are resistant. We have now found that Mel-2a and M221 cells have a significantly higher ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) ratio than A-375 and M186 cells. As sphingosine kinase (SphK) type 1 plays a critical role in determining the dynamic balance between the proapoptotic sphingolipid metabolite ceramide and the prosurvival S1P, we examined its role in apoptosis of melanoma cells. Increasing SphK1 expression reduced the sensitivity of A-375 melanoma cells to Fas- and ceramide-mediated apoptosis. Conversely, downregulation of SphK1 with small interfering RNA decreased the resistance of Mel-2a cells to apoptosis. Importantly, overexpression of the prosurvival protein Bcl-2 in A-375 cells markedly stimulated SphK1 expression and activity, while downregulation of Bcl-2 reduced SphK1 expression. This link between Bcl-2 and SphK1 might be an additional clue to chemotherapy resistance of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bektas
- Department of Dermatology, Charité -- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Fabeckstr. 60-62, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Shu X, Wu W, Mosteller RD, Broek D. Sphingosine kinase mediates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of ras and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:7758-68. [PMID: 12391145 PMCID: PMC134718 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.22.7758-7768.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is critical to the processes of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Here, evidence is presented for VEGF stimulation of sphingosine kinase (SPK) that affects not only endothelial cell signaling but also tumor cells expressing VEGF receptors. VEGF or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment of the T24 bladder tumor cell line resulted in a time- and dose-dependent stimulation of SPK activity. In T24 cells, VEGF treatment reduced cellular sphingosine levels while raising that of sphingosine-1-phosphate. VEGF stimulation of T24 cells caused a slow and sustained accumulation of Ras-GTP and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (phospho-ERK) compared with that after EGF treatment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets SPK1, but not SPK2, blocks VEGF-induced accumulation of Ras-GTP and phospho-ERK in T24 cells. In contrast to EGF stimulation, VEGF stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was unaffected by dominant-negative Ras-N17. Raf kinase inhibition blocked both VEGF- and EGF-stimulated accumulation of phospho-ERK1/2. Inhibition of SPK by pharmacological inhibitors, a dominant-negative SPK mutant, or siRNA that targets SPK blocked VEGF, but not EGF, induction of phospho-ERK1/2. We conclude that VEGF induces DNA synthesis in a pathway which sequentially involves protein kinase C (PKC), SPK, Ras, Raf, and ERK1/2. These data highlight a novel mechanism by which SPK mediates signaling from PKC to Ras in a manner independent of Ras-guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Olivera A, Kohama T, Edsall L, Nava V, Cuvillier O, Poulton S, Spiegel S. Sphingosine kinase expression increases intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate and promotes cell growth and survival. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:545-58. [PMID: 10545499 PMCID: PMC2151183 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.3.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) is a bioactive lipid that has recently been identified as the ligand for the EDG family of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors. However, the mitogenic and survival effects of exogenous SPP may not correlate with binding to cell-surface receptors (Van Brocklyn, J.R., M.J. Lee, R. Menzeleev, A. Olivera, L. Edsall, O. Cuvillier, D.M. Thomas, P.J.P. Coopman, S. Thangada, T. Hla, and S. Spiegel. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 142:229-240). The recent cloning of sphingosine kinase, a unique lipid kinase responsible for the formation of SPP, has provided a new tool to investigate the role of intracellular SPP. Expression of sphingosine kinase markedly increased SPP levels in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and HEK293 cells, but no detectable secretion of SPP into the medium was observed. The increased sphingosine kinase activity in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was sufficient to promote growth in low- serum media, expedite the G(1)/S transition, and increase DNA synthesis and the proportion of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle with a concomitant increase in cell numbers. Transient or stable overexpression of sphingosine kinase in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or HEK293 cells protected against apoptosis induced by serum deprivation or ceramide elevation. N,N-Dimethylsphingosine, a competitive inhibitor of sphingosine kinase, blocked the effects of sphingosine kinase overexpression on cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. In contrast, pertussis toxin did not abrogate these biological responses. In Jurkat T cells, overexpression of sphingosine kinase also suppressed serum deprivation- and ceramide-induced apoptosis and, to a lesser extent, Fas-induced apoptosis, which correlated with inhibition of DEVDase activity, as well as inhibition of the executionary caspase-3. Taken together with ample evidence showing that growth and survival factors activate sphingosine kinase, our results indicate that SPP functions as a second messenger important for growth and survival of cells. Hence, SPP belongs to a novel class of lipid mediators that can function inside and outside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Takafumi Kohama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Lisa Edsall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Victor Nava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Samantha Poulton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20007
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