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Kozai K, Hojo T, Tokuyama S, Szóstek AZ, Takahashi M, Sakatani M, Nambo Y, Skarzynski DJ, Okuda K. Expression of aldo-keto reductase 1C23 in the equine corpus luteum in different luteal phases. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:150-4. [PMID: 24492656 PMCID: PMC3999394 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regression of the corpus luteum (CL) is characterized by a decay in progesterone
(P4) production (functional luteolysis) and disappearance of luteal tissues
(structural luteolysis). In mares, structural luteolysis is thought to be caused by
apoptosis of luteal cells, but functional luteolysis is poorly understood.
20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) catabolizes P4 into its biologically
inactive form, 20α-hydroxyprogesterone (20α-OHP). In mares, aldo-keto reductase (AKR)
1C23, which is a member of the AKR superfamily, has 20α-HSD activity. To clarify whether
AKR1C23 is associated with functional luteolysis in mares, we investigated the expression
of AKR1C23 in the CL in different luteal phases. The luteal P4 concentration
and levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) mRNA were higher in the mid luteal
phase than in the late and regressed luteal phases (P<0.05), but the level of 3β-HSD
protein was higher in the late luteal phase than in the regressed luteal phase
(P<0.05). The luteal 20α-OHP concentration and the level of AKR1C23
mRNA were higher in the late luteal phase than in the early and mid luteal phases
(P<0.05), and the level of AKR1C23 protein was also highest in the late luteal phase.
Taken together, these findings suggest that metabolism of P4 by AKR1C23 is one
of the processes contributing to functional luteolysis in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kozai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Physiological and practical effects of progesterone on reproduction in dairy cattle. Animal 2014; 8 Suppl 1:70-81. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Slough TL, Rispoli LA, Carnevale EM, Niswender GD, Bruemmer JE. Temporal gene expression in equine corpora lutea based on serial biopsies in vivo1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:389-96. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lavoie HA, King SR. Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:880-907. [PMID: 19491374 DOI: 10.3181/0903-mr-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the genes that mediate the first steps in steroidogenesis, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1), the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase (HSD3B), is tightly controlled by a battery of transcription factors in the adrenal cortex, the gonads and the placenta. These genes generally respond to the same hormones that stimulate steroid production through common pathways such as cAMP signaling and common actions on their promoters by proteins such as NR5A and GATA family members. However, there are distinct temporal, tissue and species-specific differences in expression between the genes that are defined by combinatorial regulation and unique promoter elements. This review will provide an overview of the hormonal and transcriptional regulation of the STARD1, CYP11A1 and specific steroidogenic HSD3B genes in the adrenal, testis, ovary and placenta and discuss the current knowledge regarding the key transcriptional factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Lavoie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Diaz FJ, Wiltbank MC. Acquisition of luteolytic capacity involves differential regulation by prostaglandin F2alpha of genes involved in progesterone biosynthesis in the porcine corpus luteum. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 28:172-89. [PMID: 15713365 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Luteolytic capacity is defined as the ability of corpora lutea (CL) to undergo luteolysis after prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha treatment. The mechanisms causing acquisition of luteolytic capacity are not yet identified but CL without luteolytic capacity have PGF2alpha receptors and respond to PGF2alpha with some changes in gene expression. Inhibition of progesterone biosynthesis is a key feature of luteolysis and therefore we postulated that genes involved in progesterone biosynthesis would be regulated by PGF2alpha differently in CL with or without luteolytic capacity. Gilts on day 9 after estrus (lack luteolytic capacity) or day 17 of pseudopregnancy (with luteolytic capacity) were treated with saline or a PGF2alpha analog (cloprostenol) and CL were collected 0.5 (Experiment I) or 10 h (Experiment II) later. In Experiment III, large luteal cells from CL on day 9 or 17 were cultured for 1, 12 and 24h with or without PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha decreased LDL receptor mRNA (27%), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) mRNA (41%), StAR protein (75%), LH receptor mRNA (55%), and LH receptor protein (45%) at 10 h after treatment in day 17 but not day 9 CL. PGF2alpha increased DAX-1 mRNA at 0.5 h (43%) and 10 h (46%) after PGF2alpha in day 17 but not day 9 CL but decreased 3betaHSD mRNA ( approximately 20% at 10 h) in both days 9 and 17 CL. In vitro, PGF2alpha decreased StAR mRNA at 12 h only in day 17 luteal cells; however, continuous treatment with PGF2alpha for 24 h decreased StAR mRNA in both days 9 and 17 luteal cells. Thus, luteolytic capacity involves a critical change in responsiveness of DAX-1, StAR, and LH receptor to PGF2alpha that results in inhibition of luteal progesterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Diaz
- Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1284, USA
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6
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Huang BM, Hsiao KY, Chuang PC, Wu MH, Pan HA, Tsai SJ. Upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and ovarian 17beta-estradiol in human granulosa-lutein cells by Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1358-64. [PMID: 14711788 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.022855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that 17beta-estradiol (E2) directly influences the quality of maturing oocytes and thus the outcome of assisted reproduction treatment. Although Cordyceps sinensis (CS) mycelium, a Chinese herbal medicine, is believed to enhance libido and fertility in both sexes, the mechanism of its effect in women has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of CS on steroidogenic enzyme expression and E2 biosynthesis in human granulosa-lutein cells (GLC). We found that CS induced E2 production by GLC in a dose- and time-dependent manner and that a 3-h treatment with CS induced increased levels of mRNAs coding for the P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), and aromatase. Western blot analysis demonstrated that, after treatment with CS for 3 h, protein levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase were upregulated while P450scc and 3beta-HSD levels showed no substantial change. New protein synthesis was required for CS-induced E2 production because it was abrogated by cycloheximide pretreatment. Addition of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, thus bypassing the need for StAR protein, did not induce as much E2 production as CS treatment, indicating that upregulation of StAR protein was not the only factor contributing to CS-induced steroidogenesis. Cotreatment of GLCs with CS and aminoglutethimide, an aromatase inhibitor, completely abolished CS-induced E2 production. In conclusion, treatment of GLCs with CS results in increased E2 production due, at least in part, to increased StAR and aromatase expression. These data may help in the development of treatment regimens to improve the success rate of in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Diaz FJ, Anderson LE, Wu YL, Rabot A, Tsai SJ, Wiltbank MC. Regulation of progesterone and prostaglandin F2alpha production in the CL. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 191:65-80. [PMID: 12044920 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
After the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, the cells that remain from the ovulated follicle undergo a process of differentiation termed luteinization. Two key features of the cells after luteinization are the capacity for tremendous production of progesterone [10(16) molecules of progesterone per (min/(g of CL))] and the capacity to undergo regression or death of the cells at the appropriate time. There are two steroidogenic cell types, the small and large luteal cells that are regulated by different mechanisms. In small luteal cells, production of progesterone is stimulated by LH through the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The large luteal cells of ruminants produce large quantities of progesterone that is independent of LH stimulation. Although luteotrophins clearly regulate luteal function, much of luteal progesterone production in some species appears to be constitutive, consistent with the autonomous aspects of the large luteal cell. The key regulated step in luteal progesterone production appears to be regulation of transport of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane apparently mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). In addition, our recent research indicates that PKA is tonically active in large luteal cells and this may be responsible for the high, relatively autonomous nature of luteal progesterone production. Regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in many species is initiated by prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha secreted from the uterus. Luteal cells also have the capacity for production of PGF2alpha. Luteal PGF2alpha production can be regulated by a variety of substances including inhibition by progesterone and stimulation by cytokines. We have also characterized a positive feedback pathway in ruminant and porcine CL in which small amounts of uterine PGF(2alpha) stimulate intraluteal production of PGF2alpha due to induction of the cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) enzyme in large luteal cells. This positive feedback pathway is only present in CL that has acquired the capacity for luteal regression ( approximately day 7 in cow, approximately day 13 in pig). Regulation by protein kinase C (PKC) of transcriptional factors interacting with an E-box in the 5' flanking region of the Cox-2 gene is the critical regulatory element involved in this positive feedback pathway. Thus, luteinization in some species appears to change specific gene transcription such that progesterone production becomes relatively independent of acute luteotrophic regulation and intraluteal PGF2alpha synthesis is induced by the second messenger pathways that are activated by PGF2alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Diaz
- Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program and Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 236 Animal Sciences Building, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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Logan KA, Juengel JL, McNatty KP. Onset of steroidogenic enzyme gene expression during ovarian follicular development in sheep. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:906-16. [PMID: 11906908 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.4.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenesis is a major function of the developing follicle. However, little is known about the stage of onset of steroid regulatory proteins during follicular development in sheep. In this study, several steroidogenic enzymes were studied by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization; cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450(scc)), cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase (17alphaOH), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)), steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and LH receptor (LH-R). To define the stages of follicular growth, ovarian maps were drawn from serial sections of ovine ovaries, and follicles were located and classified at specific stages of growth based on morphological criteria. In this way, the precise onset of gene expression with respect to stages of follicular growth for all these proteins could be observed. The key findings were that ovine oocytes express StAR mRNA at all stages of follicular development and that granulosa cells in follicle types 1-3 express 3beta-HSD and SF-1. Furthermore, the onset of expression in theca cells of StAR, P450(scc), 17alphaOH, 3beta-HSD, and LH-R occurred in large type 4 follicles just before antrum formation. This finding suggests that although the theca interna forms from the type 2 stage, it does not become steroidogenically active until later in development. These studies also confirm that granulosa cells of large type 5 follicles express SF-1, StAR, P450(scc), LH-R, and P450(arom) genes. These findings raise new questions regarding the roles of steroidogenic regulatory factors in early follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Logan
- Reproduction Group, AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, Upper Hutt 6007, New Zealand.
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Quirke LD, Juengel JL, Tisdall DJ, Lun S, Heath DA, McNatty KP. Ontogeny of steroidogenesis in the fetal sheep gonad. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:216-28. [PMID: 11420243 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine 1) the time of onset and cellular localization of gene expression for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5),Delta(4) isomerase (3beta-HSD), and the cytochrome P450 enzymes for cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450(scc)), 17alpha-hydroxylase (P450(17alphaOH)), and aromatase (P450(arom)) during gonadal development; and 2) the amount of progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and 17beta-estradiol present in the fetal sheep gonad. Fetuses were collected on Days 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 55, and 75 of gestation, and gene expression was determined by in situ hybridization. The steroid content of gonads collected on Days 30, 35, 55, and 75 of gestation was determined by RIA. Developing gonads collected from both male and female fetuses were steroidogenically active around the time of morphological sexual differentiation. In the female, the steroidogenic cells were initially located at the boundary of the cortex and medulla but become increasingly restricted to the mesonephric-derived cell streams. In the male, once tubules were identifiable, steroidogenesis was restricted to the interstitial regions. Interestingly, expression of both SF-1 and 3beta-HSD was observed prior to morphological sexual differentiation. In addition, expression of both of these genes was more widespread than the other genes in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Quirke
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Sayre BL, Taft R, Inskeep EK, Killefer J. Increased expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 during induced regression of bovine corpora lutea. Biol Reprod 2000; 63:21-9. [PMID: 10859237 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod63.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine gene expression during induced luteal regression in the cow; the initial purpose was the identification of potential embryotoxins. In experiment 1, changes in gene expression in the corpus luteum (CL) were identified by differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR) during the first 72 h of luteal regression in cows treated with prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) on Days 4-7 after estrus. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) was up-regulated, with greatest expression at 24 h (P < 0.05) after treatment with PGF(2alpha) began. In experiment. 2, IGFBP-1 and its mRNA were quantified in CL collected 24 or 48 h after treatment with PGF(2alpha) on Day 4 or 10 after estrus. Because local mechanisms for exchange of hormones between the ovary and uterus are known in ruminants, uterine flushings were assayed for IGFBP-1 to seek evidence of local transfer of luteal IGFBP-1 to the uterus. IGFBP-1 mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) in CL 24 h after treatment when PGF(2alpha) that began on Day 10, and by 48 h after treatment that began on Day 4. Concentrations of IGFBP-1 increased (P < 0.05) in a pattern similar to mRNA, by 24 h on Day 10, and by 48 h on Day 4. Concentrations of IGFBP-1 in uterine flushings did not change on either day. Concentrations of progesterone decreased (P < 0.05) by 8 h after treatment with PGF(2alpha) that began on Day 10, but not until 24 h after treatment that began on Day 4. In experiment 3, cows received either saline or PGF(2alpha) and CL were collected 2 or 10 h after a single treatment, or 2 h after a second treatment that was given 8 h after the first. Expression of IGFBP-1 was increased by 2 h after treatment with PGF(2alpha) on both Days 4 and 10 after estrus. In conclusion, secretion of IGFBP-1 is increased during luteolysis, and may inhibit the steroidogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but no evidence was found to implicate IGFBP-1 in the embryotoxic effect of regressing CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sayre
- Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108, USA
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Juengel JL, Haworth JD, Rollyson MK, Silva PJ, Sawyer HR, Niswender GD. Effect of dose of prostaglandin F(2alpha) on steroidogenic components and oligonucleosomes in ovine luteal tissue. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1047-51. [PMID: 10727276 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.4.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) had a dose-dependent effect upon secretion of progesterone, oligonucleosome formation, or loss of luteal weight, ewes on Day 9 or 10 of the estrous cycle were administered 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg PGF(2alpha) per 60 kg BW (i.v.), and luteal tissue was collected 9 and 24 h after injection. All doses of PGF(2alpha) decreased (P < 0. 05) concentrations of progesterone in sera by 9 h; however, in ewes treated with 3 mg PGF(2alpha), concentrations of progesterone were similar to control values at 24 h and higher (P < 0.05) than those in the 10- or 30-mg groups. Concentrations of progesterone in sera over all dose levels were highly correlated to luteal concentrations of mRNA encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (P < 0.001), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P < 0.02), and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P < 0.01). Corpora lutea collected at 24 h from ewes treated with the 10- and 30-mg doses of PGF(2alpha) weighed less (P < 0.05) than those from controls. Oligonucleosomes were not present in luteal tissues from control ewes. Surprisingly, all doses of PGF(2alpha)-induced oligonucleosomes in a majority of animals at 9 h and in a majority of ewes treated with 10 and 30 mg of PGF(2alpha) at 24 h. In conclusion, 3 mg of PGF(2alpha) per 60 kg BW transiently decreased serum concentrations of progesterone and induced oligonucleosome formation, but did not result in reduced luteal weight. The 10- and 30-mg doses of PGF(2alpha) decreased secretion of progesterone and induced oligonucleosome formation and luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Juengel
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
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Niswender GD, Juengel JL, Silva PJ, Rollyson MK, McIntush EW. Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum. Physiol Rev 2000; 80:1-29. [PMID: 10617764 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the corpus luteum is secretion of the hormone progesterone, which is required for maintenance of normal pregnancy in mammals. The corpus luteum develops from residual follicular granulosal and thecal cells after ovulation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary is important for normal development and function of the corpus luteum in most mammals, although growth hormone, prolactin, and estradiol also play a role in several species. The mature corpus luteum is composed of at least two steroidogenic cell types based on morphological and biochemical criteria and on the follicular source of origin. Small luteal cells appear to be of thecal cell origin and respond to LH with increased secretion of progesterone. LH directly stimulates the secretion of progesterone from small luteal cells via activation of the protein kinase A second messenger pathway. Large luteal cells are of granulosal cell origin and contain receptors for PGF(2alpha) and appear to mediate the luteolytic actions of this hormone. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum must regress to allow follicular growth and ovulation and the reproductive cycle begins again. Luteal regression is initiated by PGF(2alpha) of uterine origin in most subprimate species. The role played by PGF(2alpha) in primates remains controversial. In primates, if PGF(2alpha) plays a role in luteolysis, it appears to be of ovarian origin. The antisteroidogenic effects of PGF(2alpha) appear to be mediated by the protein kinase C second messenger pathway, whereas loss of luteal cells appears to follow an influx of calcium, activation of endonucleases, and an apoptotic form of cell death. If the female becomes pregnant, continued secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum is required to provide an appropriate uterine environment for maintenance of pregnancy. The mechanisms whereby the pregnant uterus signals the corpus luteum that a conceptus is present varies from secretion of a chorionic gonadotropin (primates and equids), to secretion of an antiluteolytic factor (domestic ruminants), and to a neuroendocrine reflex arc that modifies the secretory patterns of hormones from the anterior pituitary (most rodents).
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Niswender
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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