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Dong L, Feng M, Qiao Y, Liu C, Zhou Y, Xing S, Zhang K, Cai Z, Wu H, Wu J, Yu X, Zhang H, Kong W. Preclinical safety and Biodistribution in mice following single dose intramuscular inoculation of tumor DNA vaccine by electroporation. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:757-764. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Dong
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengfan Feng
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaru Qiao
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Jilin University, 12510, Department of Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jilin University, 12510, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- Jilin University, 12510, Changchun, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zongyu Cai
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
- Jilin University, 12510, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Changchun, Jilin, China, 130012
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Jilin University, 12510, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin University, 12510, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Changchun, China
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Zhao X, Long J, Liang F, Liu N, Sun Y, Xi Y. Dynamic profiles, biodistribution and integration evaluation after intramuscular/intravenous delivery of a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine encoding chicken type II collagen for rheumatoid arthritis in vaccinated normal rodent. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:94. [PMID: 31492169 PMCID: PMC6729025 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence, biodistribution, and risk of integration into the host genome of any new therapeutic DNA vaccine must be established in preclinical studies. We previously developed the DNA vaccine pcDNA-CCOL2A1 encoding chicken type II collagen (CCII) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we characterized its dynamic profile, biodistribution, and potential for genomic DNA integration in normal vaccinated rodent. Results A real-time quantitative PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) of animals administered a single dose of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 (300 μg/kg by intramuscular injection) showed that CCOL2A1 mRNA level in the blood peaked between 2 and 6 h post-immunization and then rapidly declined, and was undetectable between day 1–42. CCOL2A1 transcript was detected at the muscle injection site on days 3–14 post-immunization. Starting from day 14, the transcript was detected in the heart, liver, lung, and kidney but not in the spleen or thymus, and was expressed only in the lung on day 28. There was no CCOL2A1 mRNA present in the testes or ovaries at any time point. Non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging revealed CCII protein expression from 2 h up to day 10 and from 2 h up to day 35 after administration of pcDNA-CCOL2A1 via the intravenous and intramuscular routes, respectively; the protein had disappeared by day 42. Importantly, CCOL2A1 was not integrated into the host genome. Conclusions These results indicate that pcDNA-CCOL2A1 vaccine is rapidly cleared within a short period of time and is therefore safe, and merits further development as a therapeutic vaccine for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liang
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Xi
- Department of Immunology and National Center for Biomedicine Analysis, the Fifth Medical Center (formerly known as Beijing 307 Hospital), Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 8, Dongda Ave, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao K, Han J, Zhang Y, Wei L, Yu S, Wang X, Jin Z, Wang Y. Enhancing Mucosal Immune Response of Newcastle Disease Virus DNA Vaccine Using N-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethylammonium Chloride Chitosan and N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles as Delivery Carrier. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:226-237. [PMID: 29172532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because mucosal sites are the entry ports of pathogens, immunization via mucosal routes can extremely enhance the immunity. To elevate the potential of N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticles as a mucosal immune delivery carrier for DNA vaccines, we prepared the NDV F gene plasmid DNA with C3d6 molecular adjuvant (pVAX I-F(o)-C3d6) encapsulated in the N-2-HACC-CMC nanoparticles (N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs). The N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs had regular spherical morphology and low toxicity with a mean diameter of 309.7 ± 6.52 nm, zeta potential of 49.9 ± 4.93 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 92.27 ± 1.48%, and loading capacity of 50.75 ± 1.35%. The N-2-HACC-CMC had high stability and safety. The pVAX I-F(o)-C3d6 could be sustainably released from the N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs after an initial burst release. Immunization intranasally of chickens with N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs not only produced higher anti-NDV IgG and sIgA antibody than chickens in other groups did, but also significantly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and triggered higher the IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels. These findings indicated that the N-2-HACC-CMC could be used as an efficient delivery carrier for the mucosal immunity of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine. The work laid a basis for the quaternized chitosan nanoparticles as efficient mucosal immunity delivery carrier for DNA vaccines and had immense application promise and potential for vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS , Harbin 150001, China
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IgA response and protection following nasal vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine nanoencapsulated with Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25720. [PMID: 27170532 PMCID: PMC4864420 DOI: 10.1038/srep25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease caused by ND virus (NDV) is a highly contagious disease of birds. Vaccine for effective protection of poultry animals from NDV infection is urgently needed. Mucosal immunity plays a very important role in the antiviral immune response. In this study, a NDV F gene-containing DNA vaccine encapsulated in Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles (pFDNA-Ag@SiO2-NPs) with an average diameter of 500 nm were prepared to assess the mucosal immune response. These nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity and did not destroy the bioactivity of plasmid DNA, which could be expressed in vitro. The plasmid DNA was sustainably released after an initial burst release. In vivo immunization showed that the intranasal immunization of chickens with pFDNA-Ag@SiO2-NPs induced high titers of serum antibody, significantly promoted lymphocyte proliferation and induced higher expression levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles could serve as an efficient and safe delivery carrier for NDV DNA vaccine to induce mucosal immunity. This study has provided promising results for the further development of mucosal vaccines encapsulated in inorganic nanoparticles.
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Han YG, Ye WJ, Liu GQ, Jiang XP, Ijaz N, Zhao JY, Tesema B. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen S Gene is an Effective Carrier Molecule for Developing GnRH DNA Immunocastration Vaccine in Mice. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:445-50. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- YG Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore; Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization; College of Animal Science and Technology; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - WJ Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - GQ Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - XP Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - N Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - JY Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - B Tesema
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
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6
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Dan X, Han L, Riaz H, Luo X, Liu X, Chong Z, Yang L. Construction and evaluation of the novel DNA vaccine harboring the inhibin α (1-32) and the RF-amide related peptide-3 genes for improving fertility in mice. Exp Anim 2015; 65:17-25. [PMID: 26437787 PMCID: PMC4783647 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To further improve fertility of animals, a novel gene RFRP-3 (RF-amide
related peptide-3, RFRP-3) was used to construct DNA vaccines with INH
α (1–32) (inhibin, INH) fragment for the first time.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of novel DNA vaccines on fertility in
mice. Synthesized SINH and SRFRP (INH and RFRP genes
were separately ligated to the C-terminus of the small envelope protein of the hepatitis B
virus (HBV-S) gene) fragments were inserted into multiple cloning site of pIRES vector to
develop p-SINH/SRFRP. The synthesized tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) signal sequence
was then inserted into the p-SINH/SRFRP to construct p-TPA-SINH/TPA-SFRFP. Meanwhile,
p-SINH was prepared and considered as positive control. Forty Kunming mice were equally
divided into four groups and respectively immunized by electroporation with p-SINH,
p-SINH/SRFRP and p-TPA-SINH/TPA-SRFRP vaccine (three times at 2 weeks interval) and saline
as control. Results showed that the average antibodies (P/N value) of anti-INH and
anti-RFRP in mice inoculated with p-TPA-SINH/TPA-SFRFP were significantly higher
(P<0.05) than those inoculated with p-SINH/SRFRP and the positive
rates were 100% (anti-INH) and 90% (anti-RFRP) respectively, at 2 weeks after the third
immunization. Litter size of mice immunized with the three recombinant plasmids was higher
(P<0.05) than that of the control, and litter size of mice immunized
with p-TPA-SINH/TPA-SRFRP significantly increased (P<0.05) compared
with p-SINH. These results suggested that the p-TPA-SINH/TPA-SRFRP harboring
INH and RFRP genes was successfully constructed and
had good immunogenicity, and might effectively increase litter size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Dan
- Key Lab of Education Ministry of China in Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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Zhao K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shi C, Wang X, Wang X, Jin Z, Cui S. Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4609-19. [PMID: 25356070 PMCID: PMC4207079 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s70633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the efficacy and safety of chitosan (CS)-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
(PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for a vaccine to protect chickens against Newcastle
disease virus (NDV). The newly constructed vaccine contained DNA (the F gene) of NDV. The Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plasmid (pFDNA)-CS/PLGA-NPs were spherical
(diameter =699.1±5.21 nm [mean ± standard deviation]) and smooth,
with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.1% and a Zeta potential of +6.35 mV. An in vitro release
assay indicated that CS controlled the burst release of plasmid DNA, such that up to 67.4% of the
entire quantity of plasmid DNA was steadily released from the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs. An in vitro
expression assay indicated that the expression of nanoparticles (NPs) was maintained in the NPs. In
an immunization test with specific pathogen-free chickens, the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs induced stronger
cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses than the plasmid DNA vaccine alone. The
pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs did not harm 293T cells in an in vitro assay and did not harm chickens in an in
vivo assay. Overall, the results indicated that CS-coated PLGA NPs can serve as an efficient and
safe mucosal immune delivery system for NDV DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Shi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Zhao K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li W, Shi C, Guo C, Dai C, Chen Q, Jin Z, Zhao Y, Cui H, Wang Y. Preparation and efficacy of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:389-402. [PMID: 24426783 PMCID: PMC3890423 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal preparation conditions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (pFNDV-CS-NPs) were determined. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were prepared according to a complex coacervation method. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 199.5 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 98.37%±0.87%, loading capacity of 36.12%±0.19%, and a zeta potential of +12.11 mV. The in vitro release assay showed that the plasmid DNA was sustainably released from the pFNDV-CS-NPs, up to 82.9%±2.9% of the total amount. Cell transfection test indicated that the vaccine expressed the F gene in cells and maintained good bioactivity. Additionally, the safety of mucosal immunity delivery system of the pFNDV-CS-NPs was also tested in vitro by cell cytotoxicity and in vivo by safety test in chickens. In vivo immunization showed that better immune responses of specific pathogen-free chickens immunized with the pFNDV-CS-NPs were induced, and prolonged release of the plasmid DNA was achieved compared to the chickens immunized with the control plasmid. This study lays the foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Shi
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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9
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Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Vaccine 2011; 29:8549-56. [PMID: 21945253 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preparation conditions of a DNA vaccine against swine influenza encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were determined. The nanoparticles were prepared according to a complex coacervation method using chitosan as a biodegradable matrix forming polymer. Under the preparation conditions, chitosan nanoparticles containing the DNA vaccine were produced with good morphology, high encapsulation rate and high stability. Transfection test indicated that the vaccine could be expressed as an antigen in cells, and maintained good bioactivity. In addition, better immune responses of mice immunized with the chitosan nanoparticles containing the DNA vaccine were induced and prolonged release of the plasmid DNA was achieved compared to the DNA vaccine alone. These results laid a foundation for further development of DNA vaccines in nanoparticles before ultimate industrial application.
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Chang MO, Suzuki T, Suzuki H, Takaku H. HIV-1 Gag-virus-like particles induce natural killer cell immune responses via activation and maturation of dendritic cells. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:187-200. [PMID: 21778700 DOI: 10.1159/000329226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive efforts that have been made to combat acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the number of people infected each year with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is still increasing worldwide, and a safe and effective vaccine to control HIV infection is urgently needed. Recently, the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated innate immune response, which represents the first line of defense against infections, has attracted attention for its role in combating HIV infection and disease progression. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenic ability of HIV-1 Gag-virus-like particles (Gag-VLPs) to induce NK cell immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Gag-VLPs efficiently activated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), eliciting MDDC maturation with an associated increase in the surface expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC classes I and II, MDDC proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Gag-VLP-treated MDDCs subsequently activated autologous NK cells, leading to their proliferation and production of interferon-γ and to the upregulation of NK cell cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells and HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells. In addition, we introduced a 2-phase immunization strategy in BALB/c mice to assess the role of DCs in the induction of NK cell immune responses by Gag-VLPs in vivo. Our findings reveal that Gag-VLPs efficiently activate DCs, which in turn induce innate and Gag-specific immune responses in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Oo Chang
- High Technology Research Centre, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan.
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Zhao K, Li GX, Jin YY, Wei HX, Sun QS, Huang TT, Wang YF, Tong GZ. Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a Swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in PLGA microspheres. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:178-86. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903059239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
This unit details some of the key methods for setting up and testing DNA vaccines in animal models. The basic procedures are discussed, as well as alternative methods that have been developed over the past several years. The Basic Protocol gives step-by-step instructions for administering the DNA vaccine via intramuscular injection of the quadriceps muscle, while an alternate procedure details injection of the anterior tibialis.
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Ramirez K, Barry EM, Ulmer J, Stout R, Szabo J, Manetz S, Levine MM, Pasetti MF. Preclinical safety and biodistribution of Sindbis virus measles DNA vaccines administered as a single dose or followed by live attenuated measles vaccine in a heterologous prime-boost regimen. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:522-31. [PMID: 18507515 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles still causes considerable morbidity and mortality among infants and young children in developing countries. To develop a new public health tool to reduce this burden, we designed two Sindbis virus replicon vaccines encoding measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins (pMSIN-H and pMSINHFdU). Our goal is to administer the vaccines to young infants at 6 and 10 weeks of age to prime the immune system to safely and effectively respond to subsequent immunization at age approximately 14 weeks with the licensed attenuated measles vaccine. In preparation for a phase 1 clinical trial, studies of plasmid distribution, integration, and toxicology were performed in rabbits. Biodistribution was assessed after a single DNA immunization delivered intradermally by needle-free injection. Toxicity was assessed using a heterologous prime-boost regimen consisting of a repeat-dose DNA prime followed by a live-attenuated measles vaccine boost. The only vaccine-related adverse effects observed were minimal transient erythema, edema, and inflammation confined to the injection site. Plasmids were detected in the subcutis and muscle at the site of inoculation. A small proportion of animals exhibited plasmids in the regional lymph nodes. There was no evidence of plasmid integration into the host genome. Both Sindbis-based vaccine plasmids were immunogenic in rabbits; pMSIN-H elicited higher virus-neutralizing antibody levels. Both vaccines were shown to be well tolerated and suitable for clinical trials and they are currently being tested in phase 1 studies in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ramirez
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Jaoko W, Nakwagala FN, Anzala O, Manyonyi GO, Birungi J, Nanvubya A, Bashir F, Bhatt K, Ogutu H, Wakasiaka S, Matu L, Waruingi W, Odada J, Oyaro M, Indangasi J, Ndinya-Achola J, Konde C, Mugisha E, Fast P, Schmidt C, Gilmour J, Tarragona T, Smith C, Barin B, Dally L, Johnson B, Muluubya A, Nielsen L, Hayes P, Boaz M, Hughes P, Hanke T, McMichael A, Bwayo J, Kaleebu P. Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant low-dosage HIV-1 A vaccine candidates vectored by plasmid pTHr DNA or modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in humans in East Africa. Vaccine 2008; 26:2788-95. [PMID: 18440674 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Jaoko
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI), University of Nairobi, Department of Medical Microbiology, P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi 00202, Kenya.
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15
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Holt GE, Disis ML. Immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2008; 9 Suppl 1:S13-9. [PMID: 18540530 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2008.s.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active tumor immunotherapy may provide hope for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) because, in more than 20 years, current therapies have yet to change mortality statistics. Creating an efficacious vaccine involves selection of important tumor antigens and formulation of their immunogenic epitopes into a construct for delivery to antigen-presenting cells. The method of immunization will confer significant properties to the potency of the vaccine and might require augmentation with certain adjuvant agents like interleukin-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. So far, clinical trials in NSCLC immunotherapy have shown promise with the Induction of Immune responses and the presence of clinical responses compared with historical controls treated with standard therapy. Immunotherapy could merge seamlessly into the current standard of care for NSCLC with the emergence of data supporting a beneficial role of chemotherapy and radiation in the production of antitumor immune responses. With continued work in this field, active immunotherapy may provide the necessary therapy for the successful treatment of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Holt
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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16
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Tan X, Wan Y. Enhanced protein expression by internal ribosomal entry site-driven mRNA translation as a novel approach for in vitro loading of dendritic cells with antigens. Hum Immunol 2007; 69:32-40. [PMID: 18295673 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of dendritic cells (DCs) with messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is a promising strategy for cancer vaccines. TAA mRNA can be generated by in vitro transcription using DNA encoding the TAA gene as a template. A cap analog is usually added upon in vitro transcription to stabilize mRNA and enhance the efficiency of mRNA translation. However, the inclusion of the cap analog correlates with significantly lower-yield mRNA transcription, potentially leading to an expensive vaccine manufacturing process. To solve this problem, we present a novel approach in which DNA templates are modified with an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence inserted upstream of the gene of interest to replace the use of the cap analog. The presence of IRES greatly enhanced transcription for the mRNA in vitro compared with the cap analog. Also, higher transgene expression was achieved using luciferase (Luc) mRNA with IRES than using capped Luc mRNA to transfect DCs. Immunization of mice with DCs transfected with IRES-containing mRNA encoding chicken ovalbumin (OVA) induced significant levels of antigen-specific interferon gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells and in vivo killing of antigen-bearing cells. Consistently, mice immunized with IRES-containing OVA mRNA-transfected DCs were protected from pulmonary metastasis of melanoma cells injected intravenously. We suggest that IRES can be used for the production of larger quantities of mRNA and that such IRES-containing mRNAs may be useful for DC-based antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Tan
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Military General Hospital, No. 6, DongSi, Beijing 100700, China.
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17
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Khan MAH, Ferro VA, Koyama S, Kinugasa Y, Song M, Ogita K, Tsutsui T, Murata Y, Kimura T. Immunisation of male mice with a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH-I) and T-helper epitopes suppresses fertility in vivo. Vaccine 2007; 25:3544-53. [PMID: 17316929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunisation against mammalian gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH-I) linked to large carrier proteins has been shown to disrupt fertility. However, various studies have shown that the carrier protein causes epitope suppression of the hapten response, resulting in short-lived immunoneutralisation, followed by a return of fertility. A range of strategies has been used to resolve this, with limited success. The aim of this study was to construct a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding GnRH-I and T-helper epitopes. A 498 bp long vaccine construct in pcDNA3.1+ was administered to male mice in conjunction with a Hemagglutinating Virus of Japanese Envelop (HVJ-E) vector or in saline solution. The vaccine efficacy was evaluated in terms of GnRH-I specific IgG antibody response, serum testosterone levels, testicular spermatogenesis and the ability to produce offspring. The vaccine appeared to induce higher anti-GnRH-I IgG antibody response and insult the fertility axis, which was characterised by a drop of epididymal sperm counts, reduction of serum testosterone levels, suppressed testicular spermatogenesis and a significant decrease in litter numbers compared to control animals. The end-point vaccine efficacy was much higher in the HVJ-E vector mediated immunisation, than in saline alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A H Khan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Specific Organ Regulation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major public health concern because of its association with chronic liver disease and the propensity of the disease to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of a prophylactic vaccine effective in a majority of the population, alternative vaccination strategies are being sought to induce protective responses in healthy non-responders and to boost and broaden T cell responses in chronically infected patients, which may lead to a better control of the virus and/or its eventual complete clearance. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology immunization of BALB/c mice intramuscularly with a DNA vaccine encoding the hepatitis virus B surface antigen (HBsAg) was shown to result in prolonged secretion of HBsAg into the serum and the elicitation of HBsAg-specific antibodies. In fact, the vaccine was so efficient that the antibodies and HBsAg formed circulating immune complexes and induced kidney and liver lesions similar to those observed in chronically infected patients. This commentary discusses these results in terms of the safety of plasmid DNA-vectored genetic vaccines in general, the use of DNA vaccines expressing HBsAg for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and the consequences of prolonged immunogen expression for the development of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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19
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Fontoura P, Garren H, Steinman L. Antigen-specific therapies in multiple sclerosis: going beyond proteins and peptides. Int Rev Immunol 2006; 24:415-46. [PMID: 16318989 DOI: 10.1080/08830180500379655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease resulting largely from an autoimmune attack against components of central nervous system myelin, including several proteins and lipids. Knowledge about the details of this anomalous immune response has come mostly from studies in the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this model, it has been possible to prevent and effectively treat established disease through several antigen-specific therapeutic strategies, which have included administration of whole myelin or myelin proteins by various routes, random copolymers consisting of the main major histocompatability complex (MHC) and T-cell receptor (TCR) contact amino acid residues, altered peptide ligands of dominant myelin epitopes in which one or more residues are selectively substituted, and lately DNA vaccination encoding self-myelin antigens. However, there have been difficulties in making successful transitions from animal models to human clinical trials, due either to lack of efficacy or unforeseen complications. Despite these problems, antigen-specific therapies have retained their attraction for clinicians and scientists alike, and hopefully the upcoming generation of agents--including altered peptide ligands and DNA vaccines--will benefit from the increasing knowledge about this disease and surmount existing difficulties to make an impact in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fontoura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Abstract
This article gives an overview of DNA vaccines with specific emphasis on the development of DNA vaccines for clinical trials and an overview of those trials. It describes the preclinical research that demonstrated the efficacy of DNA vaccines as well as an explication of the immunologic mechanisms of action. These include the induction of cognate immune responses, such as the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) as well as the effect of the plasmid DNA upon the innate immune system. Specific issues related to the development of DNA as a product candidate are then discussed, including the manufacture of plasmid, the qualification of the plasmid DNA product, and the safety testing necessary for initiating clinical trials. Various human clinical trials for infectious diseases and cancer have been initiated or completed, and an overview of these trials is given. Finally, because the early clinical trials have shown less than optimal immunogenicity, methods to increase the potency of the vaccines are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Liu
- Transgene S.A., 11 rue de Molsheim, 67082 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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21
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Abstract
Development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the main hope for controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. An ideal HIV vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ helper T cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies remains a highly challenging goal, there are a number of technologies capable of inducing potent cell-mediated responses in animal models, which are now starting to be tested in humans. Naked DNA immunization is one of them. This review focuses on the stimulation of HIV-specific T cells and discusses in the context of the current 'state-of-art' of DNA vaccines, the areas where this technology might assist either alone or as a part of more complex vaccine formulations in the HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Estcourt
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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22
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Kang KK, Choi SM, Choi JH, Lee DS, Kim CY, Ahn BO, Kim BM, Kim WB. Safety evaluation of GX-12, a new HIV therapeutic vaccine: investigation of integration into the host genome and expression in the reproductive organs. Intervirology 2003; 46:270-6. [PMID: 14555847 DOI: 10.1159/000073206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is one of the greatest infectious disease threats to human health despite the extensive efforts made since the discovery of HIV in 1983. The use of plasmid DNA vaccination to elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against HIV infection has produced promising results in animal and in human trials. However, there are several safety concerns about the use of a DNA vaccine, which include the possibility of integration into the host genome, adverse immunopathology, and anti-DNA autoantibody induction. In this study, we examined the potential integration and distribution of GX-12, a new therapeutic vaccine for HIV infection, at various times in muscles and reproductive organs of rats. Animals of both sexes were injected with GX-12 at the dose of 400 microg/animal i.m. once a week for 4 weeks, and host genome integration and tissue distribution were examined on day 1, 5, 15, 30 and 45 days after the final injection. A PCR-based assay revealed that GX-12 was not integrated into the host genome, nor expressed in reproductive organs at any time. These findings suggest that the risk of mutation or germline transmission due to GX-12 injection is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Koo Kang
- Research Laboratories, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Yongin-shi, Kyunggi-do, Korea.
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23
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Choi SM, Lee DS, Son MK, Sohn YS, Kang KK, Kim CY, Kim BM, Kim WB. Safety Evaluation of GX-12. A New DNA Vaccine for HIV Infection in Rodents. Drug Chem Toxicol 2003; 26:271-84. [PMID: 14582381 DOI: 10.1081/dct-120024842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity studies for the evaluation of the safety of GX-12, a naked DNA vaccine for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, were performed in rodents. In a single dose intramuscular or intravenous toxicity study, animals were treated with up to 4000 micrograms/kg of GX-12. During the experimental period, no abnormalities in mortality, clinical finding, or body weight change were observed. For subacute toxicity study, GX-12 was administered intramuscularly once a week for thirteen weeks to rats at dosages of 0.250, 1000, or 4000 micrograms/kg. Throughout the experimental period, no dead animals, notable clinical signs, changes in body weight gain, or food and water consumptions were observed. Ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, and serum chemistry, revealed no abnormalities. In addition, there were no changes in gross findings, organ weight, and histological findings. Based on these results, the NOAEL was estimated to be excess of 4000 micrograms/kg. To assess the possible effects on the immune system, we investigated the induction of anti-DNA or anti-myosin autoantibodies in mice immunized and boosted with GX-12, and anti-GX-12 antibodies in rat serum obtained from the subacute toxicity study. GX-12 neither stimulated the production of anti-DNA or myosin autoantibodies nor induced the development of myositis or glomerulonephritis. Therefore, we concluded that GX-12 has no toxicity up to 4000 micrograms/kg in this rat model, which is 60 times higher than the expected human dose. Furthermore, given the limitations of this study, GX-12 neither initiated nor accelerated the development of systemic autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Min Choi
- Research Laboratories, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kiheung, Yongin, Kyunggi, Korea
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24
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Beckebaum S, Cicinnati VR, Gerken G. DNA-based immunotherapy: potential for treatment of chronic viral hepatitis? Rev Med Virol 2002; 12:297-319. [PMID: 12211043 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent HBV and HCV infection represent major causes of chronic liver disease with a high risk of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conventional protein-based vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing HBV infection; whereas in therapeutic settings with chronically infected patients, results have been disappointing. Prophylactic vaccination against HCV infection has not yet been achieved due to many impediments including frequent spontaneous mutations of the virus with escape from immune system control. Using animal models it has been demonstrated that DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome this problem because of their potential to induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes. DNA-based vaccines mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines, eliciting cell mediated immunity in addition to inducing humoral responses. Efficacy may further be improved by addition of DNA encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and more recently, direct genetic modulation of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), has been shown to increase antigen-specific immune responses. This review focuses on immunological aspects of chronic HBV and HCV infection and on the potential of DNA- and DC-based vaccines for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beckebaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Essen, Germany
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25
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Goldenberg S. Ferramentas de análise molecular e os agentes das grandes endemias. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232002000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os desenvolvimentos recentes no campo da biologia molecular abrem novas perspectivas para o estudo, diagnóstico e terapêutica das grandes endemias que afetam sobretudo as nações em desenvolvimento. As técnicas de manipulação de genes permitem a expressão de antígenos de patógenos em larga escala, com a potencial utilização como reagentes para diagnóstico ou imunógenos. Adicionalmente, essas técnicas poderão levar à obtenção de novas vacinas vivas atenuadas. Por outro lado, a determinação da seqüência dos genomas de patógenos poderá levar a novos alvos para o desenho racional de drogas com potencial quimioterápico. Entretanto, esses avanços só estarão à disposição dos países em desenvolvimento se houver um programa contínuo de investimento e de formação e valorização de recursos humanos competentes nessas novas tecnologias.
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