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Manipulating the Epigenome in Nuclear Transfer Cloning: Where, When and How. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010236. [PMID: 33379395 PMCID: PMC7794987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of a differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to a totipotent state by exposure to the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte, and the reconstructed nuclear transfer embryo can give rise to an entire organism. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has important implications in animal biotechnology and provides a unique model for studying epigenetic barriers to successful nuclear reprogramming and for testing novel concepts to overcome them. While initial strategies aimed at modulating the global DNA methylation level and states of various histone protein modifications, recent studies use evidence-based approaches to influence specific epigenetic mechanisms in a targeted manner. In this review, we describe-based on the growing number of reports published during recent decades-in detail where, when, and how manipulations of the epigenome of donor cells and reconstructed SCNT embryos can be performed to optimize the process of molecular reprogramming and the outcome of nuclear transfer cloning.
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Loi P, Saragusty J, Ptak G. Cloning the mammoth: a complicated task or just a dream? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 753:489-502. [PMID: 25091921 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been growing interest in applying the most advanced embryological tools, particularly cloning, to bring extinct species back to life, with a particular focus on the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius). Mammoth's bodies found in the permafrost are relatively well preserved, with identifiable nuclei in their tissues. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature published on the topic, and to present the strategies potentially suitable for a mammoth cloning project, with a frank assessment of their feasibility and the ethical issues involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualino Loi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, Teramo, 64100, Italy,
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Maruotti J, Wahlin K, Gorrell D, Bhutto I, Lutty G, Zack DJ. A simple and scalable process for the differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:341-54. [PMID: 23585288 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness among the elderly in industrialized countries, is associated with the dysfunction and death of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. As a result, there has been significant interest in developing RPE culture systems both to study AMD disease mechanisms and to provide substrate for possible cell-based therapies. Because of their indefinite self-renewal, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to provide an unlimited supply of RPE-like cells. However, most protocols developed to date for deriving RPE cells from hPSCs involve time- and labor-consuming manual steps, which hinder their use in biomedical applications requiring large amounts of differentiated cells. Here, we describe a simple and scalable protocol for the generation of RPE cells from hPSCs that is less labor-intensive. After amplification by clonal propagation using a myosin inhibitor, differentiation was induced in monolayers of hPSCs, and the resulting RPE cells were purified by two rounds of whole-dish single-cell passage. This approach yields highly pure populations of functional hPSC-derived RPE cells that display many characteristics of native RPE cells, including proper pigmentation and morphology, cell type-specific marker expression, polarized membrane and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion, and phagocytic activity. This work represents a step toward mass production of RPE cells from hPSCs.
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Degrelle SA, Jaffrezic F, Campion E, Lê Cao KA, Le Bourhis D, Richard C, Rodde N, Fleurot R, Everts RE, Lecardonnel J, Heyman Y, Vignon X, Yang X, Tian XC, Lewin HA, Renard JP, Hue I. Uncoupled embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues compromise blastocyst development after somatic cell nuclear transfer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38309. [PMID: 22701625 PMCID: PMC3368877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the most efficient cell reprogramming technique available, especially when working with bovine species. Although SCNT blastocysts performed equally well or better than controls in the weeks following embryo transfer at Day 7, elongation and gastrulation defects were observed prior to implantation. To understand the developmental implications of embryonic/extra-embryonic interactions, the morphological and molecular features of elongating and gastrulating tissues were analysed. At Day 18, 30 SCNT conceptuses were compared to 20 controls (AI and IVP: 10 conceptuses each); one-half of the SCNT conceptuses appeared normal while the other half showed signs of atypical elongation and gastrulation. SCNT was also associated with a high incidence of discordance in embryonic and extra-embryonic patterns, as evidenced by morphological and molecular “uncoupling”. Elongation appeared to be secondarily affected; only 3 of 30 conceptuses had abnormally elongated shapes and there were very few differences in gene expression when they were compared to the controls. However, some of these differences could be linked to defects in microvilli formation or extracellular matrix composition and could thus impact extra-embryonic functions. In contrast to elongation, gastrulation stages included embryonic defects that likely affected the hypoblast, the epiblast, or the early stages of their differentiation. When taking into account SCNT conceptus somatic origin, i.e. the reprogramming efficiency of each bovine ear fibroblast (Low: 0029, Med: 7711, High: 5538), we found that embryonic abnormalities or severe embryonic/extra-embryonic uncoupling were more tightly correlated to embryo loss at implantation than were elongation defects. Alternatively, extra-embryonic differences between SCNT and control conceptuses at Day 18 were related to molecular plasticity (high efficiency/high plasticity) and subsequent pregnancy loss. Finally, because it alters re-differentiation processes in vivo, SCNT reprogramming highlights temporally and spatially restricted interactions among cells and tissues in a unique way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine A. Degrelle
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- INRA, UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Evelyne Campion
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- INRA, UR631, Station d’Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, Castanet, France
| | - Daniel Le Bourhis
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
- UNCEIA, R&D Department, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Nathalie Rodde
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Fleurot
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Yvan Heyman
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Xavier Vignon
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Xiangzhong Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiuchun C. Tian
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jean-Paul Renard
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Isabelle Hue
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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