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Chen X, Ma J, Zhang T. Genetics and Epigenetics in the Genesis and Development of Microtia. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:00001665-990000000-01343. [PMID: 38345940 PMCID: PMC11045557 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external and middle ear associated with varying degrees of severity that range from mild structural abnormalities to the absence of the external ear and auditory canal. Globally, it is the second most common congenital craniofacial malformation and is typically caused by inherited defects, external factors, or the interaction between genes and external factors. Epigenetics notably represents a bridge between genetics and the environment. This review has devoted attention to the current proceedings of the genetics and epigenetics of microtia and related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yang R, Fu Y, Li C, Chen Y, He A, Jiang X, Ma J, Zhang T. Profiling of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Auricular Cartilage of Patients with Isolated Microtia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2024; 28:50-58. [PMID: 38416666 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Microtia is the second most common maxillofacial birth defect worldwide. However, the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in isolated microtia is not well understood. This study aimed at identifying lncRNAs that regulate the expression of genes associated with isolated microtia. Methods: We used our microarray data to analyze the expression pattern of lncRNA in the auricular cartilage tissues from 10 patients diagnosed with isolated microtia, alongside 15 control subjects. Five lncRNAs were chosen for validation using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: We identified 4651 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the auricular cartilage from patients with isolated microtia. By Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (GO/KEGG) analysis, we identified 27 differentially expressed genes enriched in pathways associated with microtia. In addition, we predicted 9 differentially expressed genes as potential cis-acting targets of 12 differentially expressed lncRNAs. Our findings by qRT-PCR demonstrate significantly elevated expression levels of ZFAS1 and DAB1-AS1, whereas ADIRF-AS1, HOTAIRM1, and EPB41L4A-AS1 exhibited significantly reduced expression levels in the auricular cartilage tissues of patients with isolated microtia. Conclusions: Our study sheds light on the potential involvement of lncRNAs in microtia and provides a basis for further investigation into their functional roles and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenlong Li
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijuan He
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Medical Laboratory of Nantong Zhongke, Department of Bioinformatics, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, ENT Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Changes in Transcriptome-Associated Co-Expression Profile of Embryonic External Ear Development After Prkra Gene Mutation. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:536-543. [PMID: 36183374 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to understand the changes in gene expression during the mouse external ear embryonic development in the full transcriptomes of mice with a point mutation in the Prkra gene, the outer ear tissues of mouse embryos were developed to embryonic day (E)15.5 and E17.5, and a Prkra Little-ear mouse model was obtained. The purpose of this study was to perform a whole transcriptome association analysis of the Prkra Little-ear mouse model during external ear embryonic development using advanced sequencing techniques. The association analysis of the full transcriptome mainly included lncRNA and mRNA association analysis, lncRNA and miRNA association analysis, miRNA and mRNA association analysis, circRNA and mRNA association analysis, circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA association analysis, and lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA association analysis. The results of the correlation analysis showed that in the Prkra Little-ear mouse embryo development of the external ear was regulated by whole transcriptome and that these changes were different in wild-type mice. This study provides a new concept for elucidating the mechanism of the regulation of mouse external ear development.
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Simões A, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Gao S, Marucha PT, Dai Y, DiPietro LA, Zhou X. Differential microRNA profile underlies the divergent healing responses in skin and oral mucosal wounds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7160. [PMID: 31073224 PMCID: PMC6509259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal wounds heal faster than skin wounds, yet the role of microRNAs in this differential healing has never been examined. To delineate the role of microRNAs in this site-specific injury response, we first compared the microRNAome of uninjured skin and oral mucosa in mice. A total of 53 tissue-specific microRNAs for skin and oral mucosa epithelium were identified. The most striking difference was the high abundance of miR-10a/b in skin (accounting for 21.10% of the skin microRNAome) as compared to their low expression in oral mucosa (2.87%). We further examined the dynamic changes of microRNAome throughout the time course of skin and oral mucosal wound healing. More differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in skin wounds than oral wounds (200 and 33, respectively). More specifically, miR-10a/b was significantly down-regulated in skin but not oral wounds. In contrast, up-regulation of miR-21 was observed in both skin and oral wounds. The therapeutic potential of miR-10b and miR-21 in accelerating wound closure was demonstrated in in vitro assays and in a murine skin wound model. Thus, we provided the first site-specific microRNA profile of skin and oral mucosal wound healing, and demonstrate the feasibility of a microRNA-based therapy for promoting wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Simões
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Oral Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zujian Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phillip T Marucha
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,College of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luisa A DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Su LN, Song XQ, Xue ZX, Zheng CQ, Yin HF, Wei HP. Network analysis of microRNAs, transcription factors, and target genes involved in axon regeneration. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:293-304. [PMID: 29616505 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration is crucial for recovery from neurological diseases. Numerous studies have identified several genes, microRNAs (miRNAs), and transcription factors (TFs) that influence axon regeneration. However, the regulatory networks involved have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed a regulatory network of 51 miRNAs, 27 TFs, and 59 target genes, which is involved in axon regeneration. We identified 359 pairs of feed-forward loops (FFLs), seven important genes (Nap1l1, Arhgef12, Sema6d, Akt3, Trim2, Rab11fip2, and Rps6ka3), six important miRNAs (hsa-miR-204-5p, hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-17-5p, and hsa-miR-15b-5p), and eight important TFs (Smada2, Fli1, Wt1, Sp6, Sp3, Smad4, Smad5, and Creb1), which appear to play an important role in axon regeneration. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that axon-associated genes are involved mainly in the regulation of cellular component organization, axonogenesis, and cell morphogenesis during neuronal differentiation. However, these findings need to be validated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ning Su
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Song
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Zhan-Xia Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Chen-Qing Zheng
- Shenzhen RealOmics (Biotech) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518081, China
| | - Hai-Feng Yin
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
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Role of microRNAs in inner ear development and hearing loss. Gene 2018; 686:49-55. [PMID: 30389561 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of hearing loss tends to be multi-factorial and affects a significant proportion of the global population. Despite the differences in etiology, a common physical pathological change that leads to hearing loss is damage to the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play a role in inner ear development and thus, may play a role in the development or prevention of hearing loss. In this paper, we review the mechanism of action of miRNAs in the auditory system. We present an overview about the role of miRNAs in inner ear development, summarize the current research on the role of miRNAs in gene regulation, and discuss the effects of both miRNA mutations as well as overexpression. We discuss the crucial role of miRNAs in ensuring normal physiological development of the inner ear. Any deviation from the proper function of miRNA in the cochlea seems to contribute to deleterious damage to the structure of the auditory system and subsequently results in hearing loss. As interest for miRNA research increases, this paper serves as a platform to review current understandings and postulate future avenues for research. A better knowledge about the role of miRNA in the auditory system will help in developing novel treatment modalities for restoring hearing function based on regeneration of damaged inner ear hair cells.
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Kashyap S, Kumar S, Agarwal V, Misra DP, Phadke SR, Kapoor A. Protein protein interaction network analysis of differentially expressed genes to understand involved biological processes in coronary artery disease and its different severity. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Kashyap S, Kumar S, Agarwal V, Misra DP, Phadke SR, Kapoor A. Gene expression profiling of coronary artery disease and its relation with different severities. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yokoyama E, Smith-Pellegrin DL, Sánchez S, Molina B, Rodríguez A, Juárez R, Lieberman E, Avila S, Castrillo JL, Del Castillo V, Frías S. 7p15 deletion as the cause of hand-foot-genital syndrome: a case report, literature review and proposal of a minimum region for this phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:42. [PMID: 29177010 PMCID: PMC5688765 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hand-foot-genital syndrome (HFGS) is a rare condition characterized by congenital malformations in the limbs and genitourinary tract. Generally, this syndrome occurs due to point mutations that cause loss of function of the HOXA13 gene, which is located on 7p15; however, there are some patients with HFGS caused by interstitial deletions in this region. Case presentation We describe a pediatric Mexican patient who came to the Medical Genetics Department at the National Institute of Pediatrics because he presented with genital, hand and feet anomalies, facial dysmorphisms, and learning difficulties. Array CGH reported a 12.7 Mb deletion that includes HOXA13. Conclusions We compared our patient with cases of HFGS reported in the literature caused by a microdeletion; we found a minimum shared region in 7p15.2. By analyzing the phenotype in these patients, we suggest that microdeletions in this region should be investigated in all patients with clinical characteristics of HFGS who also present with dysplastic ears, mainly low-set implantation with a prominent antihelix, as well as a low nasal bridge and long philtrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiy Yokoyama
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Dennise Lesley Smith-Pellegrin
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Silvia Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Bertha Molina
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Rocío Juárez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Cáncer. Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, México D.F, Mexico
| | - Esther Lieberman
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Victoria Del Castillo
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Sara Frías
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Departamento de Investigación en Genética Humana. Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico.,Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Avenida IMAN no. 1, Torre de Investigación, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán. Ciudad de México, CDMX., México D.F, Mexico
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Su LN, Song XQ, Wei HP, Yin HF. Identification of neuron-related genes for cell therapy of neurological disorders by network analysis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:172-182. [PMID: 28124845 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) differentiated into neurons have been widely proposed for use in cell therapy of many neurological disorders. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this differentiation. We screened differentially expressed genes between immature neural tissues and untreated BMSCs to identify the genes responsible for neuronal differentiation from BMSCs. GSE68243 gene microarray data of rat BMSCs and GSE18860 gene microarray data of rat neurons were received from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Transcriptome Analysis Console software showed that 1248 genes were up-regulated and 1273 were down-regulated in neurons compared with BMSCs. Gene Ontology functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction networks, functional modules, and hub genes were analyzed using DAVID, STRING 10, BiNGO tool, and Network Analyzer software, revealing that nine hub genes, Nrcam, Sema3a, Mapk8, Dlg4, Slit1, Creb1, Ntrk2, Cntn2, and Pax6, may play a pivotal role in neuronal differentiation from BMSCs. Seven genes, Dcx, Nrcam, sema3a, Cntn2, Slit1, Ephb1, and Pax6, were shown to be hub nodes within the neuronal development network, while six genes, Fgf2, Tgfβ1, Vegfa, Serpine1, Il6, and Stat1, appeared to play an important role in suppressing neuronal differentiation. However, additional studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ning Su
- Department of Biology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Song
- Department of Biology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wei
- Department of Biology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
| | - Hai-Feng Yin
- Department of Biology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075029, China
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Torres L, Juárez U, García L, Miranda-Ríos J, Frias S. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in mouse fetus at 13.5 and 14.5 days post-coitum in ear and back skin tissues. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 9:70-7. [PMID: 27408816 PMCID: PMC4932619 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no information regarding the role of microRNAs in the development of the external ear in mammals. The purpose of this study was to determine the stage-specific expression of microRNA during external ear development in mice under normal conditions. GeneChip miRNA 3.0 arrays by Affymetrix were used to obtain miRNA expression profiles from mice fetal pinnae and back skin tissues at 13.5 days-post-coitum (dpc) and 14.5 dpc. Biological triplicates for each tissue were analyzed; one litter represents one biological replica, each litter had 16 fetuses on average. The results were analyzed with Affymetrix's Transcriptome Analysis Console software to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. The inquiry showed significant differential expression of 25 miRNAs at 13.5 dpc and 31 at 14.5 dpc, some of these miRNAs were predicted to target genes implicated in external ear development. One example is mmu-miR-10a whose low expression in pinnae is known to impact ear development by modulating Hoxa1 mRNA levels Garzon et al. (2006), Gavalas et al. (1998) [1], [2]. Other findings like the upregulation of mmu-miR-200c and mmu-miR-205 in the pinnae tissues of healthy mice are in agreement with what has been reported in human patients with microtia, in which down regulation of both miRNAs has been found Li et al. (2013) [3]. This study uncovered a spatiotemporal pattern of miRNA expression in the external ear, which results from continuous transcriptional changes during normal development of body structures. All microarray data are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) at NCBI under accession number GSE64945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Torres
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Depto. de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ulises Juárez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Depto. de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura García
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Miranda-Ríos
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Frias
- Laboratorio de Citogenética, Depto. de Investigación en Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México
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