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Lenchenko E, Sachivkina N, Petrukhina O, Petukhov N, Zharov A, Zhabo N, Avdonina M. Anatomical, pathological, and histological features of experimental respiratory infection of birds by biofilm-forming bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Vet World 2024; 17:612-619. [PMID: 38680142 PMCID: PMC11045526 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.612-619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections is mediated by virulence factors, such as enzymes, toxins, and biofilms, which increase the resistance of microorganisms to host immune system evasion. Testing and searching for standardized multi-level algorithms for the indication and differentiation of biofilms at the early stages of diagnosis will contribute to the development of preventive measures to control the critical points of technology and manage dangerous risk factors for the spread of infectious diseases. This research aimed to study the main stages of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in in vitro experiments and to analyze the dynamics of respiratory syndrome development in chickens infected with these bacteria. Materials and Methods Experimental reproduction of the infectious process was performed using laboratory models: 10-day-old White Leghorn chickens (n = 20). Before the experiments, the birds were divided into two groups according to the principle of analogs: Group I (control, n = 10): the birds were intranasally inoculated with 0.5 cm3 of 0.9% NaCl solution; Group II (experiment, n = 10): the birds were intranasally inoculated with a suspension of S. aureus bacteria, 0.5 cm3, concentration 1 billion/cm3. Results Colonization of individual areas of the substrate under study in vitro occurred gradually from the sedimentation and adhesion of single motile planktonic cells to the attachment stage of microcolony development. Staining preparations with gentian violet due to the "metachromosia" property of this dye are a quick and fairly simple way to differentiate cells and the intercellular matrix of biofilms. Fixation with vapors of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide preserves the natural architecture of biofilms under optical and scanning electron microscopy. Pure cultures of S. aureus microorganisms were isolated from the blood, lungs, small intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen after 5-10 days during experimental infection of chickens. Clinical signs of respiratory syndrome developed within 5-6 days after infection. Acute and subacute serous-fibrinous airsacculitis, characterized by edema and thickening of the membranes of the air sacs and the presence of turbid, watery, foamy contents in the cavity, was the most characteristic pathomorphological sign. The signs of acute congestive hyperemia and one-sided serous-fibrinous pneumonia developed with significant thickening of fibrinous deposits. In Garder's gland, there was an increase in the number of secretory sections, indicating hypersecretion of the glands. In the lymphoid follicles of Meckel's diverticulum, leukocytes, usually lymphocytes, and pseudoeosinophils were detected. Conclusions Hydration and heteromorphism of the internal environment of biofilms determine the localization of differentiated cells in a three-dimensional matrix for protection against adverse factors. The most characteristic pathomorphological sign was the development of acute and subacute serous-fibrinous airsacculitis when reproducing the infectious process in susceptible models. There was a significant thickening of fibrinous deposits and signs of acute congestive hyperemia and one or two serous-fibrinous pneumonia developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Russian Biotechnological University (BIOTECH University), 125080, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya Petrukhina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Petukhov
- Department of Technosphere Security, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Zharov
- Department of Technosphere Security, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natallia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Avdonina
- Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication of the Faculty of Distance Learning and Part-Time Education of Moscow State Linguistic University, 119034 Moscow, Russia
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Sachivkina N, Karamyan A, Petrukhina O, Kuznetsova O, Neborak E, Ibragimova A. A rabbit model of ear otitis established using the Malassezia pachydermatis strain C23 from dogs. Vet World 2023; 16:2192-2199. [PMID: 38152255 PMCID: PMC10750737 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2192-2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Fungal infections are a growing problem for both humans and animals due to the emergence of pathogenic strains resistant to modern antifungal treatments. To evaluate the efficacy of new antifungal drugs, it is essential to develop animal models that demonstrate typical responses to both the infection (pathogenesis and clinical course) and to the treatment, including adverse effects. In this study, we established a rabbit otitis model by infection of an aggressive multidrug-resistant strain from dogs, Malassezia pachydermatis C23, with no need for concomitant immunosuppression. Materials and Methods Twenty healthy adult male gray giant rabbits (1 year old, 5.5 kg) were inoculated once with M. pachydermatis C23 at 108 colony-forming units/mL. We observed the clinical signs of the disease and collected ear smears and blood samples every 5 days. Results The infection progressed rapidly and exhibited characteristic clinical signs without spontaneous recovery for at least 1 month. In fact, substantial deterioration was observed as evidenced by blood parameters. Conclusion This rabbit otitis model established using an aggressive drug-resistant fungus strain without immunosuppression could prove valuable for testing novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Arfenya Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya Petrukhina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Neborak
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfia Ibragimova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of General Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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Lyagin I, Aslanli A, Domnin M, Stepanov N, Senko O, Maslova O, Efremenko E. Metal Nanomaterials and Hydrolytic Enzyme-Based Formulations for Improved Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11359. [PMID: 37511117 PMCID: PMC10379199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Active research of metal-containing compounds and enzymes as effective antifungal agents is currently being conducted due to the growing antifungal resistance problem. Metals are attracting special attention due to the wide variety of ligands that can be used for them, including chemically synthesized and naturally obtained variants as a result of the so-called "green synthesis". The main mechanism of the antifungal action of metals is the triggering of the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further action of ROS on various biomolecules is nonspecific. Various hydrolytic enzymes (glucanases and proteases), in turn, exhibit antifungal properties by affecting the structural elements of fungal cells (cell walls, membranes), fungal quorum sensing molecules, fungal own protective agents (mycotoxins and antibiotics), and proteins responsible for the adhesion and formation of stable, highly concentrated populations in the form of biofilms. A wide substrate range of enzymes allows the use of various mechanisms of their antifungal actions. In this review, we discuss the prospects of combining two different types of antifungal agents (metals and enzymes) against mycelial fungi and yeast cells. Special attention is paid to the possible influence of metals on the activity of the enzymes and the possible effects of proteins on the antifungal activity of metal-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysel Aslanli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim Domnin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Senko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maslova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Lenchenko E, Sachivkina N, Lobaeva T, Zhabo N, Avdonina M. Bird immunobiological parameters in the dissemination of the biofilm-forming bacteria Escherichia coli. Vet World 2023; 16:1052-1060. [PMID: 37576771 PMCID: PMC10420717 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1052-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim With the development of industrial maintenance technology, a group of pathogens called avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) became very common. The initiation, development, and outcome of the infectious process mediated by virulent APEC strains occur through a decrease in the colonization resistance of the intestine, an immunobiological marker of homeostasis stability in susceptible species. This study focused on the pathogenetic features of colibacillosis and the morphological features of E. coli. Materials and Methods Clinical, immunological, bacteriological, and histological studies were conducted on 15-day-old white Leghorn birds (n = 20). The birds were divided into two groups: Control group (Group I; n = 10) with birds intranasally inoculated with 0.5 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution and experimental group (Group II; n = 10) with birds intranasally inoculated with 0.5 mL of an E. coli suspension at 1 billion/mL. Results During the biofilm formation, clusters of microcolonies were formed as a gel-like intercellular matrix that accumulated due to cell coagulation. The intercellular matrix "glues" heteromorphic cells together and forms a structure of densely packed heteromorphic cells arranged in an orderly manner and growing in different directions. During the experimental reproduction of E. coli, excessive growth was observed in material isolated from poultry. Pathogenic E. coli strains implementing virulence factors adhered to the receptors of erythrocytes, alveolocytes, and enterocytes. Multicellular heterogeneous biofilms, united by an intercellular matrix, were located at the apical poles of the respiratory tract alveolocytes and enterocytes of the terminal ileum villi. Many bacteria exudate containing desquamated epithelial cells with an admixture of mucus, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were detected in the lumen of the birds' abdominal organs. Invasive bacteria damaged the epithelial layer, violated the endothelial layer of blood vessels, and developed inflammatory hyperemia of the lamina propria of the respiratory and digestive systems' mucous membrane. A correlative dependence of changes developed by the type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction was established. Signs of accidental transformation of the thymus, atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, disseminated thrombosis, and septic spleen developed. Moreover, toxic cardiomyocyte dystrophy, signs of congestive vascular hyperemia, massive disintegration of lymphocytes, macrophage reactions, perivascular edema resulting from the release of plasma, and shaped blood elements were detected. Conclusion The development and outcome of the infectious process in escherichiosis primarily depend on the homeostasis stability of susceptible species and virulence factors of the pathogenic microorganisms. One of the selected strains, E. coli O78:K80 displayed the highest ability to form biofilms. Its strong adhesion ability to bird erythrocytes was demonstrated. Deepening the scientific knowledge of the interaction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenetic aspects of avian escherichiosis and eventually find promising anti-adhesive drugs that could reduce primary bacterial contamination in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Russian Biotechnological University (BIOTECH University), 125080, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Lobaeva
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natallia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Avdonina
- Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Moscow State Linguistic University, 119034, Moscow, Russia
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Olabode IR, Sachivkina N, Karamyan A, Mannapova R, Kuznetsova O, Bobunova A, Zhabo N, Avdonina M, Gurina R. In Vitro Activity of Farnesol against Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates from Otitis Externa Cases in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071259. [PMID: 37048514 PMCID: PMC10093264 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis externa of dogs is a significant problem due to the prevalence and complexity of the treatment of such animals. There is evidence that in 60-80% of cases of infectious diseases microorganisms located in the biofilm phenotype play the main role. Microorganisms in the biofilm phenotype have a number of advantages, the most significant of which is considered to be increased resistance to various external factors. Among them, a special place is occupied by resistance to antibiotics. In recent decades, research has been conducted at an increasing scale on the role of biofilm infections in various pathologies in veterinary medicine. The etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis biofilm has not been fully studied. This is why we consider relevant the scientific and practical aspects of research on the etiology and therapy of dog otitis externa from the position of biofilm infection. In this work, it has been statistically proven that there is a relationship between the optical density of Malassezia pachydermatis biofilms and their sensitivity to drugs, and this relationship is statistically significant. In addition, we have demonstrated that Farnesol has a good antibiofilm effect at a concentration of more 1.6 μM/mL (24% OD decrease of biofilm), and its highest antibiofilm effect (71-55%-more than a half) was observed at a concentration of 200-12.5 μM/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifarajimi Rapheal Olabode
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramziya Mannapova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry T.T. Berezov, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Bobunova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natallia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Avdonina
- Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Moscow State Linguistic University, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Regina Gurina
- Department of Technosphere Safety, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Rudenko AA, Karamyan AS, Usenko DS, Krotova EA, Rogov RV, Prozorovskiy IE. Treatment for cholangiohepatitis in cats. RUDN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 2023. [DOI: 10.22363/2312-797x-2023-18-1-135-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute bacterial cholangiohepatitis of cats is a common disease associated with the inflammation of bile ducts and liver parenchyma, characterized by development of a pronounced hepatodepressive syndrome (hypoalbuminemia), cytolysis (increase in serum activity of alanine and asparagine transaminase), cholestasis (increase in serum concentration of bilirubin, cholesterol, activity of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase), intoxication, dehydration, mesenchymal-inflammatory and pain syndromes. The aim of the research was to study the effectiveness of treatment for acute bacterial cholangiohepatitis in cats with average severity of the pathology course. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study included a cohort of cats (n = 12) with acute bacterial cholangiohepatitis. Clinical, hematological, ultrasonographic, statistical methods of investigation were used in this work. For sick cats with medium severity form of cholangiohepatitis, when administered as a complex therapy the combination of marbofloxacin, metronidazole, ursodeoxycholic acid, cyancobolamine, tocopherol acetate, infusion therapy also had a good therapeutic effect, which was accompanied by improved clinical and laboratory performance. In the blood of cats with cholangiohepatitis, in the background of intensive therapy, there was a significant decrease in white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and in serum, there was an increase in albumin concentration, reduction of creatinine, aminotransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, lipase.
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He J, Ye Y, Zhang D, Yao K, Zhou M. Visualized Gallium/Lyticase-Integrated Antifungal Strategy for Fungal Keratitis Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206437. [PMID: 36177690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis has been one of the common corneal infections that causes blindness, but an effective antifungal strategy remains a challenge. The exopolysaccharides both in the fungal cell walls and biofilms are a key that acts as a permeation barrier to weaken the therapeutic effect of antifungal agents. Herein, lyticase and gallium ions co-integrated nanosystems (MLPGa) are presented that can degrade exopolysaccharides and then effectively eradicate both planktonic Candida albicans and mature biofilms. The potential antifungal mechanism involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and metabolic interference of antioxidant-related genes, exopolysaccharide-related genes, iron-ion-utilization-related genes, fungal/biofilm-development-related genes, and virulence genes. Meanwhile, the Raman signals generated by the chelation between the nanosystems and the gallium ions provide a real-time visualization tool to monitor Ga release. Finally, the MLPGa-based antifungal strategy with good biocompatibility achieves a satisfactory therapeutic effect in a fungal keratitis mouse model. This study provides a unique approach to the effective treatment of fungal keratitis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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The Bovhyaluronidase Azoximer (Longidaza ®) Disrupts Candida albicans and Candida albicans-Bacterial Mixed Biofilms and Increases the Efficacy of Antifungals. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58121710. [PMID: 36556912 PMCID: PMC9782602 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Candida albicans causes various diseases ranging from superficial mycoses to life-threatening systemic infections often associated with biofilm formation, including mixed fungal−bacterial consortia. The biofilm matrix protects cells, making Candida extremely resistant to treatment. Here, we show that the bovhyaluronidase azoximer (Longidaza®) in vitro destroys the biofilm formed by either C. albicans alone or mixed with bacteria, this way decreasing the concentrations of antimicrobials required for the pathogen’s eradication. Materials and Methods: Bovhyaluronidase azoximer, Longidaza® was obtained from NPO Petrovax Pharm Ltd., Moscow, Russia as lyophilized powder. The antifungal activity was assessed by microdilution assay and CFUs counting. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated via biofilms staining and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Thus, treatment with Longidaza® reduced the biofilm biomass of nine C. albicans clinical isolates by 30−60%, while mixed biofilms of C. albicans with various bacteria were destroyed by 30−40%. Furthermore, the concentration of fluconazole required to achieve a similar reduction of the residual respiratory activity of detached cell clumps of four C. albicans isolates has been reduced four-fold when combined with Longidaza®. While in the biofilm, two of four isolates became significantly more susceptible to fluconazole in combination with Longidaza®. Conclusion: Taken together, our data indicate that Longidaza® is capable of suppression of tissues and artificial surfaces biofouling by C. albicans biofilms, as well as facilitating drug penetration into the cell clumps, this way decreasing the effective MIC of antifungals.
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Lenchenko E, Lenchenko S, Sachivkina N, Kuznetsova O, Ibragimova A. Interaction of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus with the biofilm-forming Aeromonas hydrophila. Vet World 2022; 15:2458-2465. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2458-2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The resistance of susceptible fish populations and the adaptive potential of heterogeneous biofilms, which cause multiple antibacterial resistance and long-term persistence of microorganisms, mediate the development and outcome of the infectious process. The study of the fish immunological parameters in interaction with biofilm-forming bacteria is of practical importance for assessing the stability of the homeostasis of the fish. This study aimed to determine the immunobiological parameters of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus when interacting with biofilm-forming bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila.
Materials and Methods: Clinically healthy fish C. carpio L. (Linnaeus, 1758) of both sexes, aged 4 years, and weighing 1.0–1.5 kg (n = 10), were used in this study. The fish were taken from the pond of the VNIIR experimental base in the period of 2020–2022. The standard method was employed to determine the phagocytic activity of blood cells, the total redox activity of neutrophils, and the bactericidal activity of blood serum.
Results: After 24–48 h of cultivation in nutrient broth, the implementation of the processes of intercellular communication of bacteria had common patterns of formation of the heterogeneous structure of biofilms. Moreover, analyzing the optical density indices (density, D), it was observed that A. hydrophila was a strong producer of biofilms, as the optical density of the sample (density of sample, Ds) exceeded the optical density of the control (density of control, Dc) by more than 4 times (D = 0.464 ± 0.07). The ratio of the average number of microorganisms attached to the surface of one erythrocyte (average adhesion index) and the percentage (%) of erythrocytes having bacteria on their surface (adhesion coefficient [AC]) was 14.05 ± 0.72, and the adhesion index, AI was ≥4.00, indicating A. hydrophila to be highly adhesive. In addition, the AC of erythrocytes having bacteria on the surface was 14.05% ± 0.72%. A direct correlation was established (R2 = 0.94) between the AC (14.05% ± 0.11%–13.29% ± 0.08%) and the phagocytic index (11.3% ± 0.29%–32.0% ± 0.8%). The indicators of spontaneous nitro blue tetrazolium were 103.20 ± 11.70 when estimating the total redox activity of neutrophils. The optical density increased to 182.10 ± 21.12 with the addition of 20.0 μL of A. hydrophila bacteria (1 billion/mL) and the activity of neutrophils also increased.
Conclusion: Among the markers of homeostasis stability, immunological indicators most fully reflect the mechanisms of initiation, development, and outcome of the infectious process mediated by the interaction of adhesive molecules of multicellular eukaryotes and adhesives of infectious disease pathogens. The research will contribute to further understanding the potential mechanism of quorum-sensing molecules and the search for new anti-adhesive drugs that reduce the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svyatoslav Lenchenko
- All-Russian Research Institute of Integrated Fish Farming – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center for Livestock – VIZh named after Academician L.K. Ernst" (VNIIR – a branch of the LK Ernst Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FITS VIZH), 142460, Moscow region, Noginsky District, Pos. Them. Vorovskogo, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfia Ibragimova
- Department of General Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Vahedi F, Ghasemi Y, Atapour A, Zomorodian K, Ranjbar M, Monabati A, Nezafat N, Savardashtaki A. B-Cell Epitope Mapping from Eight Antigens of Candida albicans to Design a Novel Diagnostic Kit: An Immunoinformatics Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:110. [PMID: 35669279 PMCID: PMC9136830 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an emerging fungal infection and a leading cause of morbidity in health care facilities. Despite advances in antifungal therapy, increased antifungal drug resistance in Candida albicans has enhanced patient fatality. The most common method for Candida albicans diagnosing is blood culture, which has low sensitivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a valid diagnostic method. Our study aimed to use the bioinformatics approach to design a diagnostic kit for detecting Candida albicans with high sensitivity and specificity. Eight antigenic proteins of Candida albicans (HYR1, HWP1, ECE1, ALS, EAP1, SAP1, BGL2, and MET6) were selected. Next, a construct containing different immunodominant B-cell epitopes was derived from the antigens and connected using a suitable linker. Different properties of the final construct, such as physicochemical properties, were evaluated. Moreover, the designed construct underwent 3D modeling, reverse translation, and codon optimization. The results confirmed that the designed construct could identify Candida albicans with high sensitivity and specificity in serum samples of patients with invasive candidiasis. However, experimental studies are needed for final confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Vahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Atapour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicines, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Monabati
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Namba AM, Santos ELDS, Garcia MT, Ribeiro FDC, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC. Farnesol as a potentiator of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation on Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Sachivkina N, Senyagin A, Podoprigora I, Vasilieva E, Kuznetsova O, Karamyan A, Ibragimova A, Zhabo N, Molchanova M. Enhancement of the antifungal activity of some antimycotics by farnesol and reduction of Candida albicans pathogenicity in a quail model experiment. Vet World 2022; 15:848-854. [PMID: 35698495 PMCID: PMC9178579 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.848-854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clinical strains of microorganisms, including pathogenic yeast-like fungi (YLF), are resistant to currently used antifungal agents. Thus, it is relevant to study the combinations of existing antimicrobial drugs and a medicinal extract of plant origin (farnesol). In previous studies, farnesol showed a relatively strong anti-biofilm effect against Candida albicans. This study aimed to determine how much the resistance profile of non-biofilm microorganisms can change. Materials and Methods: Six clinical isolates of C. albicans and one reference strain were used to study the interaction of farnesol with the most used antimycotics. To determine the sensitivity of YLF to antimycotic drugs, such as nystatin (50 μg), amphotericin B (10 μg), ketoconazole (10 μg), clotrimazole (10 μg), voriconazole (10 μg), fluconazole (25 μg), miconazole (10 μg), and intraconazole (10 μg), the classic disk diffusion method was used. In the second stage, one of the six strains was used to simulate candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract in an in vivo quail model. As an unusual experimental design, this study investigated the effects of pretreated C. albicans in quails, not the in vivo pathogenicity of C. albicans, after treatment with farnesol. Results: The resistance profiles of Candida strains did not improve with farnesol in all strains. All concentrations of farnesol (100, 50, and 25 μM) demonstrated a fungistatic effect (i.e., an increase in drug sensitivity) in 23 of 56 (7×8) cases (41%). The remaining 54% demonstrated no changes in the resistance to antifungal drugs or deterioration of the indicators in rare cases (5%). At 100 μM farnesol, sensitivity improved in 33 of 56 cases (59%). Candidiasis or the severity of clinical disease of the quail digestive tract developed to a lesser extent if fungi were treated with farnesol. Conclusion: Farnesol does not always show a positive result on single cells without biofilm in the laboratory. However, in a biofilm or an in vivo model with biofilms, farnesol can be considered a new antimycotic drug or an additive to existing antimycotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Senyagin
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Podoprigora
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfia Ibragimova
- Department of General Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Molchanova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Abstract
Biofilms are recalcitrant to antimicrobials, partly due to the barrier effect of their matrix. The use of hydrolytic enzymes capable to degrade matrix constituents has been proposed as an alternative strategy against biofilm-related infections. This study aimed to determine whether hydrolytic enzymes could potentiate the activity of antimicrobials against hard-to-treat interkingdom biofilms comprising two bacteria and one fungus. We studied the activity of a series of enzymes alone or in combination, followed or not by antimicrobial treatment, against single-, dual- or three-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, by measuring their residual biomass or culturable cells. Two hydrolytic enzymes, subtilisin A and lyticase, were identified as the most effective to reduce the biomass of C. albicans biofilm. When targeting interkingdom biofilms, subtilisin A alone was the most effective enzyme to reduce biomass of all biofilms, followed by lyticase combined with an enzymatic cocktail composed of cellulase, denarase, and dispersin B that proved previously active against bacterial biofilms. The subsequent incubation with antimicrobials further reduced the biomass. Enzymes alone did not reduce culturable cells in most cases and did not interfere with the cidal effects of antimicrobials. Therefore, this work highlights the potential interest of pre-exposing interkingdom biofilms to hydrolytic enzymes to reduce their biomass besides the number of culturable cells, which was not achieved when using antimicrobials alone. IMPORTANCE Biofilms are recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatments. This problem is even more critical when dealing with polymicrobial, interkingdom biofilms, including both bacteria and fungi, as these microorganisms cooperate to strengthen the biofilm and produce a complex matrix. Here, we demonstrate that the protease subtilisin A used alone, or a cocktail containing lyticase, cellulase, denarase, and dispersin B markedly reduce the biomass of interkingdom biofilms and cooperate with antimicrobials to act upon these recalcitrant forms of infection. This work may open perspectives for the development of novel adjuvant therapies against biofilm-related infections.
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14
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Sachivkina N, Vasilieva E, Lenchenko E, Kuznetsova O, Karamyan A, Ibragimova A, Zhabo N, Molchanova M. Reduction in Pathogenicity in Yeast-like Fungi by Farnesol in Quail Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040489. [PMID: 35203197 PMCID: PMC8868261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans was the first eukaryotic microorganism to exhibit quorum-sensing through the secretion of the sesquiterpene E, farnesol. This molecule is generated by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway in mammalian and yeast cells. Exogenous farnesol inhibits yeast-to-hyphal formation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner at the earliest stage of hyphal development. Much research has been devoted to studying the role of farnesol as an inhibitor of hyphal morphogenesis; however, little research has been published regarding the in vivo impacts of farnesol on fungal virulence and the development of Candida infection. While other studies have examined the impact of multiple doses of farnesol in addition to antimycotics, we hypothesize that C. albicans treated with a single dose of this quorum-sensing molecule could reduce fungal virulence in a quail model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alfia Ibragimova
- Department of General Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Natalia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Molchanova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
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15
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Abdelnaby MA, Shoueir KR, Ghazy AA, Abdelhamid SM, El Kemary MA, Mahmoud HE, Baraka K, Abozahra RR. Synthesis and evaluation of metallic nanoparticles-based vaccines against Candida albicans infections. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Meng Q, Wu PP, Li MM, Shu RH, Zhou GL, Zhang JH, Zhang H, Jiang H, Qin QL, Zou Z. Distinct Responses of Thitarodes xiaojinensis β-1,3-Glucan Recognition Protein-1 and Immulectin-8 to Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:200-209. [PMID: 34162722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanization and encapsulation are prominent defense responses against microbes detected by pattern recognition receptors of their host insects. In the ghost moth Thitarodes xiaojinensis, an activated immune system can melanize and encapsulate the fungus Cordyceps militaris However, these responses were hardly detected in the host hemolymph postinfection of another fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis The immune interaction between O. sinensis and the host remains largely unknown, which hinders the artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps. We found that T. xiaojinensis β-1,3-glucan recognition protein-1 (βGRP1) was needed for prophenoloxidase activation induced by C. militaris Failure of βGRP1 to recognize O. sinensis is a primary reason for the lack of melanization in the infected host. Lyticase or snailase treatment combined with binding and immunofluorescence detection showed the existence of a protective layer preventing the fungus from βGRP1 recognition. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis indicated that βGRP1 interacted with immulectin-8 (IML8) via binding to C. militaris IML8 promotes encapsulation. This study suggests the roles of T. xiaojinensis βGRP1 and IML8 in modulating immune responses against C. militaris Most importantly, the data indicate that O. sinensis may evade melanization by preventing βGRP1 recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Hao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; and
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; .,Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Rudenko P, Sachivkina N, Vatnikov Y, Shabunin S, Engashev S, Kontsevaya S, Karamyan A, Bokov D, Kuznetsova O, Vasilieva E. Role of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis in Moscow region in biofilm formation. Vet World 2021; 14:40-48. [PMID: 33642784 PMCID: PMC7896911 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.40-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Mastitis is one of the most important diseases of cows and the most expensive pathology for the dairy industry. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the role of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis in the formation of biofilms under the conditions of farm biogeocenosis in the Moscow region. Materials and Methods Periodic visits to 12 farms in the Moscow region were conducted to explore the microbial profile of the udder of cows with mastitis. During the visits, 103 milk samples from sick animals were collected and examined. Through microbiological analyses, 486 cultures of microorganisms were identified, which are assigned to 11 genera. Mastitis in cows is caused not only by a single pathogen but also by microbial associations, which included two to seven microbial isolates. Results It was observed that 309 isolates (63.6%) from the total number of isolated microorganisms could form a biofilm. The ability to form biofilms was most frequently observed in Staphylococcus aureus (18.8%), Escherichia coli (11.9%), and Staphylococcus uberis (11.7%) cultures from the total number of biofilm-forming microbial cultures. Low biofilm-forming ability among the isolated microorganisms was found in lactobacilli, wherein only 20 (22.5%) Lactobacillus strains had the ability to form biofilms. The isolated microorganisms exhibited different sensitivities to antimicrobial agents, which cause difficulty in selecting an antimicrobial agent that would act on all aspects of the parasitocenosis. Conclusion A high proportion of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis have the ability to form biofilms. The isolated microorganisms exhibited different and highly heterogeneous sensitivity to the action of antimicrobial drugs. This causes difficulty in using these tools for the effective control of mastitis in cows, which is frequently caused by pathogenic associations of microbial biofilms. Therefore, it is important to explore novel and more effective methods to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rudenko
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Shabunin
- Russian Research Veterinary Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology, and Therapy of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Sergey Engashev
- Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA named after K.I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kontsevaya
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Belgorod State Agricultural University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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