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Wang N, Chen SQ, Tang YJ, Chen QZ, Wang JH, Bai YF, Zhou YL, Xu HH, Li WL, Chen J, Cui JH, Wang YC, Zhang YL, Yu Y. Identification of the key genes in Sanhe cattle for health and milk composition traits based on the WGCNA. J Dairy Sci 2025:S0022-0302(25)00214-0. [PMID: 40221034 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Sanhe cattle are domestically bred dual-purpose (i.e., milk and meat) cattle in northeast China that exhibit exceptional adaptability, resilience, and milk composition traits. Nevertheless, few studies that have analyzed the transcriptome of Sanhe cattle and elucidated the key pathways and genes accountable for its immune and production traits. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis is effective for cattle genetic studies. In this study, with Holstein cattle (n = 82) serving as the dairy breed, we aimed to investigate the manifestations and regulatory pathways of the health and milk composition traits for the Sanhe cattle population (n = 61). We employed principal composition analysis and pathway scoring to compare the distinct characteristics between the 2 cattle breeds using transcriptome, routine blood examination, milk composition, and dairy herd improvement data. We then identified 20 hub genes and potentially crucial pathways that were specifically and significantly correlated with the health and milk composition traits of Sanhe cattle by weighted co-expression network analysis and enrichment analysis. We discovered 56 hub genes that might give rise to commonalities and differences in health and milk composition between Sanhe cattle and Holstein cattle. Finally, we examined the differences in hub gene expression in health and milk composition traits between Sanhe cattle and Holstein cattle using correlation analysis. Overall, this study establishes a foundation for further exploration of the molecular markers related to the health and milk composition traits of Sanhe cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y J Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Z Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y F Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y L Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H H Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - W L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Chen
- Xiertala Cattle Breeding Farm, Hailaer Farm Buro, Hailaer, Hulunbuir 021012, China
| | - J H Cui
- Xiertala Cattle Breeding Farm, Hailaer Farm Buro, Hailaer, Hulunbuir 021012, China
| | - Y C Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li C, Shu H, Gu X. Photoperiod Management in Farm Animal Husbandry: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:591. [PMID: 40003072 PMCID: PMC11851680 DOI: 10.3390/ani15040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2025] [Revised: 02/08/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
This review aims to examine the effects of the photoperiod on farm animals and to provide insights into how lighting management can optimize production performance, reproduction, and welfare. The production performance of farm animals is influenced by a variety of factors, such as diet, breed, and environment. Among these, lighting is a crucial component of the feeding environment. With the advancement of intensive farming, lighting measures are increasingly receiving attention. The photoperiod regulates the biological rhythms of animals and affects the secretion of hormones within the animal's body, particularly melatonin. Melatonin regulates the secretion and release of several other hormones through various pathways, such as growth hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins. Therefore, the environmental light cycle participates in a variety of physiological activities within animals. An appropriate photoperiod can enhance the production performance, reproduction performance, and welfare conditions of farm animals. Choosing the appropriate lighting duration based on different animals, physiological stages, and production purposes can enhance the economic benefits of farms. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on the impact of photoperiods in different farm animal feeding environments on animal husbandry, although research on the suitable photoperiod for some animals might be outdated and is also discussed in this article. For lactating dairy cows, calves, poultry, pigs (excluding boars), and rabbits, continuous light exposure exceeding 12 h per day can be implemented to enhance growth and production performance. In contrast, for boars and goats, daily light exposure should be limited to less than 10 h to optimize reproductive and productive efficiency. Overall, this review aimed to provide theoretical support for research on the optimal photoperiod for farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.L.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.L.)
- AgroBioChem/TERRA, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (C.L.)
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Zou Y, Chen Y, Meng Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Cow Milk Fatty Acid and Protein Composition in Different Breeds and Regions in China. Molecules 2024; 29:5142. [PMID: 39519783 PMCID: PMC11547715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cow milk is rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals; however, its precise nutrient content varies based on various factors. In the current study, we evaluated the differences in the fatty acid and protein contents of milk and the factors associated with these differences. To achieve this, samples were collected from seven types of cows in different regions. These included samples from three dairy breeds: Chinese Holstein milk from Beijing, China (BH), Chinese Holstein milk (HH) and Jersey milk (JS) from Hebei province, China; and four dairy/meat breeds: Sanhe milk (SH) from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, Xinjiang brown milk (XH) and Simmental milk (SI) from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and Shu Xuanhua milk (SX) from Sichuan province, China. Breed significantly affects total fat, fatty acid, and protein contents. Additionally, geographic region significantly affects the contents of different fatty acids, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin. JS has the highest total fat and casein contents. XH samples contain significantly higher unsaturated fatty acid content than BH samples and do not differ significantly from JS. Additionally, the low β-lactoglobulin and high lactoferrin contents in XH samples may be favorable for the growth and development of infants. Our results may inform the development of dairy products from different cow breeds and advance the process of accurate breed identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Zou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yifei Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qingyong Meng
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yachun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Il Y, Il D, Zabolotnykh M, Savenkova I, Nurzhanova K, Zhantleuov D, Kozhebayev B, Akhmetova B, Satiyeva K, Kurmangali L. Changes in blood biochemical parameters in highly productive cows with ketosis. Vet World 2024; 17:1130-1138. [PMID: 38911074 PMCID: PMC11188885 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1130-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Biochemical blood testing is the main diagnostic indicator of the clinical condition of highly productive animals and a method of determining changes in metabolic disorders. This study focuses on metabolic changes (ketosis), which are of the utmost importance in the assessment of the health status of animals, as well as differences in intergroup characteristics. The main focus of this study is to demonstrate the influence of subclinical ketosis in highly productive cows on changes in biochemical blood parameters during different physiological periods to further prevent this disease, adjust feeding rations, and prevent premature culling of animals. This study aimed to evaluate and establish changes in the biochemical status dynamics of highly productive cows with metabolic disorders in an industrial livestock complex. Materials and Methods Blood samples were systematically collected from highly productive cows of the Simmental breed (n = 60) and served as the primary material for subsequent analyses. Each methodological step was designed to ensure evaluation of the metabolic changes associated with post-calving adjustments in highly productive dairy cows. This study employed a comprehensive approach integrating clinical assessments, laboratory analyses, biochemical evaluations, instrumental measurements, and statistical analyses. Results A biochemical blood test showed that the number of ketone bodies in the experimental group exceeded the norm, varied depending on the physiological state of the animals, and ranged from 0.89 to 1.45 mmol/L. At 10 days after calving, the highest indicator was 1.45 ± 0.05 mmol/L. This indicator was 1.05 mmol/L higher than that in the control group and exceeded the norm by 0.95. Conclusion Excess ketone bodies in the blood of animals led to accumulation in urine and milk, indicating a disturbance in metabolic processes in the body and a decrease in the quality of animal husbandry products. The sample size and the focus on a single breed from one geographical location may limit the generalizability of the findings. Further research should explore the mechanistic bases of ketosis development, potentially integrating genomic and proteomic approaches to understand the genetic predispositions and molecular pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Il
- Department of Food Security, Agrotechnological Faculty, Manash Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitrii Il
- Department of Food Security, Agrotechnological Faculty, Manash Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Mikhail Zabolotnykh
- Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of Livestock Product and Hygiene of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.A. Stolypin Omsk State Agrarian University, Omsk, Russian Federation
| | - Inna Savenkova
- Department of Agronomy and Forestry, Agrotechnological Faculty, Manash Kozybaev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Kulsara Nurzhanova
- Department of Agriculture and Bioresources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Daniyar Zhantleuov
- Department of Livestock, North Kazakhstan Research Institute of Agriculture, Beskol, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolatpek Kozhebayev
- Department of Agriculture and Bioresources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Balnur Akhmetova
- Department of Agriculture and Bioresources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaliya Satiyeva
- Department of Agriculture and Bioresources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Lailim Kurmangali
- Department of Agriculture and Bioresources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
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Özkan H, Keçeli HH, Kaya U, Dalkiran S, Yüksel M, Tek E, Yakan A. Considering potential roles of selected MicroRNAs in evaluating subclinical mastitis and Milk quality in California mastitis test (+) and infected bovine milk. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13959. [PMID: 38769761 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between subclinical mastitis and milk quality with selected microRNAs in cow milk. California Mastitis Test (CMT)-positive (n = 20) and negative (n = 20) samples were compared (Experiment I). Additionally, samples with CMT-positive but microbiological-negative, as well as positive for only Staphylococcus subspecies (Staph spp.) and only Streptococcus subspecies (Strep spp.) were examined (Experiment II). Four groups were formed in Experiment II: Group I (CMT and microbiological-negative) (n = 20), Group II (CMT-positive but microbiological-negative) (n = 10), Group III (Staph spp.) (n = 5), Group IV (Strep spp.) (n = 5). While electrical conductivity, somatic cell count (SCC), malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, miR-27a-3p and miR-223 upregulated and miR-125b downregulated in the CMT-positive group in Experiment I. SCC and MDA were higher in CMT-positive groups. miR-27a-3p and miR-223 upregulated in Groups III and IV. While miR-155 is upregulated, miR-125b downregulated in Group IV. Milk fat is positively correlated with miR-148a and miR-223. As miR-27a-3p positively correlated with SCC and MDA, miR-125b negatively correlated with electrical conductivity and SCC. miR-148a and MDA were positively correlated. miR-155 was correlated with fat-free dry matter, protein, lactose, and freezing point. miR-223 was positively correlated with SCC and miR-148a. Results particularly highlight miR-27a-3p and miR-223 as potential biomarkers in subclinical mastitis, especially those caused by Staph spp. and Strep spp., while miR-148a, miR-155, and miR-223 stand out in determining milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Hüseyin Keçeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Sevda Dalkiran
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Murat Yüksel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Erhan Tek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Akın Yakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkiye
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Bokharaeian M, Toghdory A, Ghoorchi T, Ghassemi Nejad J, Esfahani IJ. Quantitative Associations between Season, Month, and Temperature-Humidity Index with Milk Yield, Composition, Somatic Cell Counts, and Microbial Load: A Comprehensive Study across Ten Dairy Farms over an Annual Cycle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3205. [PMID: 37893929 PMCID: PMC10603629 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This current study addresses the knowledge gap regarding the influence of seasons, months, and THI on milk yield, composition, somatic cell counts (SCC), and total bacterial counts (TBC) of dairy farms in northeastern regions of Iran. For this purpose, ten dairy herds were randomly chosen, and daily milk production records were obtained. Milk samples were systematically collected from individual herds upon delivery to the dairy processing facility for subsequent analysis, including fat, protein, solids-not-fat (SNF), pH, SCC, and TBC. The effects of seasons, months, and THI on milk yield, composition, SCC, and TBC were assessed using an analysis of variance. To account for these effects, a mixed-effects model was utilized with a restricted maximum likelihood approach, treating month and THI as fixed factors. Our investigation revealed noteworthy correlations between key milk parameters and seasonal, monthly, and THI variations. Winter showed the highest milk yield, fat, protein, SNF, and pH (p < 0.01), whereas both SCC and TBC reached their lowest values in winter (p < 0.01). The highest values for milk yield, fat, and pH were recorded in January (p < 0.01), while the highest protein and SNF levels were observed in March (p < 0.01). December marked the lowest SCC and TBC values (p < 0.01). Across the THI spectrum, spanning from -3.6 to 37.7, distinct trends were evident. Quadratic regression models accounted for 34.59%, 21.33%, 4.78%, 20.22%, 1.34%, 15.42%, and 13.16% of the variance in milk yield, fat, protein, SNF, pH, SCC, and TBC, respectively. In conclusion, our findings underscore the significant impact of THI on milk production, composition, SCC, and TBC, offering valuable insights for dairy management strategies. In the face of persistent challenges posed by climate change, these results provide crucial guidance for enhancing production efficiency and upholding milk quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Bokharaeian
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran; (M.B.)
| | - Abdolhakim Toghdory
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran; (M.B.)
| | - Taghi Ghoorchi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran; (M.B.)
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Iman Janghorban Esfahani
- Glopex Co., Ltd., R&D Center, GeumGang Penterium IX Tower A2801, Dongtancheomdansaneop 1-ro 27, Hwaseong-si 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kukeyeva A, Abdrakhmanov T, Yeszhanova G, Bakisheva Z, Kemeshov Z. The use of a homeopathic preparation in the treatment of subclinical form of mastitis in cows. Open Vet J 2023; 13:991-1002. [PMID: 37701664 PMCID: PMC10495094 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i8.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is a disease of productive cows, widespread throughout the world, and characterized by significant economic damage to the dairy industry. The subclinical form of this disease is aggravated by additional difficulties with its diagnosis and the lack of clear treatment protocols. Aim Therefore, the study of the effectiveness of diagnostic studies and the search for new methods of treatment of latent forms of mastitis is an important direction in scientific research in countries with developed dairy cattle breeding. Methods Studies conducted on the number of dairy cows of the production cooperative "Izhevsky" of the Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan showed that when using rapid tests Kenotest, Somatest, Mastidine test, and Wideside test, the same results were obtained when the disease was detected in cows. The effectiveness of the tests was at the level of 60%-62% when using the settling sample as a control. Medical procedures were carried out using the Aquaton-2 microwave radiation apparatus and a homeopathic preparation. When using physiotherapy with microwave radiation, a decrease in the level of microbial contamination of milk from the treated part of the udder by 1.5-5 times was observed. Results Biologically active substances of plant origin in the homeopathic preparation, due to the immunostimulating effect, made it possible to increase the level of γ-globulins in the blood serum of sick animals during the application. Conclusion The complex use of both methods in the treatment of animals with a subclinical form of mastitis made it possible to reduce the level of somatic cells in the milk of the affected udder lobe to a level that cannot be determined using Kenotest in 4-6 days, which is 2-4 days faster than using these methods separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Kukeyeva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat Abdrakhmanov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Gulzhan Yeszhanova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Bakisheva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zhomart Kemeshov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Toghdory A, Ghoorchi T, Asadi M, Bokharaeian M, Najafi M, Ghassemi Nejad J. Effects of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Milk Composition, Microbial Load, and Somatic Cells in Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows in the Northeast Regions of Iran. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182484. [PMID: 36139344 PMCID: PMC9494990 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the relationships between temperature and humidity and milk composition, microbial load, and somatic cells in the milk of Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, the temperature−humidity index, ambient temperature, and relative humidity data were obtained from the nearest weather stations. Production data were obtained from four dairy farms in Golestan province, Iran, collected from 2016 to 2021. The traits investigated were protein, fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), microbial load, and somatic cell count (SCC) in milk. The effects of the environmental temperature, humidity, month, and season on the milk composition, microbial load, and somatic cells were analyzed through analysis of variance. The effects of environmental temperature, humidity, month, and season on the milk composition, microbial load, and somatic cell composition were analyzed using a mixed procedure with a restricted maximum likelihood model. Although our findings revealed that there were significant differences in fat, protein, SNF, and SCC among the different months of the year (p < 0.01), no significant difference was observed in the total microbial count in milk. Environmental temperature presented significant impacts on fat, protein, SNF, SCC, and total microbial count within various temperature ranges (p < 0.01). When the temperature increased from 6.2 °C to 31.3 °C, the milk protein, fat, SNF, and somatic cell count significantly decreased, by approximately 4.09%, 5.75%, 1.31%, and 16.8%, respectively; meanwhile, the microbial count in milk significantly increased, by approximately 13.7%. Humidity showed an influence on fat, protein, non-fat solids, somatic cells, and total microbial count within different temperature ranges (p < 0.01). When the humidity increased from 54% to 82%, the milk protein, fat, SNF, and SCC significantly increased, by approximately 3.61%, 4.84%, 1.06%, and 10.2%, respectively; meanwhile, the microbial count in milk significantly decreased, by approximately 16.3%. The results demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between different months of the year, temperature, and the humidity of the environment, in terms of milk components and SCC. Our findings demonstrate that the optimum performance, in terms of milk composition, occurred in the first quarter of the year. As temperature increases and humidity decreases, milk quality decreases. Therefore, the adverse effects of environmental conditions on agricultural profits are not negligible, and strategies to better deal with the negative environmental effects are needed in order to improve milk quality in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhakim Toghdory
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Taghi Ghoorchi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asadi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Mostafa Bokharaeian
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Najafi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3744
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9
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Nurtayeva Z. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of milk production and processing at the enterprises of the Akmola region. POTRAVINARSTVO 2022. [DOI: 10.5219/1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary tasks are the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the provision of high-quality products to the population. The Akmola region is one of the country's most developed agricultural and industrial regions. The assessment of qualitative and quantitative indicators of milk production and processing in the Akmola region reflects the development dynamics of the dairy industry of the country and the main problems that need to be solved; therefore, research on this issue is relevant. The purpose of the study was to analyse the quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk production and processing at the enterprises of the Akmola region, review research on the development of formulations based on the raw materials of the area, and study factors affecting the quality of dairy products. The main method used in the study was the analysis of the suitability of milk of the Akmola region as a raw material for producing cheese fermented milk. It was found that, in general, the quality of milk of the Akmola region in terms of fat, protein, minerals, and lactose, the fatty-acid composition of milk fat, the content of somatic cells is good. The specificity of the region, which consists in the fact that most of the raw materials for milk processing plants are supplied by private farms, leads to the variability of microbiological indicators of milk and the content of somatic cells, which limits the use of milk in the production of certain types of cheese. It was concluded that there is a necessity in the development of new recipes, considering the characteristics of raw and powdered milk produced in the Akmola region, which will increase the range of high-quality dairy products, which will be distributed within the country and for export.
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