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Mussa EAM, Al-Maleki AR, Aljaberi MA, Alsalahi A, Desa MNM, Jasni AS, Ramanoon SZ, Abdallah AM, Hamat RA. Development of an RT-LAMP Assay for Detecting tet(M) in Enterococcus Species: Enhancing AMR Surveillance Within the One Health Sectors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2025; 15:1213. [PMID: 40428207 PMCID: PMC12109771 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15101213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2025] [Revised: 04/30/2025] [Accepted: 05/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in humans, animals, and the environment underscores the necessity for a rapid, sensitive, and specific method to identify resistance genes. Objectives: This study aims to develop a reliable detection tool for identifying the tetracycline-resistant gene tet(M) in Enterococcus species using a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay. Real-time visualization through a turbidimeter enabled precise estimation of time-to-positivity for gene detection. Methodology: Six primers were designed using PrimerExplorer v.5, and the assay was optimized across different temperatures and incubation times. Validation was conducted by testing 52 tet(M)-positive clinical enterococci isolates and spiking urine samples from a healthy volunteer and a cow with tet(M)-positive Enterococcus species. Results: The tet(M) gene was detected as early as 33 min, with optimal amplification occurring within 60 min at 60 °C. The assay demonstrated 100% specificity with the established primers. The sigmoidal graphs were corroborated with visual confirmation methods, including a green color change (visible to the naked eye), green fluorescence (under UV light), and a 200 bp PCR product observed via agarose gel electrophoresis. Notably, the tet(M) RT-LAMP assay exhibited a detection limit of 0.001 pg/μL, significantly surpassing conventional PCR, which had a detection limit of 0.1 pg/μL. Conclusions: This rapid, cost-effective, highly sensitive, and specific tet(M) RT-LAMP assay holds significant promise as a surveillance tool for antimicrobial resistance monitoring within a One Health framework, particularly in low-resource countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebthag A. M. Mussa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (E.A.M.M.); (A.S.J.)
| | - Anis Rageh Al-Maleki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Musheer A. Aljaberi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Nursing Science, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Research Centre Innovations in Care, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, P.O Box 25035, 3001 HA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdulsamad Alsalahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana’a University, Mazbah District, Sana’a Secretariat 1247, Yemen;
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azmiza Syawani Jasni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (E.A.M.M.); (A.S.J.)
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Atiyeh M. Abdallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (E.A.M.M.); (A.S.J.)
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Parmar N, Singh R, Tyagi A, Kaur S, Malik H, Aulakh RS, Arora AK, Gill JPS. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Insights into Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Broilers and Their Handlers in Punjab, India. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2025. [PMID: 40266918 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2024.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a common constituent of human and animal gut microbiota, has emerged as a significant pathogen due to its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) capabilities. This study investigates AMR profiles, virulence factors, and genetic diversity of E. faecalis isolates from broiler farms in Ludhiana, Punjab, India, to explore transmission dynamics between poultry and handlers. A total of 240 samples were collected from 20 farms, comprising 200 broiler droppings, 34 hand swabs from poultry handlers, and 6 human stool samples. Selective media and standard microbiological techniques were employed to isolate and identify E. faecalis. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on representative isolates to uncover antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors. E. faecalis was isolated from 47% of broiler droppings and 26.47% of handler hand swabs, whereas no isolates were recovered from stool samples. High resistance was observed for erythromycin (96.11%), tetracycline (78.64%), ciprofloxacin (76.69%), streptomycin (76.69%), and linezolid (65.04%), with 83.49% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR). Vancomycin resistance genes (vanC1-34.95% and vanC2/C3-9.70%) were also detected. WGS analysis of four isolates identified ARGs such as dfrE, efrA, vanT gene in vanG cluster, vanY gene in vanB cluster, ermB, tet45, tetM, tetA, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, sul1, sul3, mphA, qnrS1, and catA8, as well as virulence factors associated with biofilm formation, adherence, capsule formation, and protease production. Sequence typing identified was ST-1866, ST-7317, and ST-403, with ST-7317 common between broiler droppings and handler swab isolates, indicating potential transmission. While these findings highlight poultry environments as reservoirs for MDR E. faecalis, the directionality of transmission (zoonotic vs. reverse zoonotic) remains unclear. This underscores the need for expanded surveillance and molecular studies to better understand transmission dynamics and mitigate risks to farm workers and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Parmar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anuj Tyagi
- Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Hina Malik
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Arora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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Salami WO, Ajoseh SO, Lawal-Sanni AO, El Tawab AAA, Neubauer H, Wareth G, Akinyemi KO. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Emerging Carbapenemase-Producing Enterococcus Species from Different Sources in Lagos, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:398. [PMID: 40298542 PMCID: PMC12024034 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2025] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterococcus species present significant health risks due to their widespread presence in humans, animals, and the environment. This study examined the patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterococcus species from various sources. Methods: Between November 2023 and February 2024, 500 samples were collected in Lagos State, including 350 clinical human samples, 50 environmental samples, and 100 animal samples. The samples were processed, and Enterococcus isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) by standard methods. Furthermore, carbapenemase (blaKPC and oxa-48) and virulence genes (gelE) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods using specific primers. Results: The overall prevalence of Enterococcus isolates was 4.6% (23/500), including 18 E. faecalis and 5 E. faecium. The source prevalence was 24% (12/50) from the environmental samples, 5% (5/100) from animal sources, and 1.7% (6/350) from the clinical samples. All Enterococcus isolates were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, vancomycin, and ampicillin. However, 91% were susceptible to gentamicin. Six (6) distinct resistance profiles were observed, with the pattern AMP-ERY-TGC-CIP-TS-VA-CHL-AUG-MEM-IMI being the most frequent in 12 E. faecalis (4 isolates from humans, 2 from animals, and 6 from the environment). Notably, 39.1% (9/23) of multiple-drug resistant Enterococcus isolates harbored the gelE virulence gene, including seven E. faecalis (five environmental and two human) and two E. faecium from animal sources. The E. faecalis strains HB003 and HB050, from human bacteremia cases carrying gelE, were the first in Nigeria to produce blaKPC and oxa-48 carbapenemase genes. Conclusions: This study revealed the emergence of carbapenemase-producing Enterococcus species in our environment. A one-health approach and further molecular studies are essential to mitigate the spread and understand the transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiu Olawale Salami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo P.O. Box 0001 LASU Post Office, Lagos 102101, Nigeria; (W.O.S.); (S.O.A.); (A.O.L.-S.)
| | - Samuel Oluwasegun Ajoseh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo P.O. Box 0001 LASU Post Office, Lagos 102101, Nigeria; (W.O.S.); (S.O.A.); (A.O.L.-S.)
| | - Aminat Olajumoke Lawal-Sanni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo P.O. Box 0001 LASU Post Office, Lagos 102101, Nigeria; (W.O.S.); (S.O.A.); (A.O.L.-S.)
| | - Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13511, Egypt;
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Kabiru Olusegun Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo P.O. Box 0001 LASU Post Office, Lagos 102101, Nigeria; (W.O.S.); (S.O.A.); (A.O.L.-S.)
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Kerek Á, Szabó Á, Barnácz F, Csirmaz B, Kovács L, Jerzsele Á. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Commensal Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Turkeys in Hungarian Poultry Farms Between 2022 and 2023. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025; 14:331. [PMID: 40298473 PMCID: PMC12024081 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics14040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2025] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a serious global challenge in the 21st century. Poultry, including turkeys, are a vital source of animal-derived protein worldwide. Commensal bacterial strains in poultry can act as reservoirs for AMR, making monitoring them crucial for both veterinary and public health. Enterococcus species are emerging pathogens, particularly in severe nosocomial infections. Methods: This study aimed to assess the resistance profiles of commensal Enterococcus strains isolated (n = 470) from large-scale turkey flocks in Hungary. From each animal, two swab samples were collected: one from the oropharyngeal region near the tracheal entrance and one from the cloaca. The samples were subsequently processed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The tested antibiotics included amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem, neomycin, doxycycline, florfenicol, tylosin, enrofloxacin, potentiated sulfonamide, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, and colistin. The dilution range for MIC determination was set between 512 and 0.001 µg/mL. Results: Resistance to amoxicillin, a first-line treatment for Enterococcus infections, was low (11.1%). However, high resistance levels were observed for tylosin (62.6%), florfenicol (51.1%), doxycycline (48.7%), and enrofloxacin (45.5%). Notably, vancomycin resistance reached 15.5%, a finding consistent with global trends. Compared to human-derived Enterococcus data, resistance to aminopenicillins was significantly lower in turkey isolates, while neomycin resistance levels were comparable to those observed in human E. faecalis strains. Conclusions: The findings underscore the necessity of continuous surveillance of AMR trends in poultry production. While amoxicillin remains an effective treatment, the presence of multidrug-resistant strains and vancomycin-resistant isolates raises concerns regarding the potential dissemination of resistance genes. Future studies should incorporate next-generation sequencing to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying resistance. Additionally, integrating antibiotic usage data from farms may provide further insights into resistance dynamics. Strengthening antibiotic stewardship programs and fostering collaboration between veterinary and human medicine are crucial steps in addressing AMR under the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (F.B.); (B.C.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (F.B.); (B.C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Franciska Barnácz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (F.B.); (B.C.); (Á.J.)
| | - Bence Csirmaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (F.B.); (B.C.); (Á.J.)
| | - László Kovács
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Poultry-Care Kft., Lehel út 21, H-5052 Újszász, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (F.B.); (B.C.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
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Almeida-Santos AC, Novais C, Peixe L, Freitas AR. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: A current perspective on resilience, adaptation, and the urgent need for novel strategies. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2025; 41:233-252. [PMID: 39880121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2025.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) has become a critical opportunistic pathogen, urgently requiring new antimicrobial strategies due to its rising prevalence and significant impact on patient safety and healthcare costs. VREfm continues to evolve through mutations and the acquisition of new genes via horizontal gene transfer, contributing to resistance against several last-resort antibiotics. Although primarily hospital-associated, VREfm are also detected in the community, food chain, livestock, and environmental sources like wastewater, indicating diverse transmission pathways and the need for a One Health approach. Advances in genomics have shed light on VREfm's persistence in hospital settings, particularly its adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract of hospitalized patients, recent clonal shifts, and the dominance of specific clonal lineages. Despite extensive research, significant gaps remain in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind VREfm's unique adaptation to clinical environments. In this review, we aim to present an overview of VREfm current prevalence, mechanisms of resistance, and unveil the adaptive traits that have facilitated VREfm's rise and global success. A particular focus is given to key plasmids, namely linear plasmids, virulence factors, and bacteriocins as potential drivers in the global emergence of the ST78 clonal lineage. We also address diagnostic challenges and the limited treatment options available for VREfm, as well as emerging antibiotic alternatives aimed at restoring gut microbiota balance and curbing VREfm proliferation. A multifaceted approach combining research, clinical practices, and public health policies is crucial to mitigate the impact of this superbug and preserve antimicrobial effectiveness for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Almeida-Santos
- UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Associado i4HB, Instituto para a Saúde e a Bioeconomia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.
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Kerek Á, Szabó Á, Jerzsele Á. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Commensal Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Chickens in Hungarian Poultry Farms Between 2022 and 2023. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:1194. [PMID: 39766584 PMCID: PMC11672767 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most significant challenges of our generation. It is crucial to continuously monitor AMR, not only by investigating clinical, pathogenic strains but also by monitoring commensal bacterial strains, as they can serve as natural reservoirs of resistance. Infections caused by Enterococcus species are increasingly recognized as emerging threats to both animal and public health. Among economically important livestock, poultry as a major source of animal protein for humans is a frequent carrier of enterococci, and also of sporadically detected clinical disease. Methods: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Enterococcus strains (n = 499) isolated from chicken farms in Hungary. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 15 antibiotics, including 10 with established clinical breakpoints. Results: The strains exhibited good sensitivity to amoxicillin, one of the first-line treatments for Enterococcus infections in veterinary medicine, with only 20.8% showing resistance. However, we observed an alarming 27.9% resistance rate to vancomycin, which is reserved to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains in humans. A comparison of our findings with Hungarian hospital records revealed that the resistance patterns of poultry-derived Enterococcus faecalis strains were very similar to those of human isolates, particularly regarding penicillins and aminoglycosides. Conclusions: Overall, the increasing rates of AMR reinforce the importance of conducting periodic studies to establish long-term trends. For multidrug-resistant strains, next-generation sequencing is recommended to elucidate the genetic basis of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.S.); (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Denissen J, Havenga B, Reyneke B, Khan S, Khan W. Comparing antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from environmental and clinical settings. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30215. [PMID: 38720709 PMCID: PMC11076977 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from water sources collected in informal settlements, were compared to clinical counterparts. Cluster analysis using repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) indicated that, for each respective species, low genetic relatedness was observed between most of the clinical and environmental isolates, with only one clinical P. aeruginosa (PAO1) and one clinical K. pneumoniae (P2) exhibiting high genetic similarity to the environmental strains. Based on the antibiograms, the clinical E. faecium Ef CD1 was extensively drug resistant (XDR); all K. pneumoniae isolates (n = 12) (except K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883) were multidrug resistant (MDR), while the P. aeruginosa (n = 16) isolates exhibited higher susceptibility profiles. The tetM gene (tetracycline resistance) was identified in 47.4 % (n = 6 environmental; n = 3 clinical) of the E. faecium isolates, while the blaKPC gene (carbapenem resistance) was detected in 52.6 % (n = 7 environmental; n = 3 clinical) and 15.4 % (n = 2 environmental) of the E. faecium and K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. The E. faecium isolates were predominantly poor biofilm formers, the K. pneumoniae isolates were moderate biofilm formers, while the P. aeruginosa isolates were strong biofilm formers. All E. faecium and K. pneumoniae isolates were gamma (γ)-haemolytic, non-gelatinase producing (E. faecium only), and non-hypermucoviscous (K. pneumoniae only), while the P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited beta (β)-haemolysis and produced gelatinase. The fimH (type 1 fimbriae adhesion) and ugE (uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase synthesis) virulence genes were detected in the K. pneumoniae isolates, while the P. aeruginosa isolates possessed the phzM (phenazine production) and algD (alginate biosynthesis) genes. Similarities in antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of environmental and clinical E. faecium, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, thus highlights the potential health risks posed by using environmental water sources for daily water needs in low-and-middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Denissen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Havenga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Brandon Reyneke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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Zhao YC, Sun ZH, Li JK, Liu HY, Cai HL, Cao W, Yu F, Zhang BK, Yan M. Exploring the causes of the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2024; 36:92. [DOI: 10.1186/s12302-024-00923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bacterial drug resistance represents a significant global concern, with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis posing a particularly grave threat to contemporary healthcare systems. This study aims to reveal the reasons for the prevalence of VRE in China.
Methods
This study collected data from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Detection System, China Statistical Yearbook, and China Meteorological Network. The collected data are meticulously organized and subjected to both single-factor and multi-factor analyses. An accurate multiple linear regression model was developed by utilizing this comprehensive dataset.
Results
Single-factor analysis revealed significant regional variations in the resistance rate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (P = 0.003). Specifically, there were noteworthy disparities observed between regions experiencing temperate and monsoon climates (P = 0.029; P = 0.005). Furthermore, multi-factor regression analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between the drug resistance rate and both rainfall and rGDP, while a positive correlation was observed with nPI.
Conclusion
We successfully established a prediction model for the VRE and found that the resistance rate was low in areas with high rainfall and high per capita economic income, but high in areas with many specialized public health institutions. This is critical for public health strategies and helps policymakers and healthcare practitioners tailor antibiotic resistance approaches to local geography, meteorology, economic conditions.
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Cagnoli G, Di Paolo A, Bertelloni F, Salvucci S, Buccioni A, Marzoni Fecia di Cossato M, Ebani VV. Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:417. [PMID: 38786145 PMCID: PMC11117291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the natural flora of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans, birds and invertebrates. They can cause infection, mainly among hospitalized patients, as well as acquire and transfer antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study allowed the isolation of 98 Enterococcus (73.47% E. faecium, 23.47% E. faecalis, 3.06% E. avium) strains from 120-day-old healthy chickens that had never been treated with antimicrobials. Their antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method; high-level aminoglycoside (streptomycin and gentamicin) and vancomycin resistance were established using the microbroth dilution method. The highest percentages of resistant isolates were detected with quinupristin-dalfopristin (88.78%), rifampicin (64.29%), tetracyclines (45.92%), and enrofloxacin (41.84%). High percentages of susceptible strains were found with teicoplanin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.96%), nitrofurantoin (94.90%), ampicillin (92.86%), chloramphenicol (90.82%), and linezolid (88.78%). About 60% of the strains were classified as MDR (multidrug-resistant). Moreover, PCR was carried out to investigate genes encoding for tetracyclines resistance determinants: tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and Int-Tn. Genes were detected in 68 (69.38%) strains: 36 were shown to be resistant with the agar disk diffusion method, while 28 were intermediate, and 2 were susceptible. The present study showed that chickens never treated with antimicrobials potentially harbor enterococci having phenotypic and genotypic characters of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Alessia Di Paolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Salvucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Margherita Marzoni Fecia di Cossato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Cornelius AJ, Carr SD, Bakker SN, Haysom IW, Dyet KH. Antimicrobial Resistance in Selected Bacteria from Food Animals in New Zealand 2018-2022. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100245. [PMID: 38387832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a significant threat to human health worldwide. One important source of antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans is exposure to animals or animal products. In a phased survey, we investigated AMR in 300 Escherichia coli isolates and 300 enterococci (Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium) isolates each from the carcasses of poultry, pigs, very young calves, and dairy cattle (food animals); all Salmonella isolates from poultry, very young calves, and dairy cattle; and 300 Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli) isolates from poultry. The highest resistance levels in E. coli were found for sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and streptomycin, for all food animals. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were not found and low resistance to ciprofloxacin, colistin, and gentamicin was observed. The majority of enterococci isolates from all food animals were bacitracin-resistant. Erythromycin- and/or tetracycline-resistant enterococci isolates were found in varying proportions from all food animals. Ampicillin- or vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates were not identified, and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecalis were not found. Salmonella isolates were only recovered from very young calves and all eight isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Most Campylobacter isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials, although 16.6% of C. jejuni were resistant to quinolones and tetracycline. Results suggest that AMR in E. coli, enterococci, Salmonella, and Campylobacter isolates from food animals in New Zealand is low, and currently, AMR in food animals poses a limited public health risk. Despite the low prevalence of AMR in this survey, ongoing monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria from food animals is recommended, to ensure timely detection of AMR with potential impacts on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Cornelius
- Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29 181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Samuel D Carr
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Sarah N Bakker
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
| | - Iain W Haysom
- Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29 181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Kristin H Dyet
- Kenepuru Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 50348, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
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11
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Bzdil J, Sladecek V, Senk D, Stolar P, Waicova Z, Kollertova N, Zouharova M, Matiaskova K, Linhart P, Nedbalcova K. Enterococci Isolated from One-Day-Old Chickens and Their Phenotypic Susceptibility to Antimicrobials in the Czech Republic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1487. [PMID: 37887187 PMCID: PMC10603836 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study describes the prevalence and spectrum of enterococci isolated from one-day-old chickens in the Czech Republic, their level of antimicrobial resistance, and the occurrence of multiresistance. Over a 24-month period from 1 August 2021 to 31 July 2023, a total of 464 mixed samples of one-day-old chicken organs were examined during routine inspections at 12 randomly selected poultry farms in the Czech Republic. The samples were processed via cultivation methods and suspected strains were confirmed using the MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the MIC method for eight antimicrobials. A total of 128 isolates (prevalence of 27.6%) representing 4 species of enterococci were isolated, including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Enterococcus hirae, with prevalence rates of 23.3%, 1.5%, 2.2%, and 0.6%, respectively. Susceptibility tests showed a high percentage of susceptible strains among E. faecalis, E. faecium, and E. gallinarum for penicillin-based antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim, and florfenicol (80-100% susceptible strains). E. hirae was an exception, displaying complete resistance to enrofloxacin (0% susceptible strains) and a high degree of resistance to other tested antimicrobials (33.3% susceptible strains). Among the isolated strains, a total of 16 isolates (12.5%) showed resistance to 3 or more antimicrobials. Complete resistance to all eight antimicrobials simultaneously was observed in four isolates (3.1%). This research shows the possible sources of pathogenic enterococci and their virulence and resistance genes. The findings hold relevance for both veterinary and human medicine, contributing to a better understanding of enterococcal circulation in the human ecosystem and food chain, as well as the development of their resistance and multiresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Bzdil
- Ptacy S.R.O., Valasska Bystrice 194, 756 27 Valašská Bystřice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Vladimir Sladecek
- Ptacy S.R.O., Valasska Bystrice 194, 756 27 Valašská Bystřice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - David Senk
- Ptacy S.R.O., Valasska Bystrice 194, 756 27 Valašská Bystřice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Petr Stolar
- Ptacy S.R.O., Valasska Bystrice 194, 756 27 Valašská Bystřice, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.S.); (D.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Zuzana Waicova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Nela Kollertova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 1192, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Z.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Monika Zouharova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarina Matiaskova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Petr Linhart
- Institute of Animal Protection and Welfare and Public Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackeho 1–3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Katerina Nedbalcova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (K.M.)
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12
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Nelli A, Venardou B, Skoufos I, Voidarou C(C, Lagkouvardos I, Tzora A. An Insight into Goat Cheese: The Tales of Artisanal and Industrial Gidotyri Microbiota. Microorganisms 2023; 11:123. [PMID: 36677415 PMCID: PMC9863150 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine for the first time the microbiota in artisanal-type and industrial-type Gidotyri cheeses and investigate the influence of the cheese-making practices on their composition using culture-independent techniques. The microbiota present in artisanal with commercial starters (Artisanal_CS, n = 15), artisanal with in-house starters (Artisanal_IHS, n = 10) and industrial (Ind., n = 9) Gidotyri cheese samples were analyzed using a targeted metagenomic approach (16S rRNA gene). The Ind. Gidotyri cheese microbiota were less complex, dominated by the Streptococcaceae family (91%) that was more abundant compared to the artisanal Gidotyri cheeses (p < 0.05). Artisanal cheeses were more diverse compositionally with specific bacterial species being prevalent to each subtype. Particularly, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis (OTU 175), Secundilactobacillus malefermentans (OTU 48), and Streptococcus parauberis (OTU 50) were more prevalent in Artisanal_IHS cheeses compared to Artisanal_CS (p ≤ 0.001) and Ind. (p < 0.01) Gidotyri cheeses. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (OTU 23) and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii (OTU 268) were more prevalent in Artisanal_CS cheeses compared to Artisanal_IHS cheeses (p < 0.05) and Ind. cheeses (p < 0.05). Hafnia alvei (OTU 13) and Acinetobacter colistiniresistens (OTU 111) tended to be more prevalent in Artisanal_CS compared to the other two cheese groups (p < 0.10). In conclusion, higher microbial diversity was observed in the artisanal-type Gidotyri cheeses, with possible bacterial markers specific to each subtype identified with potential application to traceability of the manufacturing processes’ authenticity and cheese quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
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