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de Sousa FG, Queiroz FSF, Muzzi RAL, Veado JCC, Beier SL. Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Dysregulation in Companion Animals. Vet Sci 2025; 12:453. [PMID: 40431546 PMCID: PMC12115512 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), characterised by a persistent increase in BP beyond the reference values for the species, is a concerning and detrimental clinical condition. The aim of this manuscript is to present the state of the art on SAH in companion animals, including the different types of hypertension, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and the factors associated with its occurrence, such as the role of stress. It also discusses the benefits and challenges related to the measurement process. SAH is categorised into types based on the underlying cause: situational, secondary, and idiopathic (the least frequently observed). The situational type occurs when stress is the primary factor, such as during veterinary visits, contact with other animals, or in cases of 'white coat syndrome'. If the stressor is removed, BP values tend to normalise. The most common type of SAH is the secondary form, which is associated with an underlying condition, such as renal, cardiac, endocrine, or neurological diseases, or a combination of these. Diagnosing SAH is a challenging task for many veterinarians due to factors related to handling the animal, managing the equipment, and interpreting the results. Consequently, many professionals either take inaccurate measurements or misinterpret the results, often prescribing antihypertensive medications prematurely or unnecessarily. Despite being a well-standardised and well-documented process, challenges persist. Treatment often involves antihypertensive drugs, either alone or in combination, alongside management of the underlying causes, when present. Therefore, BP values should be obtained correctly, with clinical-therapeutic decisions carefully aligned with the factors that may influence them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gaia de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil; (F.G.d.S.); (F.S.F.Q.); (J.C.C.V.)
| | - Fabiana Silva Fádel Queiroz
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil; (F.G.d.S.); (F.S.F.Q.); (J.C.C.V.)
| | - Ruthnéa Aparecida Lázaro Muzzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras—FZMV/UFLA, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Júlio César Cambraia Veado
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil; (F.G.d.S.); (F.S.F.Q.); (J.C.C.V.)
| | - Suzane Lilian Beier
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31620-295, MG, Brazil; (F.G.d.S.); (F.S.F.Q.); (J.C.C.V.)
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Burgio M, Forte L, Prete A, Maggiolino A, De Palo P, Aiudi GG, Rizzo A, Carbonari A, Lacalandra GM, Cicirelli V. Effects of heat stress on oxidative balance and sperm quality in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1445058. [PMID: 39391220 PMCID: PMC11464488 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1445058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heat stress negatively affects both animal reproductive performance and their overall wellbeing and welfare. When temperatures soar, the body responds to maintain balance, resulting in heat stress. This triggers various responses, including the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can harm sperm vitality through lipid peroxidation. Oxidative damage can result in sperm dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental heat stress on canine quantitative and qualitative ejaculate parameters. Methods Thirty-six male crossbred dogs were involved in the trial. This study was performed in 2022, precisely from May to August. Dogs were subdivided in two groups, one heat stressed (HS) and one in thermoneutrality (TN). Thermo Hygrometric Index (THI) was hourly measured and ranged from 60 to 71 in TN dogs and from 60 to 83 for HS dogs. Semen and blood samples were collected at 30-day intervals, starting from May (0 days), and then at 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days and analysis for evaluating biochemical profile, semen oxidative status, and semen quality were performed. Results In HS dogs, serum total protein, albumin, and urea concentrations showed a significant decrease after 60 days (P < 0.01), with values lower than those observed in TN dogs (P < 0.01). Both catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were reduced after 60 days in HS dogs, showing lower levels than the TN group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Antioxidant potential increased over time in HS dogs, reaching higher values at 60 days (P < 0.05) and 90 days (P < 0.01). On the other hand, ROS in the sperm of HS animals rose by day 90, surpassing the values recorded at previous time points and in TN dogs (P < 0.01). Semen concentration (P > 0.01) and total sperm count (P < 0.05) declined after 30 days in the HS group and remained lower than the TN group throughout the trial. Discussion The study demonstrates that heat stress negatively affects the oxidative status and sperm quality of male dogs, reducing reproductive performance. However, further research is needed due to the lack of complete breed homogeneity in the study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucrezia Forte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alice Carbonari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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Budny-Walczak A, Wilk M, Kupczyński R. Infrared Thermography in Assessment of Facial Temperature of Racing Sighthound-Type Dogs in Different Environmental Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1180. [PMID: 38672328 PMCID: PMC11047388 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of IRT measurements of selected regions of interest (ROI), i.e., the eyeball and the nose of whippet dogs, before and after coursing competitions taking place in various environmental conditions, thereby enabling the assessment of well-being and the level of heat stress. The research was carried out over two different periods with different thermal humidity indexes (THIs). In the first period, the THI was 59.27 (Run 1), while in the second period, the THI was 63.77 (Run 2). The experimental subjects comprised 111 sighthound-type dogs-whippets-that were photographed with a thermal imaging camera to determine their eye temperature (ET) and nose temperature (NT). The average minimum and maximum eye temperatures were statistically lower after running in both measurements. Increased minimum and maximum nose temperatures were also demonstrated after both runs. The nasal temperature values were statistically higher for Run 2, for which the THI was higher, compared to Run 1. Eyeball temperature may be a marker of thermoregulation ability, regardless of the ambient temperature. The value of ETmax decreased on average by 2.23 °C and 0.4 °C, while NTmax increased uniformly by 2 °C after both runs. A correlation was found between the IRT measurements and physiological indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Budny-Walczak
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Wilk
- Independent Researcher, 64-320 Niepruszewo, Poland;
| | - Robert Kupczyński
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38c Chelmonskiego St., 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
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Carter AJ, Hall EJ, Bradbury J, Beard S, Gilbert S, Barfield D, O'Neill DG. Post-exercise management of exertional hyperthermia in dogs participating in dog sport (canicross) events in the UK. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103827. [PMID: 38518416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Exercise is a common trigger of heat-related illness (HRI) events in dogs, accounting for 74% of canine HRI cases treated under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom. However, few empirical studies have evaluated the effectiveness of differing cooling methods for dogs with exertional hyperthermia or HRI. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate effects of ambient conditions and post-exercise management practices (cooling methods and vehicular confinement) on the post-exercise temperature change of dogs participating in UK canicross events. Canine temperature was recorded at three intervals post-exercise: as close as possible to 0- (immediately post-exercise), 5-, and 15-min post-exercise. Ambient conditions and post-exercise management were recorded for 115 cooling profiles from 52 dogs. In 28/115 (24.4%) profiles, the dog's temperature increased during the first 5-min post-exercise. Overall, 68/115 (59.1%) profiles included passive cooling (stood or walked outside), 35 (30.4%) active cooling (cold-water immersion or application of a cooling coat), and 12 (10.4%) involved no cooling and were immediately housed in vehicles. No dogs developed hypothermia during the study and no adverse effects were observed from any cooling method. In hyperthermic dogs, overall post-exercise body temperature change was significantly negatively associated (i.e. the dogs cooled more) with 0-min post-exercise body temperature (β = -0.93, p < 0.001), and not being housed in a vehicle (β = -0.43, p = 0.013). This study provides evidence cold-water immersion (in water at 0.1-15.0 °C) can be used to effectively and safely cool dogs with exertional hyperthermia. Progressive temperature increases in many dogs - even after exercise has terminated - supports the message to "cool first, transport second" when managing dogs with HRI. When transporting dogs post-exercise or with HRI even after active cooling, care should be taken to cool the vehicle before entry and promote air movement around the dog during transport to facilitate ongoing cooling and prevent worsening of hyperthermia during travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Carter
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Barony Campus, Scotland's Rural College, Parkgate, Dumfries, DG1 3NE, UK.
| | - Emily J Hall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jude Bradbury
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sian Beard
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sophie Gilbert
- Vets Now, Penguin House, Castle Riggs, Dunfermline, KY11 8SG, UK
| | - Dominic Barfield
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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Jo JH, Jalil GN, Kim WS, Moon JO, Lee SD, Kwon CH, Lee HG. Effects of Rumen-Protected L-Tryptophan Supplementation on Productivity, Physiological Indicators, Blood Profiles, and Heat Shock Protein Gene Expression in Lactating Holstein Cows under Heat Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1217. [PMID: 38279240 PMCID: PMC10816680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of rumen-protected L-tryptophan supplementation on the productivity and physiological metabolic indicators in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. The study involved eight early lactating Holstein cows (days in milk = 40 ± 9 days; milk yield 30 ± 1.5 kg/day; parity 1.09 ± 0.05, p < 0.05), four cows per experiment, with environmentally controlled chambers. In each experiment, two distinct heat stress conditions were created: a low-temperature and low-humidity (LTLH) condition at 25 °C with 35-50% humidity and a high-temperature and high-humidity (HTHH) condition at 31 °C with 80-95% humidity. During the adaptation phase, the cows were subjected to LTLH and HTHH conditions for 3 days. This was followed by a 4-day heat stress phase and then by a 7-day phase of heat stress, which were complemented by supplementation with rumen-protected L-tryptophan (ACT). The findings revealed that supplementation with ACT increased dry matter intake as well as milk yield and protein and decreased water intake, heart rate, and rectal temperature in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). For plateletcrit (PCT, p = 0.0600), the eosinophil percentage (EOS, p = 0.0880) showed a tendency to be lower, while the monocyte (MONO) and large unstained cells (LUC) amounts were increased in both groups (p < 0.05). Albumin and glucose levels were lower in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). The gene expressions of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in the ACT group (HTHH, p < 0.05). These results suggest that ACT supplementation improved productivity, physiological indicators, blood characteristics, and gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of early lactating Holstein cows under heat-stress conditions. In particular, ACT supplementation objectively relieved stress in these animals, suggesting that L-tryptophan has potential as a viable solution for combating heat-stress-induced effects on the cattle in dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
| | - Ghassemi Nejad Jalil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
| | - Won-Seob Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Jun-Ok Moon
- Institute of Integrated Technology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chan-Ho Kwon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
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Rudolph TE, Roths M, Freestone AD, White-Springer SH, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. Heat stress alters hematological parameters in barrows and gilts. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae123. [PMID: 38706303 PMCID: PMC11141298 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the role biological sex plays in circulating factors following heat stress (HS). Barrows and gilts (36.8 ± 3.7 kg body weight) were kept in either thermoneutral (TN; 20.8 ± 1.6 °C; 62.0% ± 4.7% relative humidity; n = 8/sex) conditions or exposed to HS (39.4 ± 0.6 °C; 33.7% ± 6.3% relative humidity) for either 1 (HS1; n = 8/sex) or 7 (HS7; n = 8/sex) d. Circulating glucose decreased as a main effect of the environment (P = 0.03). Circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) had an environment × sex interaction (P < 0.01) as HS1 barrows had increased NEFA compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.01) and NEFA from HS7 gilts increased compared to HS1 gilts (P = 0.02) and HS7 barrows (P = 0.04). Cortisol, insulin, glucagon, T3, and T4 were reduced as a main effect of environment (P ≤ 0.01). Creatinine was increased in HS1 and HS7 animals compared to TN (P ≤ 0.01), indicative of decreased glomerular filtration rate. White blood cell populations exhibited differential patterns based on sex and time. Neutrophils and lymphocytes had an environment × sex interaction (P ≤ 0.05) as circulating neutrophils were increased in HS1 barrows compared to TN and HS7 barrows, and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.01) and HS7 barrows had less neutrophils compared to TN barrows (P = 0.01), whereas they remained similar in gilts. In contrast, barrow lymphocyte numbers were similar between groups, but in HS7 gilts they were decreased compared to TN and HS1 gilts (P ≤ 0.04). In total, these data demonstrate that HS alters a host of circulating factors and that biological sex mediates, at least in part, the physiological response to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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