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Jun SE, Cho KH, Schaffrath R, Kim GT. Evolutionary Conservation in Protein-Protein Interactions and Structures of the Elongator Sub-Complex ELP456 from Arabidopsis and Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4370. [PMID: 38673955 PMCID: PMC11050213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Elongator complex plays a pivotal role in the wobble uridine modification of the tRNA anticodon. Comprising two sets of six distinct subunits, namely, Elongator proteins (ELP1-ELP6) and associated proteins, the holo-Elongator complex demonstrates remarkable functional and structural conservation across eukaryotes. However, the precise details of the evolutionary conservation of the holo-Elongator complex and its individual sub-complexes (i.e., ELP123; ELP456) in plants remain limited. In this study, we conducted an in vivo analysis of protein-protein interactions among Arabidopsis ELP4, ELP5, and ELP6 proteins. Additionally, we predicted their structural configurations and performed a comparative analysis with the structure of the yeast Elp456 sub-complex. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that AtELP4 interacts with AtELP6 but not directly with AtELP5. Furthermore, we found that the Arabidopsis Elongator-associated protein, Deformed Roots and Leaves 1 (DRL1), did not directly bind to AtELP proteins. The structural comparison of the ELP456 sub-complex between Arabidopsis and yeast demonstrated high similarity, encompassing the RecA-ATPase fold and the positions of hydrogen bonds, despite their relatively low sequence homology. Our findings suggest that Arabidopsis ELP4, ELP5, and ELP6 proteins form a heterotrimer, with ELP6 serving as a bridge, indicating high structural conservation between the ELP456 sub-complexes from Arabidopsis and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea (K.-H.C.)
| | - Kiu-Hyung Cho
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea (K.-H.C.)
- Gyeongbuk Institute for Bioindustry, Andong 36618, Republic of Korea
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany;
| | - Gyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea (K.-H.C.)
- Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
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Jun SE, Cho KH, Manzoor MA, Hwang TY, Kim YS, Schaffrath R, Kim GT. AtELP4 a subunit of the Elongator complex in Arabidopsis, mediates cell proliferation and dorsoventral polarity during leaf morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1033358. [PMID: 36340367 PMCID: PMC9634574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1033358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Elongator complex in eukaryotes has conserved tRNA modification functions and contributes to various physiological processes such as transcriptional control, DNA replication and repair, and chromatin accessibility. ARABIDOPSIS ELONGATOR PROTEIN 4 (AtELP4) is one of the six subunits (AtELP1-AtELP6) in Arabidopsis Elongator. In addition, there is an Elongator-associated protein, DEFORMED ROOTS AND LEAVES 1 (DRL1), whose homolog in yeast (Kti12) binds tRNAs. In this study, we explored the functions of AtELP4 in plant-specific aspects such as leaf morphogenesis and evolutionarily conserved ones between yeast and Arabidopsis. ELP4 comparison between yeast and Arabidopsis revealed that plant ELP4 possesses not only a highly conserved P-loop ATPase domain but also unknown plant-specific motifs. ELP4 function is partially conserved between Arabidopsis and yeast in the growth sensitivity toward caffeine and elevated cultivation temperature. Either single Atelp4 or drl1-102 mutants and double Atelp4 drl1-102 mutants exhibited a reduction in cell proliferation and changed the adaxial-abaxial polarity of leaves. In addition, the single Atelp4 and double Atelp4 drl1-102 mutants showed remarkable downward curling at the whole part of leaf blades in contrast to wild-type leaf blades. Furthermore, our genetic study revealed that AtELP4 might epistatically act on DRL1 in the regulation of cell proliferation and dorsoventral polarity in leaves. Taken together, we suggest that AtELP4 as part of the plant Elongator complex may act upstream of a regulatory pathway for adaxial-abaxial polarity and cell proliferation during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kiu-Hyung Cho
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Tae Young Hwang
- Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Youn Soo Kim
- Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Fachgebiet Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Gyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Myat AA, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhao X, Liang C, Abid MA, Wang P, Akram U, Abbas M, Askari M, Guo S, Zhang R, Meng Z. Overexpression of GhKTI12 Enhances Seed Yield and Biomass Production in Nicotiana Tabacum. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:426. [PMID: 35327981 PMCID: PMC8953243 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop molecular breeding primarily focuses on increasing the trait of plant yield. An elongator-associated protein, KTI12, is closely associated with plant biomass and yield. KTI12 is involved in developmental processes of most organs, including the leaf, root, flower, and seed, through regulating cell division and differentiation. Previous work has shown that in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), GhKTI12 regulates plant height, flowering, and tolerance to salt and drought stress. However, little is known about the molecular regulation mechanism of GhKTI12 in plant developmental processes. In this study, we identified the main GhKTI12 (Gh_D02G144400) gene and transformed it into tobacco (Nicotonia tabacum cv NC89). From seven transgenic lines, we obtained three (OE5, OE6 and OE8) with high expression of GhKTI12; compared with wild type plants, these three lines exhibited larger plant size, later flowering, and higher seed yield. Microscopic observation revealed that the number of leaf epidermal cells and stem parenchyma cells was increased by ~55%. Biochemical analysis showed that chlorophyll content and starch accumulation were significantly increased in younger leaves at the top canopy of transgenic plants, which may contribute to improved photosynthetic rate and, in turn, increased seed yield. To understand the molecular mechanism of GhKTI12 in transgenic plants development, two lines (OE6 and OE8) with higher expression levels of GhKTI12 were used as representative plants to conduct RNA-seq analysis. Through transcriptome analysis of the plant's shoot apical meristematic tissue of these two lines, we identified 518 upregulated genes and 406 downregulated genes common to both overexpression lines. A large number of cellular component genes associated with cell division and differentiation, such as RD21, TET8, KTN80, AOX1, AOX2, CP1, and KIC, were found to be upregulated, and genes showing the most downregulation included MADS-box genes related to flowering time, such as MADS6, AP1, AP3, AGL8, AGL6, SEP1, and SEP2. Downregulation of these genes caused delayed flowering time and longer vegetative stage during development. Combined with the upregulation of the yield-related gene RD21, the GhKTI12 transgenic plants could produce a higher seed yield. We here show that the overexpression of GhKTI12 could positively improve key agronomic traits in tobacco by regulating cell proliferation, photosynthesis, and organ development, and suggest that homologs of GhKTI12 may also be important in the genetic improvement of other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Myat
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Abid
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Peilin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Umar Akram
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS—University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Abbas
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Askari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Sandui Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Zhigang Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (A.A.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.Z.); (C.L.); (M.A.A.); (P.W.); (U.A.); (M.A.); (M.A.); (S.G.); (R.Z.)
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Wang H, Xu C, Zhang Y, Yan X, Jin X, Yao X, Chen P, Zheng B. PtKTI12 genes influence wobble uridine modifications and drought stress tolerance in hybrid poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1778-1791. [PMID: 32705117 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The multisubunit Elongator complex plays key roles in transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase II and chromatin modeling. Kti proteins have been identified as the auxiliary protein for the Elongator complex. However, our knowledge of Kti proteins in woody plants remains limited. In this study, in total 16 KTI gene homologs were identified in Populus trichocarpa. Among them, the two KTI12 candidates were named PtKTI12A and PtKTI12B. Although PtKTI12A and PtKTI12B were largely different in gene expression level and tissue specificity, both genes were induced by heat and drought stresses. PtKTI12A and PtKTI12B RNAi transgenic poplar plants showed reduced levels of modified nucleosides, in particular 5-carbamoylmethyluridine and 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine. Meanwhile, their tolerance to drought was improved when subjected to withdrawal of watering. Also, the protein products of PtKTI12A and PtKTI12B had similar subcellular localization and predicted tertiary structure. The results suggest that Kti12 proteins are involved in tRNA wobble uridine modification, stress response and drought stress tolerance in hybrid poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailang Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Xueyuan Rd, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Co. Ltd., No. 638, Heping Rd, Changsha 410001, China
| | - Youbing Zhang
- Guangzhou Vipotion Biotechnology Co. Ltd., 5F, Building J5, No.1 Jiantashan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Shacheng Middle School, Longtan W St, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xiaohuan Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Xueyuan Rd, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Xueyuan Rd, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Xueyuan Rd, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Horticultural and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Xueyuan Rd, Wuhan 430070, China
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Plant Elongator-Protein Complex of Diverse Activities Regulates Growth, Development, and Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186912. [PMID: 32971769 PMCID: PMC7555253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the conserved Elongator composition in yeast, animals, and plants, molecular functions and catalytic activities of the complex remain controversial. Elongator was identified as a component of elongating RNA polymerase II holoenzyme in yeast, animals, and plants. Furthermore, it was suggested that Elonagtor facilitates elongation of transcription via histone acetyl transferase activity. Accordingly, phenotypes of Arabidopsis elo mutants, which show development, growth, or immune response defects, correlate with transcriptional downregulation and the decreased histone acetylation in the coding regions of crucial genes. Plant Elongator was also implicated in other processes: transcription and processing of miRNA, regulation of DNA replication by histone acetylation, and acetylation of alpha-tubulin. Moreover, tRNA modification, discovered first in yeast and confirmed in plants, was claimed as the main activity of Elongator, leading to specificity in translation that might also result indirectly in a deficiency in transcription. Heterologous overexpression of individual Arabidopsis Elongator subunits and their respective phenotypes suggest that single Elongator subunits might also have another function next to being a part of the complex. In this review, we shall present the experimental evidence of all molecular mechanisms and catalytic activities performed by Elongator in nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells, which might explain how Elongator regulates growth, development, and immune responses.
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Roles of Elongator Dependent tRNA Modification Pathways in Neurodegeneration and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010019. [PMID: 30597914 PMCID: PMC6356722 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is subject to a multitude of posttranscriptional modifications which can profoundly impact its functionality as the essential adaptor molecule in messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Therefore, dynamic regulation of tRNA modification in response to environmental changes can tune the efficiency of gene expression in concert with the emerging epitranscriptomic mRNA regulators. Several of the tRNA modifications are required to prevent human diseases and are particularly important for proper development and generation of neurons. In addition to the positive role of different tRNA modifications in prevention of neurodegeneration, certain cancer types upregulate tRNA modification genes to sustain cancer cell gene expression and metastasis. Multiple associations of defects in genes encoding subunits of the tRNA modifier complex Elongator with human disease highlight the importance of proper anticodon wobble uridine modifications (xm⁵U34) for health. Elongator functionality requires communication with accessory proteins and dynamic phosphorylation, providing regulatory control of its function. Here, we summarized recent insights into molecular functions of the complex and the role of Elongator dependent tRNA modification in human disease.
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Wang C, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang Y, Mou Z. The Elongator complex-associated protein DRL1 plays a positive role in immune responses against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:286-299. [PMID: 27868335 PMCID: PMC6637984 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
DEFORMED ROOT AND LEAVES1 (DRL1) is an Arabidopsis homologue of the yeast TOXIN TARGET4 (TOT4)/KILLER TOXIN-INSENSITIVE12 (KTI12) protein that is physically associated with the RNA polymerase II-interacting protein complex named Elongator. Mutations in DRL1 and Elongator lead to similar morphological and molecular phenotypes, suggesting that DRL1 and Elongator may functionally overlap in Arabidopsis. We have shown previously that Elongator plays an important role in both salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-mediated defence responses. Here, we tested whether DRL1 also plays a similar role as Elongator in plant immune responses. Our results show that, although DRL1 partially contributes to SA-induced cytotoxicity, it does not play a significant role in SA-mediated expression of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED genes and resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. In contrast, DRL1 is required for JA/ET- and necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea-induced defence gene expression and for resistance to B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. Furthermore, unlike the TOT4/KTI12 gene which, when overexpressed in yeast, confers zymocin resistance, a phenotype of the tot4/kti12 mutant, overexpression of DRL1 does not change B. cinerea-induced defence gene expression and resistance to this pathogen. Finally, DRL1 contains an N-terminal P-loop and a C-terminal calmodulin (CaM)-binding domain and is a CaM-binding protein. We demonstrate that both the P-loop and the CaM-binding domain are essential for the function of DRL1 in B. cinerea-induced expression of PDF1.2 and ORA59, and in resistance to B. cinerea, suggesting that the function of DRL1 in plant immunity may be regulated by ATP/GTP and CaM binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of Florida, PO Box 110700GainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of Florida, PO Box 110700GainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Jian‐Liang Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake NonaOrlandoFL32827USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, PO Box 103622GainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of Florida, PO Box 110700GainesvilleFL32611USA
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Mehlgarten C, Prochaska H, Hammermeister A, Abdel-Fattah W, Wagner M, Krutyhołowa R, Jun SE, Kim GT, Glatt S, Breunig KD, Stark MJR, Schaffrath R. Use of a Yeast tRNase Killer Toxin to Diagnose Kti12 Motifs Required for tRNA Modification by Elongator. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E272. [PMID: 28872616 PMCID: PMC5618205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are killed by zymocin, a tRNase ribotoxin complex from Kluyveromyces lactis, which cleaves anticodons and inhibits protein synthesis. Zymocin's action requires specific chemical modification of uridine bases in the anticodon wobble position (U34) by the Elongator complex (Elp1-Elp6). Hence, loss of anticodon modification in mutants lacking Elongator or related KTI (K. lactis Toxin Insensitive) genes protects against tRNA cleavage and confers resistance to the toxin. Here, we show that zymocin can be used as a tool to genetically analyse KTI12, a gene previously shown to code for an Elongator partner protein. From a kti12 mutant pool of zymocin survivors, we identify motifs in Kti12 that are functionally directly coupled to Elongator activity. In addition, shared requirement of U34 modifications for nonsense and missense tRNA suppression (SUP4; SOE1) strongly suggests that Kti12 and Elongator cooperate to assure proper tRNA functioning. We show that the Kti12 motifs are conserved in plant ortholog DRL1/ELO4 from Arabidopsis thaliana and seem to be involved in binding of cofactors (e.g., nucleotides, calmodulin). Elongator interaction defects triggered by mutations in these motifs correlate with phenotypes typical for loss of U34 modification. Thus, tRNA modification by Elongator appears to require physical contact with Kti12, and our preliminary data suggest that metabolic signals may affect proper communication between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Mehlgarten
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Heike Prochaska
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hammermeister
- Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heirich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Wael Abdel-Fattah
- Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heirich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Melanie Wagner
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
| | - Gyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karin D Breunig
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
- Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Heirich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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Abstract
Wobble uridines (U34) are generally modified in all species. U34 modifications can be essential in metazoans but are not required for viability in fungi. In this review, we provide an overview on the types of modifications and how they affect the physico-chemical properties of wobble uridines. We describe the molecular machinery required to introduce these modifications into tRNA posttranscriptionally and discuss how posttranslational regulation may affect the activity of the modifying enzymes. We highlight the activity of anticodon specific RNases that target U34 containing tRNA. Finally, we discuss how defects in wobble uridine modifications lead to phenotypes in different species. Importantly, this review will mainly focus on the cytoplasmic tRNAs of eukaryotes. A recent review has extensively covered their bacterial and mitochondrial counterparts.1
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Schaffrath
- a Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie , Universität Kassel , Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- b Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine , Germany.,c Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence , University of Münster , Münster , Germany.,d Medical Faculty , University of Münster , Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster , Germany
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