Reduced EGFR Level in eIF2α PhosphorylationDeficient Hepatocytes Is Responsible for Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress

Nano-targeted delivery system: a promising strategy of anthocyanin encapsulation for treating intestinal inflammation

Anthocyanins are natural flavonoids derived from plants, widely recognized for their health-promoting effects, specifically to treat inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). However, certain limitations are associated with their use, including instability, low solubility and permeability, poor gastrointestinal digestion, and low bioavailability. In this review, nano-carriers (e.g., liposome, polymersome, exosome, halloysite nanotubes, dendrimer, and nano-niosome, etc.) were summarized as anthocyanins delivery vehicles to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Recent progress on emerging strategies involved surface functionalization, responsive release, magnetic orientation, and self-assembly aggregation to address intestinal inflammation through nano-carriers and potential mechanisms were discussed. Anthocyanins, water-soluble pigments linked by glycoside bonds have attracted attention to alleviate intestinal inflammation related diseases. Anthocyanins can address intestinal inflammation by exerting their health beneficial effects such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, regulating the intestinal flora, and promoting apoptosis. Moreover, nano-carriers were discussed as oral delivery system for maximized bioefficacy of anthocyanins and to address concerns related to their low solubility and permeability, poor gastrointestinal metabolism, and low bioavailability were discussed. A future perspective is proposed concerning anthocyanin-loaded nano-carriers, different strategies to improve their efficacy, and developing functional food to treat intestinal inflammation.

Metabolic profiles and potential antioxidant mechanisms of hawk tea

Hawk tea has received increasing attention for its unique flavor and potential health benefits, with antioxidant function being one of its significant bioactivities. However, the metabolic profiles, potential antioxidant components, and action mechanisms of different types of hawk tea are still unclear. In this study, the chemical components of five hawk teas were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Then, the potential antioxidant metabolites and their possible action mechanisms were revealed by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that the metabolic profiles of various hawk teas differed significantly, but the content of flavonoids was the highest in each group. Network pharmacology analyses suggested that 11 potential antioxidant metabolites-four of which were the same metabolites with high levels in the five types, and seven were differential metabolites-could be involved in several metabolic pathways in vivo. These pathways included the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, which may be closely related to antioxidant activity. Finally, molecular docking revealed potential antioxidant metabolites bound to 25 core antioxidant targets through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Among them, artemisinin, astragalin, isoquercetrin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, and UDP-L-rhamnose exhibited low binding energies to core antioxidant targets such as AKT1, RELA, and MTOR, forming stable conformation. These insights lay the basis for further elucidating the antioxidant mechanism of hawk tea.

Feasibility study on the use of "Qi-tonifying medicine compound" as an anti-fatigue functional food ingredient based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Introduction

Fatigue has attracted broad attention in recent years due to its high morbidity rates. The use of functional foods to relieve fatigue-associated symptoms is becoming increasingly popular and has achieved relatively good results. In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking strategies were used to establish the material basis and mechanisms of Chinese herbal compounds in fatigue treatment. According to traditional medicine theories and relevant guidance documents published by the Chinese Ministry of Health, four herbal medicines, including Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver male flower, Panax notoginseng, and Syzygium aromaticum (EEPS), were selected to constitute the anti-fatigue herbal compound that may be suitable as functional food ingredients.

Methods

The major active ingredients in EEPS were identified via comprehensive literature search and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database search. Corresponding targets for these ingredients were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction. The network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1 to obtain key ingredients. Prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties was performed using the ADMETIab 2.0 database. The anti-fatigue targets were retrieved from GeneCards v5.13, OMIM, TTD and DisGeNET 7.0 databases. Then, the potential targets of EEPS in fatigue treatment were screened through a Venn diagram. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of these overlapping targets was constructed, and the hub targets in the network selected through topological screening. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database and the bioinformatics online platform. Finally, AutoDock tools were used to verify the binding capacity between the key active ingredients and the core targets.

Results and Discussion

This study identified the active ingredients and potential molecular mechanisms of EEPS in fatigue treatment, which will provide a foundation for future research on applications of herbal medicines in the functional food industry.

Increased Hepatic Lipogenesis Elevates Liver Cholesterol Content

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidemia is considered at least partially responsible for the increased CVD risk in NAFLD patients. The aim of the present study is to understand how hepatic de novo lipogenesis influences hepatic cholesterol content as well as its effects on the plasma lipid levels. Hepatic lipogenesis was induced in mice by feeding a fat-free/high-sucrose (FF/HS) diet and the metabolic pathways associated with cholesterol were then analyzed. Both liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents were significantly increased in mice fed an FF/HS diet. Activation of fatty acid synthesis driven by the activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c resulted in the increased liver triglycerides. The augmented cholesterol content in the liver could not be explained by an increased cholesterol synthesis, which was decreased by the FF/HS diet. HMGCoA reductase protein level was decreased in mice fed an FF/HS diet. We found that the liver retained more cholesterol through a reduced excretion of bile acids, a reduced fecal cholesterol excretion, and an increased cholesterol uptake from plasma lipoproteins. Very low-density lipoproteintriglyceride and -cholesterol secretion were increased in mice fed an FF/HS diet, which led to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in Ldlr-/- mice, a model that exhibits a more human like lipoprotein profile. These findings suggest that dietary cholesterol intake and cholesterol synthesis rates cannot only explain the hypercholesterolemia associated with NAFLD, and that the control of fatty acid synthesis should be considered for the management of dyslipidemia.

Potential therapeutic targets and molecular details of anthocyan-treated inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology

Anthocyans, containing anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, play a crucial role in preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most anthocyanins and their basic elements, namely anthocyanidins have been recognized for the effective treatment of IBD, but the key biomarkers of anthocyan-treated IBD remain unclear. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis based on network pharmacology was performed to demonstrate the core-targets, biological functions, and signaling pathways of most common anthocyanidins that existed in anthocyans to reveal their potential or major mechanisms. The network pharmacology of the multi-target drug molecular design with specific signal nodes was selected, which was used to analyse core targets and complete the bioinformatics analysis of core targets. The network assays indicated 44 common targeted genes, 5 of which were core targets of both six most common anthocyanidins and IBD. These 44 common targets related to major signaling mechanisms of the six most common anthocyanidins in IBD may involve following processes: promotion of intracellular metabolism and proliferation, inhibition of cell necrosis, anti-inflammation and regulation of intestinal epithelial survival mainly via pathways such as, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway, platelet activation, microRNAs in cancer, arachidonic acid metabolism and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Thus, our findings may provide other molecular details about anthocyans in the treatment of IBD and contribute towards the use of anthocyanidins, which will be meaningful shedding light on the action mechanisms of anthocyanidins in treating IBD.

Therapeutic mechanism of Toujie Quwen granules in COVID-19 based on network pharmacology

Background

Chinese medicine Toujie Quwen granule (TJQW) has proven to be effective in the treatment of mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases by relieving symptoms, slowing the progression of the disease, and boosting the recovery of patients. But the bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of TJQW for COVID-19 prevention and treatment are unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential therapeutic mechanism of TJQW in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on an integrated network pharmacology approach.

Methods

TCMSP were used to search and screen the active ingredients in TJQW. The Swiss TargetPrediction was used to predict the potential targets of active ingredients. Genes co-expressed with ACE2 were considered potential therapeutic targets on COVID-19. Venn diagram was created to show correlative targets of TJQW against COVID-19. Cytoscape was used to construct a “drug-active ingredient-potential target” network, STRING were used to construct protein-protein interaction network, and cytoHubba performed network topology analysis. Enrichment of biological functions and signaling pathways of core targets was performed by using the clusterProfiler package in R software and ClueGO with CluePedia plugins in Cytoscape.

Results

A total of 156 active ingredients were obtained through oral bioavailability and drug-likeness screenings. Two hundred twenty-seven potential targets of TJQW were related to COVID-19. The top ten core targets are EGFR, CASP3, STAT3, ESR1, FPR2, F2, BCL2L1, BDKRB2, MPO, and ACE. Based on that, we obtained 19 key active ingredients: umbelliprenin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, praeruptorin E, stigmasterol, and oroxylin A. And the enrichment analysis obtained multiple related gene ontology functions and signaling pathways. Lastly, we constructed a key network of “drug-component-target-biological process-signaling pathway”. Our findings suggested that TJQW treatment for COVID-19 was associated with elevation of immunity and suppression of inflammatory stress, including regulation of inflammatory response, viral process, neutrophil mediated immunity, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, Complement and coagulation cascades, and HIF-1 signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Our study uncovered the pharmacological mechanism underlying TJQW treatment for COVID-19. These results should benefit efforts for people around the world to gain more knowledge about Chinese medicine TJQW in the treatment of this vicious epidemic COVID-19, and help to address this pressing problem currently facing the world.