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Karsten N, Kolben T, Mahner S, Beyer S, Meister S, Kuhn C, Schmoeckel E, Wuerstlein R, Harbeck N, Ditsch N, Jeschke U, Friese K, Kolben TM. The role of E-Cadherin expression in primary site of breast cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:913-920. [PMID: 34510244 PMCID: PMC8967771 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumour's ability to metastasize is the major cause for fatal outcomes in cancer diseases. In breast cancer, aberrant E-Cadherin expression has been linked to invasiveness and poor prognosis. METHOD We assessed expression of E-Cadherin by immunohistochemistry in primary tumour tissue from 125 female breast cancer patients. Staining intensities were analysed using the immunoreactive score (IRS). We investigated E-Cadherin expression and its associations with clinicopathological parameters (age, tumour size, lymph node status, grade, hormone receptors, Her2 Status) as well as with recurrence and survival. RESULTS Increased, rather than aberrant E-Cadherin expression was found and was associated with poor outcome (p = 0.046). Our data show an association between elevated E-Cadherin in primary tumour tissue and an unfavourable negative prognosis in patients. CONCLUSION This association was somehow unexpected as loss of E-Cadherin has long been regarded as a prerequisite for development of invasiveness and metastases. Our findings support the notion that E-Cadherin promotes, rather than suppresses, development of metastasis and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Karsten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Wuerstlein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Friese
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Bad Trissl, Bad-Trissl-Straße 73, 83080, Oberaudorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Maria Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Breast Center and CCCLMU, LMU University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041821. [PMID: 33673054 PMCID: PMC7918886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT.
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Current Insights into Oral Cancer Epigenetics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030670. [PMID: 29495520 PMCID: PMC5877531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications have emerged into one of the cancer hallmarks, replacing the concept of malignant pathologies as being solely genetic-based conditions. The epigenetic landscape is responsible for normal development but also for the heterogeneity among tissues in terms of gene expression patterns. Dysregulation in these mechanisms has been associated with disease stage, and increased attention is now granted to cancer in order to take advantage of these modifications in terms of novel therapeutic strategies or diagnosis/prognosis tools. Oral cancer has also been subjected to epigenetic analysis with numerous studies revealing that the development and progression of this malignancy are partially induced by an altered epigenetic substrate together with genetic alterations and prolonged exposure to environmental risk factors. The present review summarizes the most important epigenetic modifications associated with oral cancer and also their potential to be used as new therapeutic targets.
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López-Verdín S, Soto-Avila JJ, Zamora-Perez AL, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Martínez-Fierro ML, González-González R, Molina-Frechero N, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Bologna-Molina R. Patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma have high levels of soluble E-cadherin in the saliva. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e694-e701. [PMID: 29053653 PMCID: PMC5813987 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the potential clinical value of the concentration of soluble salivary E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) compared with the clinical value of the presence of membranous E-cadherin (mE-cadherin) in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data regarding patient demographics, clinical stage, saliva and tumor tissue samples were collected. The saliva was analyzed for sE-cadherin protein levels and was compared to the mE-cadherin immunohistochemical expression levels in tumor tissues, which were assessed via the HercepTest® method. Patients without cancer were included in the study as a control group for comparisons of the sE-cadherin levels. RESULTS sE-cadherin levels in the saliva of patients without cancer were lower than those in patients with cancer, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.031). Low mE-cadherin expression was statistically significantly associated with lymph node positivity (p=0.015) and advanced clinical stage (p=0.001). The inverse relationship between mE-cadherin and sE-cadherin was significant in terms of lymph node positivity (p=0.014) and advanced clinical stage (p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that sE-cadherin levels are significantly increased in patients with oral cancer and that its low expression within the membrane as well as the progression of the disease appear to be inversely associated with levels of sE-cadherin in the saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Verdín
- Molecular Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Las Heras 1925, Montevideo, Uruguay,
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Gloushankova NA, Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in normal and cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356900. [PMID: 28783415 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are molecular complexes that mediate cell-cell adhesive interactions and play pivotal roles in maintenance of tissue organization in adult organisms and at various stages of development. AJs consist of cadherin adhesion receptors, providing homophilic ligation with cadherins on adjacent cells, and members of the catenin protein family: p120, β- and α-catenin. α-catenin's linkage with the actin cytoskeleton defines the linear or punctate organization of AJs in different cell types. Myosin II-dependent tension drives vinculin recruitment by α-catenin and stabilizes the linkage of the cadherin/catenin complex to F-actin. Neoplastic transformation leads to prominent changes in the organization, regulation and stability of AJs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) whereby epithelial cells lose stable cell-cell adhesion, and reorganize their cytoskeleton to acquire migratory activity, plays the central role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that a partial EMT resulting in a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with retention of E-cadherin is essential for cancer cell dissemination. E-cadherin and E-cadherin-based AJs are required for collective invasion and migration, survival in circulation, and metastatic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya A Gloushankova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Svetlana N Rubtsova
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina Y Zhitnyak
- a Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral neoplasm, accounting for over 90% of all oral malignancies and 38% of head and neck tumors. Worldwide, OSCC is the eighth most common human cancer, with more than 500,000 new cases being diagnosed every year with a fairly onerous prognosis, encouraging further research on factors that might modify disease outcome. Genetic and/or environmental risk factors associated with the development of oral cancer have been sufficiently understood (smoking, alcohol, betel, diet, living habits, etc.). Knowledge of the genetic basis in oral carcinogenesis is still a challenging task. To improve the diagnosis and prevention, a previously unknown type of chromatin modification, known as epigenetic, which is defined as heritable DNA changes that are not encoded in the sequence itself and which are reversible and increasingly appear to serve fundamental roles in cell differentiation and development are studied. Tumors shed their DNA into the blood and epigenetic changes that occur early during tumorigenesis, sometimes even in premalignant lesions, can provide valuable biomarkers. Key components involved in epigenetic regulation are DNA methylation, histone modifications and modifications in micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs). Epigenetic modifications may contribute to aberrant epigenetic mechanisms seen in oral precancers and cancers. In the near future, epigenetic variations found in oral dysplastic cells can act as a molecular fingerprint for malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Hema
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, V.S. Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T Smitha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, V.S. Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Sheethal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, V.S. Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Angeline Mirnalini
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, V.S. Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Shan T, Cui X, Li W, Lin W, Li Y, Chen X, Wu T. Novel regulatory program for norepinephrine-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:847-56. [PMID: 24815301 PMCID: PMC4317918 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine and epinephrine, catecholamine hormones that are major mediators for chronic stress-induced cancers, are implicated in the progression of a number of cancer cells, including gastric adenocarcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms of these hormones have not been well elucidated. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event responsible for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The hypothesis regarding whether the promotive effects of norepinephrine (NE) on cancer are in part due to its ability to induce an EMT program has not been proven. In this study, we show that NE does not only obviously induce EMT alterations in the morphological characteristics of gastric adenocarcinoma cells, but also increases the markers of EMT, including vimentin expression, and decreases E-cadherin expression, further resulting in cell motility and invasiveness. We also reveal that these actions are mainly mediated through the activation of β2-AR–HIF-1α–Snail signaling pathways. In summary, this study implies that NE induces EMT in gastric adenocarcinoma through the regulation of β2-AR–HIF-1α–Snail activity. The data provide a new perspective on chronic stress in a negative social and psychological state, which may be a risk factor for cancer development and progression. EMT: a novel regulatory program for stress hormone norepinephrine. EMT and gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Mascolo M, Siano M, Ilardi G, Russo D, Merolla F, De Rosa G, Staibano S. Epigenetic disregulation in oral cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2331-2353. [PMID: 22408457 PMCID: PMC3292026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral region (OSCC) is one of the most common and highly aggressive malignancies worldwide, despite the fact that significant results have been achieved during the last decades in its detection, prevention and treatment. Although many efforts have been made to define the molecular signatures that identify the clinical outcome of oral cancers, OSCC still lacks reliable prognostic molecular markers. Scientific evidence indicates that transition from normal epithelium to pre-malignancy, and finally to oral carcinoma, depends on the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in a multistep process. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic changes are heritable and potentially reversible. The most common examples of such changes are DNA methylation, histone modification, and small non-coding RNAs. Although several epigenetic changes have been currently linked to OSCC initiation and progression, they have been only partially characterized. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that especially aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in oral cancer. The major goal of the present paper is to review the recent literature about the epigenetic modifications contribution in early and later phases of OSCC malignant transformation; in particular we point out the current evidence of epigenetic marks as novel markers for early diagnosis and prognosis as well as potential therapeutic targets in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mascolo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Maria Siano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gaetano De Rosa
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata (C.R.O.B.) Oncology Research Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza 85028, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, Pathology Section, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples 80131, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (D.R.); (F.M.); (G.D.R.)
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