Exploring the burden of mixed dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in Kashmir, India

BACKGROUND

Diabetes-related dyslipidemia is a multifaceted, complicated disorder characterized by an abnormal lipid profile in individuals with diabetes. The incidence of different types of dyslipidemia, however, was not a focus of prior investigations. The patients were characterized into three categories of dyslipidemia. Different patterns of dyslipidemia were combined into single dyslipidemia (7 patterns), mixed dyslipidemia (16 patterns), and triple dyslipidemia (4 patterns).

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 586 people suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included. We assessed the serum lipid profile and used log (TG/HDL-C) to determine the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Dyslipidemia was examined as a categorical variable, and the findings were presented as percentages and numbers. To compare categorical variables, we either utilized Fisher exact tests or Chi square tests.

RESULTS

The study comprised of 586 T2DM patients, with 310 (52.9%) women and 276 (47.1%) men. Women have significantly higher hypertension (33.6%) as compared to men (23.2%). 18.94% (111) of patients were having coronary artery disease (CAD) history consisting of 12.28% (72) females and 6.66% (39) males, a difference which is statistically significant. 98.12% of total individuals had as a minimum of one lipid abnormality. 4.61% (27) of study subjects were having isolated dyslipidemia and 93.51% (548) had dual or triple pattern of dyslipidemia (mixed dyslipidemia). High AIP >0.24 (94.8%) was the most predominant trend of dyslipidemia. The dual combination of AIP (>0.24) and HDL (<50 mg/dL in Females and <40 mg/dL in Males) was found to be the most common pattern of mixed dyslipidemia (68.08%). The most prevalent trend of isolated dyslipidemia was found to be high AIP (>0.24), In patients with CAD history. Among the mixed dyslipidemia, the common pattern of dyslipidemia (71.17%) was the dual combination of high AIP (>0.24) and low HDL (<50 mg/dL women and <40 mg/dL males). The triple combination of TG (≥200 mg/dL) and HDL (<40 and <50 mg/dL) and LDL (≥100 mg/dL) was only found in females.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in T2DM patients, with mixed dyslipidemia being the most common type observed in the community of Kashmir valley, India. High AIP was the most prevalent pattern in the current investigation.

Genetic predisposition of LEPR (rs1137101) gene polymorphism related to type 2 diabetes mellitus - a meta-analysis

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted disease appropriate to elevated blood glucose levels resulting from decreased insulin and beta-cell activity. Using a case-control methodology, researchers have examined the relationship between polymorphisms in LEPR and T2DM in a population from south India.Materials and Methods: We conducted a genetic analysis of 311 participants, and results were accomplished using a case-control study, a meta-analysis of previous studies on LEPR was conducted, and type 2 diabetes genotype distribution across various geographical regions Malaysians, Chinese Han, Kuwait, Iran, Mongolia, and Han Chinese, Greece, Saudi, India (North India, Punjabi), (South India, Tamilnadu). The study involved 254 prospective investigations, and nine association studies were preferred according to preset criteria. Studies were assessed for quality using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). An analysis of the genetic models was conducted to determine their relationship, statistical analysis was utilized to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and matching 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: The LEPR-rs1137101 polymorphism in the case-control study was associated with a significant increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis revealed a connection between LEPR gene polymorphism (rs1137101) and type 2 diabetes risk. Investigators might gain a more profound thought on the significance of the identified genetic variation and its impact on the chance of developing type 2 diabetes by verifying and strengthening previously reported findings. The model of fixed effects was chosen due to the low heterogeneity, and significant associations were observed in the allelic (OR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.70-0.87]), homozygote (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.46-0.72]), dominant (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.56-0.79]), and recessive (OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.71-0.96]) genetic models. A Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test indicated no publication bias. These findings suggest that the rs1137101 variant in the LEPR gene has been linked to a higher risk of T2DM.Conclusions: A larger sample size, however, is required for further research, and consideration of potential confounding factors is needed to validate these associations. Understanding the implications of LEPR gene polymorphisms in T2DM susceptibility may contribute to personalized treatment strategies for patients with T2DM.

Functionally Significant Variants in Genes Associated with Abdominal Obesity: A Review

The high prevalence of obesity and of its associated diseases is a major problem worldwide. Genetic predisposition and the influence of environmental factors contribute to the development of obesity. Changes in the structure and functional activity of genes encoding adipocytokines are involved in the predisposition to weight gain and obesity. In this review, variants in genes associated with adipocyte function are examined, as are variants in genes associated with metabolic aberrations and the accompanying disorders in visceral obesity.