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Chimienti G, Russo F, Bianco A, Maqoud F, De Virgilio C, Galeano G, Orlando A, Riezzo G, D’Attoma B, Ignazzi A, Linsalata M, Prospero L, Franco I, Bagnato CB, Curci R, Coletta S. Effect of a 12-Week Walking Program Monitored by Global Physical Capacity Score (GPCS) on Circulating Cell-Free mtDNA and DNase Activity in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4293. [PMID: 38673878 PMCID: PMC11050617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) involves low-grade mucosal inflammation. Among the various approaches capable of managing the symptoms, physical activity is still under investigation. Despite its benefits, it promotes oxidative stress and inflammation. Mitochondria impacts gut disorders by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns, such as cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA), which support inflammation. This study evaluated the effects of a 12-week walking program on the cf-mtDNA and DNase in 26 IBS and 17 non-IBS subjects. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. Digital droplet PCR was used to quantify cf-mtDNA; DNase activity was assessed using a single radial enzyme diffusion assay. PCR-RFLP was used to genotype DNASE1 rs1053874 SNP. Significantly lower IL-10 levels were found in IBS than in non-IBS individuals. Exercise reduced cf-mtDNA in non-IBS subjects but not in IBS patients. DNase activity did not correlate with the cf-mtDNA levels in IBS patients post-exercise, indicating imbalanced cf-mtDNA clearance. Different rs1053874 SNP frequencies were not found between groups. The study confirms the positive effects of regular moderate-intensity physical activity in healthy subjects and its role in cf-mtDNA release and clearance. Walking alone might not sufficiently reduce subclinical inflammation in IBS, based on imbalanced pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules. Prolonged programs are necessary to investigate their effects on inflammatory markers in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Francesco Russo
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Antonella Bianco
- Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.B.); (I.F.); (C.B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Fatima Maqoud
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Caterina De Virgilio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Grazia Galeano
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Riezzo
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Benedetta D’Attoma
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Antonia Ignazzi
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Michele Linsalata
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Prospero
- Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Group, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.O.); (G.R.); (B.D.); (A.I.); (M.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Isabella Franco
- Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.B.); (I.F.); (C.B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Claudia Beatrice Bagnato
- Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.B.); (I.F.); (C.B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Ritanna Curci
- Laboratory of Movement and Wellness, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.B.); (I.F.); (C.B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Sergio Coletta
- Core Facility Biobank, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy;
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Romano R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Bucci C, Leeuwenburgh C, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles in skeletal muscle remodeling and adaptation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:37-45. [PMID: 35367122 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial remodeling is crucial to meet the bioenergetic demand to support muscle contractile activity during daily tasks and muscle regeneration following injury. A set of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy, are in place to maintain a well-functioning mitochondrial network and support muscle regeneration. Alterations in any of these pathways compromises mitochondrial quality and may potentially lead to impaired myogenesis, defective muscle regeneration, and ultimately loss of muscle function. Among MQC processes, mitophagy has gained special attention for its implication in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria via crosstalk with the endo-lysosomal system, a major cell degradative route. Along this pathway, additional opportunities for mitochondrial disposal have been identified that may also signal at the systemic level. This communication occurs via inclusion of mitochondrial components within membranous shuttles named mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs). Here, we discuss MDV generation and release as a mitophagy-complementing route for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in skeletal myocytes. We also illustrate the possible role of muscle-derived MDVs in immune signaling during muscle remodeling and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Division of Biology of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Michelson J, Rausser S, Peng A, Yu T, Sturm G, Trumpff C, Kaufman BA, Rai AJ, Picard M. MitoQuicLy: A high-throughput method for quantifying cell-free DNA from human plasma, serum, and saliva. Mitochondrion 2023; 71:26-39. [PMID: 37172669 PMCID: PMC10524316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is an emerging biomarker of psychobiological stress and disease which predicts mortality and is associated with various disease states. To evaluate the contribution of cf-mtDNA to health and disease states, standardized high-throughput procedures are needed to quantify cf-mtDNA in relevant biofluids. Here, we describe MitoQuicLy: Mitochondrial DNA Quantification in cell-free samples by Lysis. We demonstrate high agreement between MitoQuicLy and the commonly used column-based method, although MitoQuicLy is faster, cheaper, and requires a smaller input sample volume. Using 10 µL of input volume with MitoQuicLy, we quantify cf-mtDNA levels from three commonly used plasma tube types, two serum tube types, and saliva. We detect, as expected, significant inter-individual differences in cf-mtDNA across different biofluids. However, cf-mtDNA levels between concurrently collected plasma, serum, and saliva from the same individual differ on average by up to two orders of magnitude and are poorly correlated with one another, pointing to different cf-mtDNA biology or regulation between commonly used biofluids in clinical and research settings. Moreover, in a small sample of healthy women and men (n = 34), we show that blood and saliva cf-mtDNAs correlate with clinical biomarkers differently depending on the sample used. The biological divergences revealed between biofluids, together with the lysis-based, cost-effective, and scalable MitoQuicLy protocol for biofluid cf-mtDNA quantification, provide a foundation to examine the biological origin and significance of cf-mtDNA to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shannon Rausser
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Temmie Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and the Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alex J Rai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Michelson J, Rausser S, Peng A, Yu T, Sturm G, Trumpff C, Kaufman BA, Rai AJ, Picard M. MitoQuicLy: a high-throughput method for quantifying cell-free DNA from human plasma, serum, and saliva. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.04.522744. [PMID: 36711938 PMCID: PMC9882007 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.04.522744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is an emerging biomarker of psychobiological stress and disease which predicts mortality and is associated with various disease states. To evaluate the contribution of cf-mtDNA to health and disease states, standardized high-throughput procedures are needed to quantify cf-mtDNA in relevant biofluids. Here, we describe MitoQuicLy: Mito chondrial DNA Qu antification in c ell-free samples by Ly sis. We demonstrate high agreement between MitoQuicLy and the commonly used column-based method, although MitoQuicLy is faster, cheaper, and requires a smaller input sample volume. Using 10 µL of input volume with MitoQuicLy, we quantify cf-mtDNA levels from three commonly used plasma tube types, two serum tube types, and saliva. We detect, as expected, significant inter-individual differences in cf-mtDNA across different biofluids. However, cf-mtDNA levels between concurrently collected plasma, serum, and saliva from the same individual differ on average by up to two orders of magnitude and are poorly correlated with one another, pointing to different cf-mtDNA biology or regulation between commonly used biofluids in clinical and research settings. Moreover, in a small sample of healthy women and men (n=34), we show that blood and saliva cf-mtDNAs correlate with clinical biomarkers differently depending on the sample used. The biological divergences revealed between biofluids, together with the lysis-based, cost-effective, and scalable MitoQuicLy protocol for biofluid cf-mtDNA quantification, provide a foundation to examine the biological origin and significance of cf-mtDNA to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shannon Rausser
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Temmie Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and the Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Alex J. Rai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA,Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: 1051 Riverside Drive, Kolb 4, New York, NY 10032, United States; (646) 774-5026;
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Nabi SU, Rehman MU, Arafah A, Taifa S, Khan IS, Khan A, Rashid S, Jan F, Wani HA, Ahmad SF. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Mitochondrial-targeted Drug: Future of Neurological Diseases Therapeutics. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1042-1064. [PMID: 36411568 PMCID: PMC10286588 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221121095618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology that might involve environmental and genetic variables. Recently, some epidemiological studies conducted in various parts of the world have estimated a significant increase in the prevalence of autism, with 1 in every 59 children having some degree of autism. Since autism has been associated with other clinical abnormalities, there is every possibility that a sub-cellular component may be involved in the progression of autism. The organelle remains a focus based on mitochondria's functionality and metabolic role in cells. Furthermore, the mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally and has its DNA and organelle that remain actively involved during embryonic development; these characteristics have linked mitochondrial dysfunction to autism. Although rapid stride has been made in autism research, there are limited studies that have made particular emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction and autism. Accumulating evidence from studies conducted at cellular and sub-cellular levels has indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction's role in autism is more than expected. The present review has attempted to describe the risk factors of autism, the role of mitochondria in the progression of the disease, oxidative damage as a trigger point to initiate mitochondrial damage, genetic determinants of the disease, possible pathogenic pathways and therapeutic regimen in vogue and the developmental stage. Furthermore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to include the novel therapeutic regimens under investigation at different clinical trial stages and their potential possibility to emerge as promising drugs against ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Taifa
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Iqra Shafi Khan
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Jan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Ferozepur Road, Punjab, 142024, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Degree College Sumbal, Bandipora, J&K, India
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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New Perspectives on the Importance of Cell-Free DNA Biology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092147. [PMID: 36140548 PMCID: PMC9497998 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fluids are constantly replenished with a population of genetically diverse cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, representing a vast reservoir of information reflecting real-time changes in the host and metagenome. As many body fluids can be collected non-invasively in a one-off and serial fashion, this reservoir can be tapped to develop assays for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of wide-ranging pathologies, such as solid tumors, fetal genetic abnormalities, rejected organ transplants, infections, and potentially many others. The translation of cfDNA research into useful clinical tests is gaining momentum, with recent progress being driven by rapidly evolving preanalytical and analytical procedures, integrated bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms. Yet, despite these spectacular advances, cfDNA remains a very challenging analyte due to its immense heterogeneity and fluctuation in vivo. It is increasingly recognized that high-fidelity reconstruction of the information stored in cfDNA, and in turn the development of tests that are fit for clinical roll-out, requires a much deeper understanding of both the physico-chemical features of cfDNA and the biological, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors that modulate it. This is a daunting task, but with significant upsides. In this review we showed how expanded knowledge on cfDNA biology and faithful reverse-engineering of cfDNA samples promises to (i) augment the sensitivity and specificity of existing cfDNA assays; (ii) expand the repertoire of disease-specific cfDNA markers, thereby leading to the development of increasingly powerful assays; (iii) reshape personal molecular medicine; and (iv) have an unprecedented impact on genetics research.
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Trumpff C, Rausser S, Haahr R, Karan KR, Gouspillou G, Puterman E, Kirschbaum C, Picard M. Dynamic behavior of cell-free mitochondrial DNA in human saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 143:105852. [PMID: 35834882 PMCID: PMC9880596 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain their own genome that can be released in multiple biofluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, as cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA). In clinical studies, blood cf-mtDNA predicts mortality and higher cf-mtDNA levels are associated with mental and physical stress. However, the dynamics of cf-mtDNA has not been defined, and whether it can be measured non-invasively like other neuroendocrine markers in saliva has not been examined. Here we report cf-mtDNA in human saliva and establish its natural within-person dynamic behavior across multiple weeks. In a small proof-of-principle cohort of healthy adults, we first develop an approach to rapidly quantify salivary cf-mtDNA without DNA isolation, and demonstrate the existence of salivary cf-mtDNA. We then deploy this approach to perform an intensive repeated-measures analysis of two healthy men studied at 4 daily timepoints over 53-60 consecutive days (n = 212-220 observations each) with parallel measures of steroid hormones, self-reported daily mood, and health-related behaviors. Salivary cf-mtDNA exhibited a robust awakening response reaching up to two orders of magnitude 30-45 min after awakening, varied from day-to-day, and moderately correlated with the cortisol awakening response. In exploratory analyses, no consistent association with self-reported daily mood/health-related behaviors were found, although this requires further examination in future studies. Dynamic variation in cf-mtDNA was inversely related with salivary interleukin 6 (IL-6), inconsistent with a pro-inflammatory effect of salivary cf-mtDNA. The highly dynamic behavior of salivary cf-mtDNA opens the door to non-invasive studies examining the relevance of mtDNA signaling in relation to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Shannon Rausser
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Haahr
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kalpita R. Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Département des Sciences de l’Activité Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
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Ge Z, Zhang Z, Ding S. Effects of acute endurance exercise and exhaustive exercise on innate immune signals induced by mtDNA. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221134942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Numerous studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can trigger innate immune signaling, and exercise can induce mitochondrial stress. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the influence of different types of acute exercise on the innate immune signaling triggered by mtDNA. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice ( n = 18) were randomly and equally divided into three groups. They were control group, acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise group (AMIE), and 3-day exhaustive exercise group (EE) respectively. Mice were sacrificed immediately after exercise. The spleen, liver, and blood were taken for analysis. Results: The amount of mtDNA in the liver cytoplasm and plasma was significantly decreased after AMIE ( p < .05). However, the amount of mtDNA in plasma was increased after EE (p < .05). The mRNA expression of TFAM, and most TLR9 and cGAS/STING signaling pathway-related genes in the liver and spleen was markedly elevated, whereas the expression of those genes in leukocytes was reduced after AMIE. Furthermore, AMIE significantly decreased the protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the liver ( p < .05) and STING in spleen ( p < .01). Also, AMIE and EE caused a drop in circulating IFN-β levels ( p < .05). Conclusion: A single bout of moderate-intensity exercise reduces mtDNA-induced innate immune signaling and suppresses inflammatory responses by decreasing hepatic cytoplasmic and circulating mtDNA. However, repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise stimulate innate immune signaling by increasing levels of circulating mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Jaramillo-Morales J, Korucu B, Pike MM, Lipworth L, Stewart T, Headley SAE, Germain M, Begue G, Roshanravan B, Tuttle KR, Himmelfarb J, Robinson-Cohen C, Ikizler TA, Gamboa JL. Effects of caloric restriction and aerobic exercise on circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F68-F75. [PMID: 34843657 PMCID: PMC8742721 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) may induce systemic inflammation, a common condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD), by acting as a damage-associated molecular pattern. We hypothesized that in patients with moderate to severe CKD, aerobic exercise would reduce ccf-mtDNA levels. We performed a post hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized trial (NCT01150851) measuring plasma concentrations of ccf-mtDNA at baseline and 2 and 4 mo after aerobic exercise and caloric restriction. A total of 99 participants had baseline ccf-mtDNA, and 92 participants completed the study. The median age of the participants was 57 yr, 44% were female and 55% were male, 23% had diabetes, and 92% had hypertension. After adjusting for demographics, blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, median ccf-mtDNA concentrations at baseline, 2 mo, and 4 mo were 3.62, 3.08, and 2.78 pM for the usual activity group and 2.01, 2.20, and 2.67 pM for the aerobic exercise group, respectively. A 16.1% greater increase per month in ccf-mtDNA was seen in aerobic exercise versus usual activity (P = 0.024), which was more pronounced with the combination of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction (29.5% greater increase per month). After 4 mo of intervention, ccf-mtDNA increased in the aerobic exercise group by 81.6% (95% confidence interval: 8.2-204.8, P = 0.024) compared with the usual activity group and was more marked in the aerobic exercise and caloric restriction group (181.7% increase, 95% confidence interval: 41.1-462.2, P = 0.003). There was no statistically significant correlation between markers of oxidative stress and inflammation with ccf-mtDNA. Our data indicate that aerobic exercise increased ccf-mtDNA levels in patients with moderate to severe CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effects of prolonged exercise on circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) have not been explored in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We showed that 4-mo aerobic exercise is associated with an increase in plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in patients with stages 3 or 4 CKD. These changes were not associated with markers of systemic inflammation. Future studies should determine the mechanisms by which healthy lifestyle interventions influence biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berfu Korucu
- 1Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mindy M. Pike
- 2Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,3Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Loren Lipworth
- 2Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,3Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Thomas Stewart
- 4Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samuel A. E. Headley
- 5Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Germain
- 6Department of Nephrology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Gwenaelle Begue
- 7Kinesiology Department, California State University of Sacramento, Sacramento, California
| | - Baback Roshanravan
- 8Division of Nephrology, University of California, Sacramento, California
| | - Katherine R. Tuttle
- 9Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,10Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,11Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- 9Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,10Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- 1Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,2Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - T. Alp Ikizler
- 1Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,2Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jorge L. Gamboa
- 12Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Zanini G, De Gaetano A, Selleri V, Savino G, Cossarizza A, Pinti M, Mattioli AV, Nasi M. Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102575. [PMID: 34685555 PMCID: PMC8533813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have highlighted the tight connection between mitochondria and physical activity. Mitochondrial functions are important in high-demanding metabolic activities, such as endurance sports. Moreover, regular training positively affects metabolic health by increasing mitochondrial oxidative capacity and regulating glucose metabolism. Exercise could have multiple effects, also on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and vice versa; some studies have investigated how mtDNA polymorphisms can affect the performance of general athletes and mtDNA haplogroups seem to be related to the performance of elite endurance athletes. Along with several stimuli, including pathogens, stress, trauma, and reactive oxygen species, acute and intense exercise also seem to be responsible for mtDNA release into the cytoplasm and extracellular space, leading to the activation of the innate immune response. In addition, several sports are characterized by a higher frequency of injuries, including cranial trauma, associated with neurological consequences. However, with regular exercise, circulating cell-free mtDNA levels are kept low, perhaps promoting cf-mtDNA removal, acting as a protective factor against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Gustavo Savino
- Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-5422
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11
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Xu Y, Yu Y, Yang B, Hui J, Zhang C, Fang H, Bian X, Tao M, Lu Y, Shang Z. Extracellular Mitochondrial Components and Effects on Cardiovascular Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1131-1143. [PMID: 34370602 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides being powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria released into extracellular space act as intercellular signaling. Mitochondria and their components mediate cell-to-cell communication in free form or embedded in a carrier. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex, which shows close relationship with inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Since mitochondria sustain optimal function of the heart, extracellular mitochondria are emerging as a key regulator in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide recent findings in the presence and forms of mitochondria transfer between cells, as well as the effects of these mitochondria on vascular inflammation and ischemic myocardium. Mitochondrial transplantation is a novel treatment paradigm for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular accident and challenges the traditional methods of mitochondria isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingjiao Hui
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yipeng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenglu Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
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12
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Trumpff C, Michelson J, Lagranha CJ, Taleon V, Karan KR, Sturm G, Lindqvist D, Fernström J, Moser D, Kaufman BA, Picard M. Stress and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA: A systematic review of human studies, physiological considerations, and technical recommendations. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:225-245. [PMID: 33839318 PMCID: PMC8418815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) is a marker of inflammatory disease and a predictor of mortality, but little is known about cf-mtDNA in relation to psychobiology. A systematic review of the literature reveals that blood cf-mtDNA varies in response to common real-world stressors including psychopathology, acute psychological stress, and exercise. Moreover, cf-mtDNA is inducible within minutes and exhibits high intra-individual day-to-day variation, highlighting the dynamic regulation of cf-mtDNA levels. We discuss current knowledge on the mechanisms of cf-mtDNA release, its forms of transport ("cell-free" does not mean "membrane-free"), potential physiological functions, putative cellular and neuroendocrine triggers, and factors that may contribute to cf-mtDNA removal from the circulation. A review of in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical studies shows conflicting results around the dogma that physiological forms of cf-mtDNA are pro-inflammatory, opening the possibility of other physiological functions, including the cell-to-cell transfer of whole mitochondria. Finally, to enhance the reproducibility and biological interpretation of human cf-mtDNA research, we propose guidelines for blood collection, cf-mtDNA isolation, quantification, and reporting standards, which can promote concerted advances by the community. Defining the mechanistic basis for cf-mtDNA signaling is an opportunity to elucidate the role of mitochondria in brain-body interactions and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Trumpff
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Veronica Taleon
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kalpita R Karan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Office of Psychiatry and Habilitation, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Johan Fernström
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Moser
- Department of Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA.
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13
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Walczak K, Stawski R, Perdas E, Brzezinska O, Kosielski P, Galczynski S, Budlewski T, Padula G, Nowak D. Circulating cell free DNA response to exhaustive exercise in average trained men with type I diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4639. [PMID: 33633280 PMCID: PMC7907132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) formation is responsible for the increase in cf DNA after exercise. Since T1DM is accompanied by enhanced NETs generation, we compared exercise-induced increase in cf DNA in 14 men with T1DM and 11 healthy controls and analyzed its association with exercise load. Subjects performed a treadmill run to exhaustion at speed corresponding to 70% of their personal VO2max. Blood was collected before and just after exercise for determination of plasma cf nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (cf n-DNA, cf mt-DNA) by real-time PCR, blood cell count and metabolic markers. Exercise resulted in the increase in median cf n-DNA from 3.9 ng/mL to 21.0 ng/mL in T1DM group and from 3.3 ng/mL to 28.9 ng/mL in controls. Median exercise-induced increment (∆) in cf n-DNA did not differ significantly in both groups (17.8 ng/mL vs. 22.1 ng/mL, p = 0.23), but this variable correlated with run distance (r = 0.66), Δ neutrophils (r = 0.86), Δ creatinine (r = 0.65) and Δ creatine kinase (r = 0.77) only in controls. Pre- and post-exercise cf mt-DNA were not significantly different within and between groups. These suggest low usefulness of Δ cf n-DNA as a marker of exercise intensity in T1DM men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Walczak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Olga Brzezinska
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosielski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Galczynski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Budlewski
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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14
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Harvey NR, Voisin S, Lea RA, Yan X, Benton MC, Papadimitriou ID, Jacques M, Haupt LM, Ashton KJ, Eynon N, Griffiths LR. Investigating the influence of mtDNA and nuclear encoded mitochondrial variants on high intensity interval training outcomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11089. [PMID: 32632177 PMCID: PMC7338527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria supply intracellular energy requirements during exercise. Specific mitochondrial haplogroups and mitochondrial genetic variants have been associated with athletic performance, and exercise responses. However, these associations were discovered using underpowered, candidate gene approaches, and consequently have not been replicated. Here, we used whole-mitochondrial genome sequencing, in conjunction with high-throughput genotyping arrays, to discover novel genetic variants associated with exercise responses in the Gene SMART (Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Training) cohort (n = 62 completed). We performed a Principal Component Analysis of cohort aerobic fitness measures to build composite traits and test for variants associated with exercise outcomes. None of the mitochondrial genetic variants but eight nuclear encoded variants in seven separate genes were found to be associated with exercise responses (FDR < 0.05) (rs11061368: DIABLO, rs113400963: FAM185A, rs6062129 and rs6121949: MTG2, rs7231304: AFG3L2, rs2041840: NDUFAF7, rs7085433: TIMM23, rs1063271: SPTLC2). Additionally, we outline potential mechanisms by which these variants may be contributing to exercise phenotypes. Our data suggest novel nuclear-encoded SNPs and mitochondrial pathways associated with exercise response phenotypes. Future studies should focus on validating these variants across different cohorts and ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Harvey
- Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, Bond University, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia.,Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - S Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - R A Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - X Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - M C Benton
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - I D Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - M Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - L M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - K J Ashton
- Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, Bond University, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - N Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - L R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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15
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Liao P, He Q, Zhou X, Ma K, Wen J, Chen H, Li Q, Qin D, Wang H. Repetitive Bouts of Exhaustive Exercise Induces a Systemic Inflammatory Response and Multi-Organ Damage in Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32655413 PMCID: PMC7324715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome can follow severe infection or injury, but its relationship to exercise is not well understood. Previous studies have observed that prolonged strenuous exercise can lead to transiently increased level and/or activity of markers for systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ damage. However, few studies have analyzed the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response and subsequent multi-organ injury in exhaustive exercise conditions. In this study, we established a rat model of repetitive bouts of exhaustive running (RBER) and investigated its effects on multiple organ damage. Rats were subjected to RBER in either uphill or downhill running modes daily for a period of 7 days. Morphologically, RBER causes tissue structural destruction and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the skeletal muscles and many visceral organs. RBER also causes sustained quantitative changes in leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets, and changes in the concentration of blood inflammatory factors. These inflammatory alterations are accompanied by increases in serum enzyme levels/activities which serve as functional markers of organ damage. In general, RBER in the downhill mode seemed to cause more damage evaluated by the above-mentioned measures than that produced in the uphill mode. A period of rest could recover some degree of damage, especially for organs such as the heart and kidneys with strong compensatory capacities. Together, our data suggest that, as a result of multi-organ interactions, RBER could cause a sustained inflammatory response for at least 24 h, resulting in tissue lesion and ultimately multiple organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- Research Center for Sports Nutrition and Eudainomics, Institute for Sports Training Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Research Center for Sports Nutrition and Eudainomics, Institute for Sports Training Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Research Center for Sports Nutrition and Eudainomics, Institute for Sports Training Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Jiangsu Biodep Biotechnology, Jiangyin, China.,Probiotics Australia, Ormeau, QLD, Australia
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, B-607 Wanlin Technology Mansion, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Center for Sports Nutrition and Eudainomics, Institute for Sports Training Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Research Center for Sports Nutrition and Eudainomics, Institute for Sports Training Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Qin
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Health-Pharmaceutical, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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16
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Increased level of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA due to a single bout of strenuous physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:897-905. [PMID: 32088743 PMCID: PMC7125245 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Physical exercise is reported to affect the immune response in various ways. Thus, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the abundance of circulating leukocytes are changed. In this study, the occurence of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cfmtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) was investigated in connection with a single bout of strenuous physical exercise. Methods Healthy volunteers performed a controlled ergo-spirometry cycle test and venous blood samples were taken at different time-points to analyze the concentration of blood components before, during and after the test. The number of circulating leukocytes was measured, as well as secretion of the soluble urokinase activator receptor (suPAR). Results Cf-mtDNA significantly increased during exercise, compared to baseline values and after 30 and 90 min of rest. Circulating leukocytes increased during exercise, but returned to baseline levels afterwards. Surface expression of the urokinase plasminogen activating receptor (uPAR) on neutrophils decreased significantly during exercise. The concentration of suPAR tended to increase during exercise but only significantly after 90 min of rest. Conclusion Increased concentration of cf-mtDNA indicates that cell damage takes place during high intensity training. Hypoxia and tissue damage are likely causes of cf-mtDNA from muscle cells. The levels of cf-mtDNA remain high during the initial rest, due to the decreasing numbers of leukocytes normally clearing the plasma from cf-mtDNA. The increased levels of suPAR further emphasize that strenuous physical exercise causes a reaction similar to inflammation. Further studies are needed to detect the source of increased cf-mtDNA and the corresponding increase of suPAR liberation.
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17
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Update on mitochondria and muscle aging: all wrong roads lead to sarcopenia. Biol Chem 2018; 399:421-436. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a well-known geriatric syndrome that has been endorsed over the years as a biomarker allowing for the discrimination, at a clinical level, of biological from chronological age. Multiple candidate mechanisms have been linked to muscle degeneration during sarcopenia. Among them, there is wide consensus on the central role played by the loss of mitochondrial integrity in myocytes, secondary to dysfunctional quality control mechanisms. Indeed, mitochondria establish direct or indirect contacts with other cellular components (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes/vacuoles) as well as the extracellular environment through the release of several biomolecules. The functional implications of these interactions in the context of muscle physiology and sarcopenia are not yet fully appreciated and represent a promising area of investigation. Here, we present an overview of recent findings concerning the interrelation between mitochondrial quality control processes, inflammation and the metabolic regulation of muscle mass in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia highlighting those pathways that may be exploited for developing preventive and therapeutic interventions against muscle aging.
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18
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Picca A, Lezza AMS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Calvani R, Bossola M, Manes-Gravina E, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Circulating Mitochondrial DNA at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation During Aging and Muscle Wasting Disorders. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:350-359. [PMID: 29125070 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial structural and functional integrity is maintained through the coordination of several processes (e.g., biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy), collectively referred to as mitochondrial quality control (MQC). Dysfunctional MQC and inflammation are hallmarks of aging and are involved in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting disorders, including sarcopenia and cachexia. One of the consequences of failing MQC is the release of mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). By virtue of their bacterial ancestry, these molecules can trigger an inflammatory response by interacting with receptors similar to those involved in pathogen-associated responses. Mitochondria-derived DAMPs, especially cell-free mitochondrial DNA, have recently been associated with conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, such as aging and degenerative diseases. Yet, their actual implication in the aging process and muscle wasting disorders is at an early stage of investigation. Here, we review the contribution of mitochondria-derived DAMPs to age-related systemic inflammation. We also provide arguments in support of the exploitation of such signaling pathways for the management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- 3 Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vito Pesce
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bossola
- 4 Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Manes-Gravina
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
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Stawski R, Walczak K, Kosielski P, Meissner P, Budlewski T, Padula G, Nowak D. Repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise increase circulating cell free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA without development of tolerance in healthy men. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178216. [PMID: 28542490 PMCID: PMC5443547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute single strenuous exercise increases circulating cell free DNA (cf DNA). We tested whether three repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise induced the cf DNA response without development of tolerance in healthy men. Methods Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0±5.2 years, body mass index 26.2±3.1 kg/m2, maximal oxygen consumption—VO2max 49.6±4.5 ml/kg*min) performed three treadmill exercise tests to exhaustion at speed corresponding to 70% VO2max separated by 72 hours of resting. Blood was collected before and after each bout of exercise for determination of cell free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (cf n-DNA, cf mt-DNA) by real-time PCR, selected markers of muscle damage, and blood cell count. Results Each bout induced the increase (p<0.05) in plasma cf n-DNA: from 3.4±1.4 to 38.5±27.5, from 4.1±3.3 to 48.5±26.2, and 3.1±1.6 to 53.8±39.9 ng/mL after the first, second, and third exercise, respectively. In a congruent way, cf mt-DNA rose significantly after the second (from 229±216 to 450±228*103 GE/mL) and third bout of exercise (from 173±120 to 462±314*103 GE/mL). Pre-exercise cf mt-DNA decreased (p<0.05) by 2-times (from 355±219 before the first bout to 173±120*103 GE/mL before the third bout) over the study period and were accompanied by significant increase in white blood cells, platelets, creatine kinase, creatinine and lactate after each bout. However, the exercise induced percentage increment of cf n-DNA was always many times higher than corresponding increments of the afore-mentioned markers at any occasion. Conclusions Repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise induced remarkable increase in circulating cf n-DNA without signs of tolerance development. Baseline cf mt-DNA decreased in response to series of strenuous exercise. Since percentage increments of cf n-DNA in response to exercise were many times higher than those observed for other markers, measurement of circulating cf n-DNA could be a sensitive tool for monitoring acute exercise effects in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Walczak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kosielski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Meissner
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Budlewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital name of the Military Medical Academy—Central Hospital Veterans of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Boyapati RK, Tamborska A, Dorward DA, Ho GT. Advances in the understanding of mitochondrial DNA as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory diseases. F1000Res 2017; 6:169. [PMID: 28299196 PMCID: PMC5321122 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10397.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has many similarities with bacterial DNA because of their shared common ancestry. Increasing evidence demonstrates mtDNA to be a potent danger signal that is recognised by the innate immune system and can directly modulate the inflammatory response. In humans, elevated circulating mtDNA is found in conditions with significant tissue injury such as trauma and sepsis and increasingly in chronic organ-specific and systemic illnesses such as steatohepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we examine our current understanding of mtDNA-mediated inflammation and how the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and mtDNA release represent exciting and previously under-recognised important factors in many human inflammatory diseases, offering many new translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray K Boyapati
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Arina Tamborska
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gwo-Tzer Ho
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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21
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Thierry AR, El Messaoudi S, Gahan PB, Anker P, Stroun M. Origins, structures, and functions of circulating DNA in oncology. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:347-76. [PMID: 27392603 PMCID: PMC5035665 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While various clinical applications especially in oncology are now in progress such as diagnosis, prognosis, therapy monitoring, or patient follow-up, the determination of structural characteristics of cell-free circulating DNA (cirDNA) are still being researched. Nevertheless, some specific structures have been identified and cirDNA has been shown to be composed of many “kinds.” This structural description goes hand-in-hand with the mechanisms of its origins such as apoptosis, necrosis, active release, phagocytosis, and exocytose. There are multiple structural forms of cirDNA depending upon the mechanism of release: particulate structures (exosomes, microparticles, apoptotic bodies) or macromolecular structures (nucleosomes, virtosomes/proteolipidonucleic acid complexes, DNA traps, links with serum proteins or to the cell-free membrane parts). In addition, cirDNA concerns both nuclear and/or mitochondrial DNA with both species exhibiting different structural characteristics that potentially reveal different forms of biological stability or diagnostic significance. This review focuses on the origins, structures and functional aspects that are paradoxically less well described in the literature while numerous reviews are directed to the clinical application of cirDNA. Differentiation of the various structures and better knowledge of the fate of cirDNA would considerably expand the diagnostic power of cirDNA analysis especially with regard to the patient follow-up enlarging the scope of personalized medicine. A better understanding of the subsequent fate of cirDNA would also help in deciphering its functional aspects such as their capacity for either genometastasis or their pro-inflammatory and immunological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France.
| | - S El Messaoudi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - P B Gahan
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - P Anker
- , 135 route des fruitières, 74160, Beaumont, France
| | - M Stroun
- , 6 Pedro-meylan, 1208, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Intrauterine growth restriction increases circulating mitochondrial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9 expression in adult offspring: could aerobic training counteract these adaptations? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:236-243. [PMID: 28004624 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can program increase cardiometabolic risk. There are also evidences of the correlation between IUGR with low-grade inflammation and, thus can contribute to development of several cardiometabolic comorbidities. Therefore, we investigated the influence of IUGR on circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)/Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and TNF-α expression in adult offspring. Considering that the aerobic training has anti-inflammatory actions, we also investigated whether aerobic training would improve these inflammatory factors. Pregnant Wistar rats received ad libitum or 50% of ad libitum diet throughout gestation. At 8 weeks of age, male offspring from both groups were randomly assigned to control, trained control, restricted and trained restricted. Aerobic training protocol was performed on a treadmill and after that, we evaluated circulating mtDNA, cardiac protein expression of TLR9, plasma and cardiac TNF-α levels, and left ventricle (LV) mass. We found that IUGR promoted an increase in the circulating mtDNA, TLR9 expression and plasma TNF-α levels. Further, our results revealed that aerobic training can restore mtDNA/TLR9 content and plasma levels of TNF-α among restricted rats. The cardiac TNF-α content and LV mass were not influenced either by IUGR or aerobic training. In conclusion, IUGR can program mtDNA/TLR9 content, which may lead to high levels of TNF-α. However, aerobic training was able to normalize these alterations. These findings evidenced that the association of IUGR and aerobic training seems to exert an important interaction effect regarding pro-inflammatory condition and, aerobic training may be used as a strategy to reduce deleterious adaptations in IUGR offspring.
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Shockett PE, Khanal J, Sitaula A, Oglesby C, Meachum WA, Castracane VD, Kraemer RR. Plasma cell-free mitochondrial DNA declines in response to prolonged moderate aerobic exercise. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/1/e12672. [PMID: 26755735 PMCID: PMC4760406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma cell‐free mitochondrial DNA (cf‐mDNA), a damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) produced by cellular injury, contributes to neutrophil activation/inflammation in trauma patients and arises in cancer and autoimmunity. To further understand relationships between cf‐mDNA released by tissue injury, inflammation, and health benefits of exercise, we examined cf‐mDNA response to prolonged moderate aerobic exercise. Seven healthy moderately trained young men (age = 22.4 ± 1.2) completed a treadmill exercise trial for 90 min at 60% VO2 max and a resting control trial. Blood was sampled immediately prior to exercise (0 min = baseline), during (+18, +54 min), immediately after (+90 min), and after recovery (R40). Plasma was analyzed for cf‐mDNA, IL‐6, and lactate. A significant difference in cf‐mDNA response was observed between exercise and control trials, with cf‐mDNA levels reduced during exercise at +54 and +90 (with or without plasma volume shift correction). Declines in cf‐mDNA were accompanied by increased lactate and followed by an increase in IL‐6, suggesting a temporal association with muscle stress and inflammatory processes. Our novel finding of cf‐mDNA decline with prolonged moderate treadmill exercise provides evidence for increased clearance from or reduced release of cf‐mDNA into the blood with prolonged exercise. These studies contrast with previous investigations involving exhaustive short‐term treadmill exercise, in which no change in cf‐mDNA levels were reported, and contribute to our understanding of differences between exercise‐ and trauma‐induced inflammation. We propose that transient declines in cf‐mDNA may induce health benefits, by reducing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Shockett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Januka Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Alina Sitaula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Christopher Oglesby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - William A Meachum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Ctr., Odessa, Texas
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Ctr., Odessa, Texas
| | - Robert R Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
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Physical activity and exercise attenuate neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:19-29. [PMID: 27021169 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are devastating neurological disorders, which increasingly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions are quite diverse, chronic neuroinflammation is one underlying feature shared by all these diseases. Even though the specific root causes of these diseases remain to be identified, evidence indicates that the observed neuroinflammation is initiated by unique pathological features associated with each specific disease. If the initial acute inflammation is not resolved, a chronic neuroinflammatory state develops and ultimately contributes to disease progression. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by adverse and non-specific activation of glial cells, which can lead to collateral damage of nearby neurons and other glia. This misdirected neuroinflammatory response is hypothesized to contribute to neuropathology in MDD, SCH, AD, and PD. Physical activity (PA), which is critical for maintenance of whole body and brain health, may also beneficially modify neuroimmune responses. Since PA has neuroimmune-modifying properties, and the common underlying feature of MDD, SCH, AD, and PD is chronic neuroinflammation, we hypothesize that PA could minimize brain diseases by modifying glia-mediated neuroinflammation. This review highlights current evidence supporting the disease-altering potential of PA and exercise through modifications of neuroimmune responses, specifically in MDD, SCH, AD and PD.
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