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Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms in skeletal muscle of interaction between exercise and frontline antihyperglycemic drugs. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16093. [PMID: 38845596 PMCID: PMC11157199 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise and antihyperglycemic drugs are front-line treatments for type-2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Leading drugs are metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Each class has strong individual efficacy to treat hyperglycemia, yet the combination with exercise can yield varied results, some of which include blunting of expected metabolic benefits. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance contributes to the development of type-2 diabetes while improvements in skeletal muscle insulin signaling are among key adaptations to exercise training. The current review identifies recent advances into the mechanisms, with an emphasis on skeletal muscle, of the interaction between exercise and these common antihyperglycemic drugs. The review is written toward researchers and thus highlights specific gaps in knowledge and considerations for future study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Newsom
- School of Exercise, Sport, and Health Sciences, College of HealthOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Matthew M. Robinson
- School of Exercise, Sport, and Health Sciences, College of HealthOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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2
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Carrillo BJP, Cope E, Gurel S, Traslosheros A, Kenny A, Michot-Duval O, Mody N, Delibegovic M, Philip S, Thies F, Blana D, Gabriel BM. Morning exercise and pre-breakfast metformin interact to reduce glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38522033 DOI: 10.1113/jp285722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise is recommended in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and can improve insulin sensitivity. However, previous evidence suggests that exercise at different times of the day in people with type 2 diabetes may have opposing outcomes on glycaemia. Metformin is the most commonly prescribed initial pharmacological intervention in type 2 diabetes, and may alter adaptions to exercise. It is unknown if there is an interaction between metformin and diurnal exercise outcomes. We aimed to investigate glycaemic outcomes of moderate intensity morning vs. evening exercise in people with type 2 diabetes being prescribed metformin monotherapy. In this study, nine males and nine females with type 2 diabetes undergoing metformin monotherapy (age 61 ± 8.2 years, mean ± SD) completed a 16-week crossover trial including 2-week baseline recording, 6 weeks randomly assigned to a morning exercise (07.00-10.00 h) or evening exercise (16.00-19.00 h) and a 2-week wash-out period. Exercise arms consisted of 30 min of walking at 70% of estimated max heart rate every other day. Glucose levels were measured with continuous glucose monitors and activity measured by wrist-worn monitors. Food-intake was recorded by 4-day food diaries during baseline, first and last 2 weeks of each exercise arm. There was no difference in exercise intensity, total caloric intake or total physical activity between morning and evening arms. As primary outcomes, acute (24 h) glucose area under the curve (AUC), was lower (P = 0.02) after acute morning exercise (180.6 ± 68.4 mmol/l) compared to baseline (210.3 ± 76.7 mmol/l); and there were no differences identified for glucose (mmol/l) between baseline, morning and evening exercise at any specific time point when data were analysed with two-way ANOVA. As secondary outcomes, acute glucose AUC was significantly lower (P = 0.01) in participants taking metformin before breakfast (152.5 ± 29.95 mmol/l) compared with participants taking metformin after breakfast (227.2 ± 61.51 mmol/l) only during the morning exercise arm; and during weeks 5-6 of the exercise protocol, glucose AUC was significantly lower (P = 0.04) for participants taking metformin before breakfast (168.8 ± 15.8 mmol/l), rather than after breakfast (224.5 ± 52.0 mmol/l), only during morning exercise. Our data reveal morning moderate exercise acutely lowers glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes being prescribed metformin. This difference appears to be driven by individuals that consumed metformin prior to breakfast rather than after breakfast. This beneficial effect upon glucose levels of combined morning exercise and pre-breakfast metformin persisted through the final 2 weeks of the trial. Our findings suggest that morning moderate intensity exercise combined with pre-breakfast metformin intake may benefit the management of glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes. KEY POINTS: Morning moderate exercise acutely lowers glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes being prescribed metformin. This difference appears to be driven by individuals that consumed metformin prior to breakfast rather than after breakfast. Morning exercise combined with pre-breakfast metformin persistently reduced glucose compared to morning exercise combined with post-breakfast metformin through the final week (week 6) of the intervention. Our study suggests it may be possible to make simple changes to the time that people with type 2 diabetes take metformin and perform exercise to improve their blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Peña Carrillo
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Emily Cope
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sati Gurel
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andres Traslosheros
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Amber Kenny
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Oscar Michot-Duval
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sam Philip
- NHS Grampian Diabetes Research Unit, Diabetes Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Frank Thies
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dimitra Blana
- Centre for Health Data Science, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brendan M Gabriel
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The Rowett Institute, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Elliehausen CJ, Anderson RM, Diffee GM, Rhoads TW, Lamming DW, Hornberger TA, Konopka AR. Geroprotector drugs and exercise: friends or foes on healthy longevity? BMC Biol 2023; 21:287. [PMID: 38066609 PMCID: PMC10709984 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and several pharmacological approaches individually combat age-associated conditions and extend healthy longevity in model systems. It is tantalizing to extrapolate that combining geroprotector drugs with exercise could extend healthy longevity beyond any individual treatment. However, the current dogma suggests that taking leading geroprotector drugs on the same day as exercise may limit several health benefits. Here, we review leading candidate geroprotector drugs and their interactions with exercise and highlight salient gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to identify if geroprotector drugs can have a harmonious relationship with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Elliehausen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gary M Diffee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy W Rhoads
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Yu F, Xing C, Fan Y, Liu Y, Su P, Yang Q, Dong Y, Hou Y, Pan S. Aerobic exercise and metformin on intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT): insights from multimodal MRI and histological changes in prediabetic rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:221. [PMID: 37899436 PMCID: PMC10614363 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise is the first-line intervention for prediabetes, and metformin is the most widely used oral insulin-sensitizing agent. Moreover, intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) directly affects insulin resistance by helping maintain glucose homeostasis. Here, we evaluated the effects of moderate aerobic exercise and/or metformin on histological IMAT parameters in non-streptozotocin-induced prediabetes. METHODS Male Wistar rats with prediabetes fed a high-fat diet and high-sugar drinks were randomly assigned to high-fat diet (PRE), metformin (MET), moderate aerobic exercise (EXE), combined therapy (EMC), or EMC + compound-c (EMA) groups for 4 weeks. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then performed, and tissue-specific inflammation and energy and lipid metabolism were evaluated in IMAT. RESULTS The EXE group had lower inflammatory factor levels, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial oxidative stress, and shorter IMAT adipocyte diameters than the MET group. The MET group exhibited lower IL-1β and Plin5 expression than the PRE group. Furthermore, the IMAT of the EMC group had lower TNF-α and phosphorylated NF-κB levels and higher GLUT1 and GLUT4 expression than the PRE group. Multimodal MRI revealed significant changes in transverse-relaxation time 2, apparent diffusion coefficient, and fractional anisotropy values in the IMAT and muscles, as well as lower IMAT% values in the EXE and EMC groups than in the MET and PRE groups. CONCLUSION Moderate aerobic exercise training can effectively improve IMAT function and structure via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in prediabetes. Combining metformin with moderate aerobic exercise might elicit modest synergy, and metformin does not counterbalance the beneficial effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyao Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Chuan Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Shinong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Karstoft K, Ried-Larsen M, Bruhn L, Pilmark NS, Hansen KB, Persson F, Jørgensen ME, Blond MB, Færch K. The effect of metformin treatment on volumes of free-living physical activity and sedentary behaviour: A post-hoc analysis of the PRE-D trial. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1687-1691. [PMID: 38053246 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2291737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Perceived physical exertion is increased when exercise is performed on metformin treatment, but the clinical relevance of this is unknown. In this post hoc analysis of a randomized, controlled trial, we investigated whether metformin treatment was associated with lower levels of free-living physical activity. Ninety individuals with overweight/obesity (BMI>25 m2/kg) and HbA1c-defined prediabetes (39-47 mmol/mol) were randomized to treatment with dapagliflozin (SGLT2-inhibitor; 10 mg once daily, n=30), metformin (850 mg twice daily, n=30) or no treatment (control, n=30) for 13 weeks in a parallel-group, open-label trial. Before (baseline), during (6 weeks) and immediately after (13 weeks) cessation of treatment, a 6-day assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour was performed using accelerometer-based physical activity monitors. Intention-to-treat analyses revealed no within-group changes or differences in change between the groups for any measures of physical activity or sedentary behaviour at neither 6 nor 13 weeks. Short-term metformin treatment does not reduce free-living physical activity level in individuals with overweight/obesity and HbA1c-defined prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Karstoft
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lea Bruhn
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Skytt Pilmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bagge Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Persson
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland (SDCG), Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Martin Bæk Blond
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Færch
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Exercise and Metformin Intervention Prevents Lipotoxicity-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis by Alleviating Oxidative and ER Stress and Activating the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in db/db Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2297268. [PMID: 36120597 PMCID: PMC9481363 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2297268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) commonly coexist and act synergistically to drive adverse clinical outcomes. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of exercise intervention and oral hypoglycaemic drug of metformin (MET) alone or combined on hepatic lipid accumulation. To investigate if oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are involved in lipotoxicity-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in diabetic mice and whether exercise and/or MET alleviated oxidative stress or ERS-apoptosis by AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. Methods Forty db/db mice with diabetes (random blood glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL) were randomly allocated into four groups: control (CON), exercise training alone (EX), metformin treatment alone (MET), and exercise combined with metformin (EM) groups. Hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining were carried out to observe hepatic lipid accumulation. Immunohistochemical and TUNEL methods were used to detect the protein expression of the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and the apoptosis level of hepatocytes. ERS-related gene expression and the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway were tested by western blotting. Results Our data showed that db/db mice exhibited increased liver lipid accumulation, which induced oxidative and ER stress of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, and hepatocyte apoptosis. MET combined with exercise training significantly alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation by suppressing BiP expression, the central regulator of ER homeostasis, and its downstream PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, as well as upregulated the AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. Moreover, the combination of exercise and MET displayed protective effects on hepatocyte apoptosis by downregulating Bax expression and TUNEL-positive staining, restoring the balance of cleaved-caspase-3 and caspase-3, and improving the antioxidant defense system to prevent oxidative damage in db/db mice. Conclusion Compared to MET or exercise intervention alone, the combined exercise and metformin exhibited significant effect on ameliorating hepatic steatosis, inhibiting oxidative and ER stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via improving the capacity of the antioxidant defense system and suppression of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Furthermore, upregulation of AMPK-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway might be a key crosstalk between MET and exercise, which may have additive effects on alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation.
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7
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The GDF15-GFRAL pathway is dispensable for the effects of metformin on energy balance. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111258. [PMID: 36001956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a blood-glucose-lowering medication with physiological effects that extend beyond its anti-diabetic indication. Recently, it was reported that metformin lowers body weight via induction of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which suppresses food intake by binding to the GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL) in the hindbrain. Here, we corroborate that metformin increases circulating GDF15 in mice and humans, but we fail to confirm previous reports that the GDF15-GFRAL pathway is necessary for the weight-lowering effects of metformin. Instead, our studies in wild-type, GDF15 knockout, and GFRAL knockout mice suggest that the GDF15-GFRAL pathway is dispensable for the effects of metformin on energy balance. The data presented here question whether metformin is a sufficiently strong stimulator of GDF15 to drive anorexia and weight loss and emphasize that additional work is needed to untangle the relationship among metformin, GDF15, and energy balance.
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8
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Pilmark NS, Oberholzer L, Halling JF, Kristensen JM, Bønding CP, Elkjær I, Lyngbæk M, Elster G, Siebenmann C, Holm NF, Birk JBB, Larsen EL, Meinild-Lundby AK, Wojtaszewski JF, Pilegaard H, Poulsen H, Pedersen BK, Hansen KB, Karstoft K. Skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise are not influenced by metformin treatment in humans: secondary analyses of two randomised, clinical trials. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:309-320. [PMID: 34784247 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metformin and exercise both improve glycemic control, but in vitro studies have indicated that an interaction between metformin and exercise occurs in skeletal muscle, suggesting a blunting effect of metformin on exercise training adaptations. Two studies (a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted in 29 glucose-intolerant individuals and a double-blind, cross-over trial conducted in 15 healthy lean males) were included in this paper. In both studies, the effect of acute exercise +/- metformin treatment on different skeletal muscle variables, previously suggested to be involved in a pharmaco-physiological interaction between metformin and exercise, was assessed. Furthermore, in the parallel-group trial, the effect of 12 weeks of exercise training was assessed. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after acute exercise and 12 weeks of exercise training, and mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress and AMPK activation was determined. Metformin did not significantly affect the effects of acute exercise or exercise training on mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress or AMPK activation, indicating that the response to acute exercise and exercise training adaptations in skeletal muscle is not affected by metformin treatment. Further studies are needed to investigate whether an interaction between metformin and exercise is present in other tissues, e.g. the gut. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03316690 and NCT02951260). Novelty bullets • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced alterations in mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human skeletal muscle • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced alterations in systemic levels of oxidative stress nor emission of reactive oxygen species from human skeletal muscle • Metformin does not affect exercise-induced AMPK activation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Skytt Pilmark
- Rigshospitalet, 53146, Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Laura Oberholzer
- Center for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100;
| | - Jens Frey Halling
- university of copenhagen, department of biology, , copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jonas M Kristensen
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,, copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - Ida Elkjær
- Center for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Center for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Grit Elster
- Center for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine,, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy, bolzano, Italy;
| | - Niels Frederich Holm
- Center for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jesper Bratz Bratz Birk
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,, copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Emil List Larsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, 53146, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Kobenhavn, Denmark;
| | | | - J F Wojtaszewski
- University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports,, copenhagen, Denmark;
| | | | - Henrik Poulsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, 53146, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Kobenhavn, Denmark;
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Rigshospitalet, 53146, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism / Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), København, Denmark;
| | - Katrine Bagge Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 53138, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark, Gentofte, Denmark;
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Rigshospitalet, 53146, Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Bispebjerg Hospital, 53166, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2400;
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9
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MacDonald MJ, Ansari IUH, Longacre MJ, Stoker SW. Metformin's Therapeutic Efficacy in the Treatment of Diabetes Does Not Involve Inhibition of Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase. Diabetes 2021; 70:1575-1580. [PMID: 33849997 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycerol phosphate redox shuttle. It was recently claimed that metformin, a first-line drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, inhibits liver mGPD 30-50%, suppressing gluconeogenesis through a redox mechanism. Various factors cast doubt on this idea. Total-body knockout of mGPD in mice has adverse effects in several tissues where the mGPD level is high but has little or no effect in liver, where the mGPD level is the lowest of 10 tissues. Metformin has beneficial effects in humans in tissues with high levels of mGPD, such as pancreatic β-cells, where the mGPD level is much higher than that in liver. Insulin secretion in mGPD knockout mouse β-cells is normal because, like liver, β-cells possess the malate aspartate redox shuttle whose redox action is redundant to the glycerol phosphate shuttle. For these and other reasons, we used four different enzyme assays to reassess whether metformin inhibited mGPD. Metformin did not inhibit mGPD in homogenates or mitochondria from insulin cells or liver cells. If metformin actually inhibited mGPD, adverse effects in tissues where the level of mGPD is much higher than that in the liver could prevent the use of metformin as a diabetes medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Scott W Stoker
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Bastos-Silva VJ, Marinho AH, Bezerra da Silva JB, de Barros Sousa FA, Learsi S, Balikian P, Gomes de Araujo G. Acute metformin administration increases mean power and the early Power phase during a Wingate test in healthy male subjects. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1065-1072. [PMID: 34003071 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1930191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that acute metformin would increase peak power measured during a Wingate test. Fourteen men (24 ± 6 years; 75.8 ± 10.2 kg; 177 ± 7 cm) participated in four test sessions, conducted in a crossover, counterbalanced, double-blind model. The first and second sessions consisted of anthropometric measurements and one Wingate test per day to assess test-retest reliability. In the last two sessions, the Wingate tests were performed on metformin (500 mg capsule, 1 hour before) or placebo (cellulose capsule, 1 hour before) condition. No differences were found between the placebo and metformin for peak power (1056.8 ± 215.8 W vs. 1095.2 ± 199.3 W, respectively; p = 0.24). Mean power (630.9 ± 87.8 W vs. 613.1 ± 94.8 W, respectively; p=0.01) and total work (18928 ± 2633 kJ vs. 18393 ± 2845 kJ, respectively; p = 0.01) in the metformin condition were higher than the placebo. The power were greater in metformin when compared to the placebo in moments 3 (p = 0.01), 4 (p = 0.01), 5 (p = 0.04), 6 (p = 0.04), 7 (p = 0.02), 8 (p = 0.03) and 9 (p = 0.01) seconds. There were no differences between conditions for the peak lactate (p = 0.08) and the rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.84). Acute metformin administration increased the early power phase and the mean power of a Wingate test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor José Bastos-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Maurício de Nassau University Center, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Alisson Henrique Marinho
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Antônio de Barros Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Sara Learsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Pedro Balikian
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, PPGCS/PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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The Hormetic Effect of Metformin: "Less Is More"? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126297. [PMID: 34208371 PMCID: PMC8231127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The euglycemic effect of MTF is due to the inhibition of hepatic glucose production. Literature reports that the principal molecular mechanism of MTF is the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) due to the decrement of ATP intracellular content consequent to the inhibition of Complex I, although this effect is obtained only at millimolar concentrations. Conversely, micromolar MTF seems to activate the mitochondrial electron transport chain, increasing ATP production and limiting oxidative stress. This evidence sustains the idea that MTF exerts a hormetic effect based on its concentration in the target tissue. Therefore, in this review we describe the effects of MTF on T2DM on the principal target organs, such as liver, gut, adipose tissue, endothelium, heart, and skeletal muscle. In particular, data indicate that all organs, except the gut, accumulate MTF in the micromolar range when administered in therapeutic doses, unmasking molecular mechanisms that do not depend on Complex I inhibition.
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Pilmark NS, Lyngbæk M, Oberholzer L, Elkjær I, Petersen-Bønding C, Kofoed K, Siebenmann C, Kellenberger K, van Hall G, Abildgaard J, Ellingsgaard H, Lauridsen C, Ried-Larsen M, Pedersen BK, Hansen KB, Karstoft K. The interaction between metformin and physical activity on postprandial glucose and glucose kinetics: a randomised, clinical trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:397-409. [PMID: 32979074 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this parallel-group, double-blinded (study personnel and participants), randomised clinical trial was to assess the interaction between metformin and exercise training on postprandial glucose in glucose-intolerant individuals. METHODS Glucose-intolerant (2 h OGTT glucose of 7.8-11.0 mmol/l and/or HbA1c of 39-47 mmol/mol [5.7-6.5%] or glucose-lowering-medication naive type 2 diabetes), overweight/obese (BMI 25-42 kg/m2) individuals were randomly allocated to a placebo study group (PLA, n = 15) or a metformin study group (MET, n = 14), and underwent 3 experimental days: BASELINE (before randomisation), MEDICATION (after 3 weeks of metformin [2 g/day] or placebo treatment) and TRAINING (after 12 weeks of exercise training in combination with metformin/placebo treatment). Training consisted of supervised bicycle interval sessions with a mean intensity of 64% of Wattmax for 45 min, 4 times/week. The primary outcome was postprandial glucose (mean glucose concentration) during a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT), which was assessed on each experimental day. For within-group differences, a group × time interaction was assessed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Between-group changes of the outcomes at different timepoints were compared using unpaired two-tailed Student's t tests. RESULTS Postprandial glucose improved from BASELINE to TRAINING in both the PLA group and the MET group (∆PLA: -0.7 [95% CI -1.4, 0.0] mmol/l, p = 0.05 and ∆MET: -0.7 [-1.5, -0.0] mmol/l, p = 0.03), with no between-group difference (p = 0.92). In PLA, the entire reduction was seen from MEDICATION to TRAINING (-0.8 [-1.3, -0.1] mmol/l, p = 0.01). Conversely, in MET, the entire reduction was observed from BASELINE to MEDICATION (-0.9 [-1.6, -0.2] mmol/l, p = 0.01). The reductions in mean glucose concentration during the MMTT from BASELINE to TRAINING were dependent on differential time effects: in the PLA group, a decrease was observed at timepoint (t) = 120 min (p = 0.009), whereas in the MET group, a reduction occurred at t = 30 min (p < 0.001). V̇O2peak increased 15% (4.6 [3.3, 5.9] ml kg-1 min-1, p < 0.0001) from MEDICATION to TRAINING and body weight decreased (-4.0 [-5.2, -2.7] kg, p < 0.0001) from BASELINE to TRAINING, with no between-group differences (p = 0.7 and p = 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Metformin plus exercise training was not superior to exercise training alone in improving postprandial glucose. The differential time effects during the MMTT suggest an interaction between the two modalities. FUNDING The Beckett foundation, A.P Møller Foundation, DDA, the Research Foundation of Rigshospitalet and Trygfonden. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03316690). Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna S Pilmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Oberholzer
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Elkjær
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Petersen-Bønding
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Kofoed
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Katja Kellenberger
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Abildgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Lauridsen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University College, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Joshi DM, Patel J, Bhatt H. In silico study to quantify the effect of exercise on surface GLUT4 translocation in diabetes management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-020-00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vogel F, Braun L, Rubinstein G, Zopp S, Oßwald A, Schilbach K, Schmidmaier R, Bidlingmaier M, Reincke M. Metformin and Bone Metabolism in Endogenous Glucocorticoid Excess: An Exploratory Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:765067. [PMID: 34777259 PMCID: PMC8578886 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.765067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoid excess exhibits multiple detrimental effects by its catabolic properties. Metformin was recently suggested to protect from adverse metabolic side-effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Whether metformin is beneficial in patients with endogenous glucocorticoid excess has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the phenotype in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) treated with metformin at the time of diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS As part of the German Cushing's Registry we selected from our prospective cohort of 96 patients all 10 patients who had been on pre-existing metformin treatment at time of diagnosis (CS-MET). These 10 patients were matched for age, sex and BMI with 16 patients without metformin treatment (CS-NOMET). All patients had florid CS at time of diagnosis. We analyzed body composition, metabolic parameters, bone mineral density and bone remodeling markers, muscle function and quality of life. RESULTS As expected, diabetes was more prevalent in the CS-MET group, and HbA1c was higher. In terms of comorbidities and the degree of hypercortisolism, the two groups were comparable. We did not observe differences in terms of muscle function or body composition. In contrast, bone mineral density in metformin-treated patients was superior to the CS-NOMET group at time of diagnosis (median T-Score -0.8 versus -1.4, p = 0.030). CS-MET patients showed decreased β-CTX levels at baseline (p = 0.041), suggesting reduced bone resorption under metformin treatment during glucocorticoid excess. CONCLUSION This retrospective cohort study supports potential protective effects of metformin in patients with endogenous glucocorticoid excess, in particular on bone metabolism.
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Jevtovic F. Combination of Metformin and Exercise in Management of Metabolic Abnormalities Observed in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4043-4057. [PMID: 34557007 PMCID: PMC8453852 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s328694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess nutrient intake and lack of exercise characterize the problem of obesity and are common factors in insulin resistance (IR). With an increasing number of prediabetic, and type 2 diabetic populations, metformin is still the most prescribed glucose-lowering drug and is often accompanied by recommendations for regular physical exercise. Metformin, by the inhibition of complex 1 of the electron transport chain, and exercise, by increasing energy expenditure, both elicit a low cellular energy state that leads to improvements in glucose control via activation of adenosine 5' monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). An augmented stimulation of the energy-sensing enzyme AMPK by either of the two modalities leads to an increase in glycogenolysis, glucose uptake, fat oxidation, a decrease in glycogen and protein synthesis, and gluconeogenesis in muscle and the liver, which are remarked as having positive effects on metabolic pathophysiology observed in IR and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While both modalities exploit the energy-sensing enzyme AMPK to attain glucose homeostasis, the synergistic effect of these two treatments is not distinctly supported by the literature. Further, an antagonistic dynamic has been observed in cases where metformin and exercise were combined. Reduction of insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise and an overall hindrance of exercise performance and adaptations have been reported and could suggest the possible incongruity of these two modalities. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effect that metformin and exercise have on the management of the metabolic abnormalities observed in T2DM and to provide an insight into the interaction of these two modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Jevtovic
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Filip Jevtovic East Carolina University; School of Dental Medicine, Ledyard E. Ross Hall; 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, Mail Stop 701, Greenville, NC, 27834, USATel +1 616 844 8323Fax +1 252 737 7024 Email
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Pilmark NS, Petersen-Bønding C, Holm NFR, Johansen MY, Pedersen BK, Hansen KB, Karstoft K. The Effect of Metformin on Self-Selected Exercise Intensity in Healthy, Lean Males: A Randomized, Crossover, Counterbalanced Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:599164. [PMID: 33716963 PMCID: PMC7947847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.599164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In general, patients with type 2 diabetes have lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels and perform exercise at lower intensities compared to healthy controls. Since metformin (MET) has been shown to increase the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise with a fixed intensity, MET per se may reduce self-selected exercise intensity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of MET on self-selected exercise intensity. METHODS Healthy males were eligible for this crossover, counterbalanced study with two treatment periods: MET and placebo (PLA), each lasting 17 days. Treatment dose was gradually increased and reached 2 g/day on treatment day 9, and continued at that level for the rest of the treatment period. The two periods were performed in randomized order. Two experimental days (A+B) were conducted on Day 15 (A) and Day 17 (B) of each period, respectively. Day A consisted of an exercise bout with self-selected exercise intensity (equal to RPE = 14-15 on the Borg Scale). Day B consisted of an exercise bout with fixed intensity (70% of VO2peak). Oxygen consumption rate was assessed continuously during both exercise bouts. RESULTS Fifteen males (age 23.7 ± 0.6 years, BMI 22.3 ± 2.0, VO2peak 3.5 ± 0.6 L/min) were included in the study. On Day B, RPE was higher in MET compared to PLA (14.8 ± 0.4 vs. 14.0 ± 0.3, P = 0.045). On Day A, no difference in self-selected exercise intensity measured by oxygen consumption rate (PLA 2.33 ± 0.09 L O2/min, MET 2.42 ± 0.10 L O2/min, P = 0.09) was seen between treatment periods. CONCLUSIONS Self-selected exercise intensity was not reduced by MET in healthy males, despite the fact that MET increased RPE during an exercise bout with fixed intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Skytt Pilmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Petersen-Bønding
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nielse Frederich Rose Holm
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Yun Johansen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Kristian Karstoft, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-6596-4199
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Malin SK, Stewart NR. Metformin May Contribute to Inter-individual Variability for Glycemic Responses to Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 32849302 PMCID: PMC7431621 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin and exercise independently improve glycemic control. Metformin traditionally is considered to reduce hepatic glucose production, while exercise training is thought to stimulate skeletal muscle glucose disposal. Collectively, combining treatments would lead to the anticipation for additive glucose regulatory effects. Herein, we discuss recent literature suggesting that metformin may inhibit, enhance or have no effect on exercise mediated benefits toward glucose regulation, with particular emphasis on insulin sensitivity. Importantly, we address issues surrounding the impact of metformin on exercise induced glycemic benefit across multiple insulin sensitive tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, liver, adipose, vasculature, and the brain) in effort to illuminate potential sources of inter-individual glycemic variation. Therefore, the review identifies gaps in knowledge that require attention in order to optimize medical approaches that improve care of people with elevated blood glucose levels and are at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nathan R. Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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