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Yang G, Hong J, Park SB. Wearable device for continuous sweat lactate monitoring in sports: a narrative review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1376801. [PMID: 38638276 PMCID: PMC11025537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1376801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In sports science, the use of wearable technology has facilitated the development of new approaches for tracking and assessing athletes' performance. This narrative review rigorously explores the evolution and contemporary state of wearable devices specifically engineered for continuously monitoring lactate levels in sweat, an essential biomarker for appraising endurance performance. Lactate threshold tests have traditionally been integral in tailoring training intensity for athletes, but these tests have relied on invasive blood tests that are impractical outside a laboratory setting. The transition to noninvasive, real-time monitoring through wearable technology introduces an innovative approach, facilitating continuous assessment without the constraints inherent in traditional methodologies. We selected 34 products from a pool of 246 articles found through a meticulous search of articles published up to January 2024 in renowned databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. We used keywords such as "sweat lactate monitoring," "continuous lactate monitoring," and "wearable devices." The findings underscore the capabilities of noninvasive sweat lactate monitoring technologies to conduct long-term assessments over a broad range of 0-100 mM, providing a safer alternative with minimal infection risks. By enabling real-time evaluations of the lactate threshold (LT) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), these technologies offer athletes various device options tailored to their specific sports and preferences. This review explores the mechanisms of currently available lactate monitoring technologies, focusing on electrochemical sensors that have undergone extensive research and show promise for commercialization. These sensors employ amperometric reactions to quantify lactate levels and detect changes resulting from enzymatic activities. In contrast, colorimetric sensors offer a more straightforward and user-friendly approach by displaying lactate concentrations through color alterations. Despite significant advancements, the relationship between sweat lactate and blood lactate levels remains intricate owing to various factors such as environmental conditions and the lag between exercise initiation and sweating. Furthermore, there is a marked gap in research on sweat lactate compared to blood lactate across various sports disciplines. This review highlights the need for further research to address these shortcomings and substantiate the performance of lactate sweat monitoring technologies in a broader spectrum of sports environments. The tremendous potential of these technologies to supplant invasive blood lactate tests and pioneer new avenues for athlete management and performance optimization in real-world settings heralds a promising future for integrating sports science and wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junggi Hong
- *Correspondence: Seung-Bo Park, ; Junggi Hong,
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Yadav R, Swetanshu, Singh P. The molecular mechanism of obesity: The science behind natural exercise yoga and healthy diets in the treatment of obesity. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102345. [PMID: 38103823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The review centers on the scientific evidence underlying obesity, providing a detailed examination of the role of perilipin in this condition. It explores potential causes of obesity and delves into therapeutic approaches involving exercise, yoga, and herbal treatments. The paper discusses natural sources that can contribute to combating obesity and underscores the importance of exercise in a scientific context for overcoming obesity. Additionally, it includes information on herbal ingredients that aid in reducing obesity. The review also examines the impact of exercise type and intensity at various time intervals on muscle development. It elucidates triglyceride hydrolysis through different enzymes and the deposition of fatty acids in adipose tissue. The mechanisms by which alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) target and activate their functions are detailed. The inflammatory response in obesity is explored, encompassing inflammatory markers, lipid storage diseases, and their classification with molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the hormonal regulation of lipolysis is elaborated upon in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Yadav
- Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida-201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Swetanshu
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, U.P, India
| | - Pratichi Singh
- School of Biological and Life Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida-203201, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Oneglia AP, Szczepaniak LS, Zaha VG, Nelson MD. Myocardial steatosis across the spectrum of human health and disease. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:202-213. [PMID: 38063136 PMCID: PMC10841709 DOI: 10.1113/ep091566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical data strongly suggest that myocardial steatosis leads to adverse cardiac remodelling and left ventricular dysfunction. Using 1 H cardiac magnetic resonance spectroscopy, similar observations have been made across the spectrum of health and disease. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize these recent observations. We provide a brief overview of the determinants of myocardial triglyceride accumulation, summarize the current evidence that myocardial steatosis contributes to cardiac dysfunction, and identify opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Oneglia
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
| | | | - Vlad G. Zaha
- Division of Cardiology, Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Advanced Imaging Research CenterUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterArlingtonTexasUSA
| | - Michael D. Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
- Clinical Imaging Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
- Center for Healthy Living and LongevityUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTexasUSA
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Bakermans AJ, Boekholdt SM, de Vries DK, Reckman YJ, Farag ES, de Heer P, Uthman L, Denis SW, Zuurbier CJ, Houtkooper RH, Koolbergen DR, Kluin J, Planken RN, Lamb HJ, Webb AG, Strijkers GJ, Beard DA, Jeneson JAL, Nederveen AJ. Quantification of Myocardial Creatine and Triglyceride Content in the Human Heart: Precision and Accuracy of in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:411-420. [PMID: 33569824 PMCID: PMC8277665 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) of the human heart is deemed to be a quantitative method to investigate myocardial metabolite content, but thorough validations of in vivo measurements against invasive techniques are lacking. Purpose To determine measurement precision and accuracy for quantifications of myocardial total creatine and triglyceride content with localized 1H‐MRS. Study type Test–retest repeatability and measurement validation study. Subjects Sixteen volunteers and 22 patients scheduled for open‐heart aortic valve replacement or septal myectomy. Field Strength/Sequence Prospectively ECG‐triggered respiratory‐gated free‐breathing single‐voxel point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence at 3 T. Assessment Myocardial total creatine and triglyceride content were quantified relative to the total water content by fitting the 1H‐MR spectra. Precision was assessed with measurement repeatability. Accuracy was assessed by validating in vivo 1H‐MRS measurements against biochemical assays in myocardial tissue from the same subjects. Statistical Tests Intrasession and intersession repeatability was assessed using Bland–Altman analyses. Agreement between 1H‐MRS measurements and biochemical assay was tested with regression analyses. Results The intersession repeatability coefficient for myocardial total creatine content was 41.8% with a mean value of 0.083% ± 0.020% of the total water signal, and 36.7% for myocardial triglyceride content with a mean value of 0.35% ± 0.13% of the total water signal. Ex vivo myocardial total creatine concentrations in tissue samples correlated with the in vivo myocardial total creatine content measured with 1H‐MRS: n = 22, r = 0.44; P < 0.05. Likewise, ex vivo myocardial triglyceride concentrations correlated with the in vivo myocardial triglyceride content: n = 20, r = 0.50; P < 0.05. Data Conclusion We validated the use of localized 1H‐MRS of the human heart at 3 T for quantitative assessments of in vivo myocardial tissue metabolite content by estimating the measurement precision and accuracy. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianus J Bakermans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan K de Vries
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolan J Reckman
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile S Farag
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Heer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MR, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laween Uthman
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone W Denis
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R Koolbergen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Nils Planken
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hildo J Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew G Webb
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MR, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeroen A L Jeneson
- Neuroimaging Center, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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