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Brochado MJF, Gatti MFC, Zago MA, Roselino AM. Association of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to leprosy in a Brazilian sample. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:101-5. [PMID: 26814595 PMCID: PMC4750449 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1/solute carrier family 11 member 1
gene (Nramp1/Slc11a1) is a gene that controls the susceptibility of
inbred mice to intracellular pathogens. Polymorphisms in the human
Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene have been associated with host susceptibility
to leprosy. This study has evaluated nine polymorphisms of the
Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene [(GT)n, 274C/T, 469+14G/C, 577-18G/A, 823C/T,
1029 C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4] in 86 leprosy patients (67 and 19
patients had the multibacillary and the paucibacillary clinical forms of the disease,
respectively), and 239 healthy controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity. The
frequency of allele 2 of the (GT)n polymorphism was higher in leprosy patients [p =
0.04, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49], whereas the frequency of allele 3 was higher in the
control group (p = 0.03; OR = 0.66). Patients carrying the 274T allele (p
= 0.04; OR = 1.49) and TT homozygosis (p = 0.02; OR = 2.46), such
as the 469+14C allele (p = 0.03; OR = 1.53) of the 274C/T and 469+14G/C
polymorphisms, respectively, were more frequent in the leprosy group. The leprosy and
control groups had similar frequency of the 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029C/T, 1465-85G/A,
1703G/A, and 1729+55del4 polymorphisms. The 274C/T polymorphism in exon 3 and the
469+14G/C polymorphism in intron 4 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy,
while the allele 2 and 3 of the (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region were
associated with susceptibility and protection to leprosy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Franco Brochado
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Chociay Gatti
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Zago
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Roselino
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Mazini PS, Alves HV, Reis PG, Lopes AP, Sell AM, Santos-Rosa M, Visentainer JEL, Rodrigues-Santos P. Gene Association with Leprosy: A Review of Published Data. Front Immunol 2016; 6:658. [PMID: 26793196 PMCID: PMC4709443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae. Exposure to the bacillus is necessary, but this alone does not mean an individual will develop clinical symptoms of the disease. In recent years, several genes have been associated with leprosy and the innate immune response pathways converge on the main hypothesis that genes are involved in the susceptibility for the disease in two distinct steps: for leprosy per se and in the development of the different clinical forms. These genes participate in the sensing, main metabolic pathway of immune response activation and, subsequently, on the evolution of the disease into its clinical forms. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of innate immune response in the context of leprosy, stressing their participation in the signaling and targeting processes in response to bacillus infection and on the evolution to the clinical forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lopes
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Maringá State University , Maringá, Paraná , Brazil
| | - Manuel Santos-Rosa
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Human polymorphisms as clinical predictors in leprosy. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:923943. [PMID: 22220182 PMCID: PMC3246779 DOI: 10.1155/2011/923943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and serum markers in human host can predict leprosy susceptibility per se as well as be useful in classification and/or prediction of clinical variants and immunological responses in leprosy. Adequate and timely assessment of potential risks associated with these 38 host leprosy genes could diminish epidemiological burden and improve life quality of patients with this still prevalent mycobacterial disease.
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Abstract
Despite the availability of effective treatment for several decades, leprosy remains an important medical problem in many regions of the world. Infection with Mycobacterium leprae can produce paucibacillary disease, characterized by well-formed granulomas and a Th1 T-cell response, or multibacillary disease, characterized by poorly organized cellular infiltrates and Th2 cytokines. These diametric immune responses confer states of relative resistance or susceptibility to leprosy, respectively, and have well-defined clinical manifestations. As a result, leprosy provides a unique opportunity to dissect the genetic basis of human in vivo immunity. A series of studies over the past 40 years suggests that host genes influence the risk of leprosy acquisition and the predilection for different clinical forms of the disease. However, a comprehensive, cellular, and molecular view of the genes and variants involved is still being assembled. In this article, we review several decades of human genetic studies of leprosy, including a number of recent investigations. We emphasize genetic analyses that are validated by the replication of the same phenotype in independent studies or supported by functional experiments demonstrating biological mechanisms of action for specific polymorphisms. Identifying and functionally exploring the genetic and immunological factors that underlie human susceptibility to leprosy have yielded important insights into M. leprae pathogenesis and are likely to advance our understanding of the immune response to other pathogenic mycobacteria. This knowledge may inform new treatment or vaccine strategies for leprosy or tuberculosis.
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Teixeira MAG, Silva NL, Ramos ADL, Hatagima A, Magalhães V. Polimorfismos do gene NRAMP1 em indivíduos com reações hansênicas, atendidos em dois Centros de Referência no Recife, nordeste do Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Para investigar susceptibilidade às reações hansênicas, três polimorfismos do gene natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1), foram determinados em 201 indivíduos, atendidos em dois centros de referência no Recife, entre 2007 e 2008, sendo 100 paucibacilares e 101 multibacilares. MÉTODOS: A determinação dos polimorfismos 274C/T, D543N e 1729+55del4 do gene NRAMP1 foi realizada utilizando a técnica do polimorfismo de fragmento de restrição em DNA extraído de sangue periférico e as estimativas das freqüências alélicas e genotípicas foram feitas por contagem direta. RESULTADOS: Os genótipos predominantes foram: CC (51,8%) para 274C/T, GG (86,6%) para D543N e +-TGTG (59,9%) para 1729+55del4. O genótipo mutante 274 TT predominou na negatividade da reação reversa (p=0,03) e na positividade do eritema nodoso (p=0,04). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que o polimorfismo 274 C/T do gene NRAMP1 pode auxiliar na determinação da susceptibilidade à reação tipo II em indivíduos com hanseníase.
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Fine mapping of Leishmania major susceptibility Locus lmr2 and evidence of a role for Fli1 in disease and wound healing. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2734-44. [PMID: 20368343 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00126-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies of the host response to Leishmania major, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, have identified significant genetic complexity in humans and mice. In the mouse model, multiple loci have been implicated in susceptibility to infection, but to date, the genes underlying these loci have not been identified. We now describe the contribution of a novel candidate gene, Fli1, to both L. major resistance and enhanced wound healing. We have previously mapped the L. major response locus, lmr2, to proximal chromosome 9 in a genetic cross between the resistant C57BL/6 strain and the susceptible BALB/c strain. We now show that the presence of the resistant C57BL/6 lmr2 allele in susceptible BALB/c mice confers an enhanced L. major resistance and wound healing phenotype. Fine mapping of the lmr2 locus permitted the localization of the lmr2 quantitative trait locus to a 5-Mb interval comprising 21 genes, of which microarray analysis was able to identify differential expression in 1 gene-Fli1. Analysis of Fli1 expression in wounded and L. major-infected skin and naïve and infected lymph nodes validated the importance of Fli1 in lesion resolution and wound healing and identified 3 polymorphisms in the Fli1 promoter, among which a GA repeat element may be the important contributor.
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Linking chronic infection and autoimmune diseases: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, SLC11A1 polymorphisms and type-1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7109. [PMID: 19768110 PMCID: PMC2740822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is still unknown; numerous studies are performed to unravel the environmental factors involved in triggering the disease. SLC11A1 is a membrane transporter that is expressed in late endosomes of antigen presenting cells involved in the immunopathogenic events leading to T1DM. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been reported to be a possible trigger in the development of T1DM. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fifty nine T1DM patients and 79 healthy controls were genotyped for 9 polymorphisms of SLC11A1 gene, and screened for the presence of MAP by PCR. Differences in genotype frequency were evaluated for both T1DM patients and controls. We found a polymorphism in the SLC11A1 gene (274C/T) associated to type 1 diabetic patients and not to controls. The presence of MAP DNA was also significantly associated with T1DM patients and not with controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The 274C/T SCL11A1 polymorphism was found to be associated with T1DM as well as the presence of MAP DNA in blood. Since MAP persists within macrophages and it is also processed by dendritic cells, further studies are necessary to evaluate if mutant forms of SLC11A1 alter the processing or presentation of MAP antigens triggering thereby an autoimmune response in T1DM patients.
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Goulart LR, Goulart IMB. Leprosy pathogenetic background: a review and lessons from other mycobacterial diseases. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 301:123-37. [PMID: 19043725 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that initially affects the peripheral nervous system with patients exhibiting contrasting clinical, immunological, and pathological manifestations despite minimal genetic variation among bacilli isolates. Its clinical manifestations are related to M. leprae survival, innate and acquired immune responses, and interactions between host and bacterial proteins, preventing their invasion and infection, or promoting their development and pathogenesis. The complex molecular interactions in affected individuals influenced by the pathogenetic background will be explored in this review. However, the great genetic diversity imposes difficulty for understanding disease development, and it is likely that many factors and metabolic pathways regulating the immense and contrasting symptomatology will yet be revealed. Four pathways may play a central role in leprosy, including the TLR/LIR-7, VDR, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 for which a large amount of gene polymorphisms have been described that could potentially affect the clinical outcome. Cross-talk pathways may significantly change the course of the disease, depending on the specific disequilibrium of genic homeostasis, which is highly dependent on the environment, antigens that are presented to the host cell, and specific polymorphisms that interact with other genes, external factors, and pathogen survival, culminating in leprosy occurrence. Currently, the microarray-based genomic survey of gene polymorphisms, multiple gene expression analyses, and proteomic technologies, such as mass spectrometry and phage display applied in the discovery of antigens, represent a great potential for evaluating individual responses of leprosy patients and contacts to predict the outcome and progression of the disease. At present, none of the genes is good prognostic marker; however, in the near future we may use multiple targets to predict infection and leprosy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- National Reference Center of Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clínic's Hospital, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Leprosy: diagnostic and control challenges for a worldwide disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:269-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
A hanseníase é doença infecciosa milenar que, apesar da existência de terapêutica eficaz, ainda persiste como problema de saúde pública em seis países, entre eles o Brasil, líder mundial em prevalência da doença. Ao longo das últimas décadas, a hanseníase vem sendo estudada por perspectiva talvez inesperada para uma doença infecciosa: modernos métodos de análise experimental têm sido empregados para evidenciar a importância do componente genético no controle da susceptibilidade do hospedeiro à hanseníase e seus fenótipos. Esses estudos indicam que constituição genética favorável do hospedeiro, somada a fatores propícios, ambientais e relativos ao agente patogênico, tem alto impacto na definição da susceptibilidade tanto à infecção propriamente dita quanto à evolução clínica da doença. Hoje, diversos genes e regiões genômicas já foram relacionados ao controle da susceptibilidade à hanseníase. Outros estudos estão em andamento, visando ao avanço no entendimento das bases moleculares de controle da susceptibilidade do hospedeiro à doença. O conjunto de resultados desses estudos pode levar a formas mais eficazes de diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção da hanseníase e outras doenças infecciosas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brasil; Fundação Pró-Hansen, Brasil
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Sechi LA, Gazouli M, Sieswerda LE, Molicotti P, Ahmed N, Ikonomopoulos J, Scanu AM, Paccagnini D, Zanetti S. Relationship between Crohn’s disease, infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and SLC11A1 gene polymorphisms in Sardinian patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7161-4. [PMID: 17131479 PMCID: PMC4087778 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i44.7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the association between Crohn’s disease (CD), Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), and genetic factors by examining the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms (now SLC11A1) in Sardinian patients with CD and controls.
METHODS: Thirty-seven CD patients and 34 controls with no inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were recruited at the University of Sassari after giving written consent. Six SCL11A1 polymorphisms previously reported to be the most significantly associated with IBD were searched. M. paratuberculosis was identified by IS900 PCR and sequencing. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for the associations among CD, presence of MAP, and 6 loci described above.
RESULTS: For the first time, a strong association was observed between polymorphisms at NRAMP1 locus 823C/T and CD. While CD was strongly associated with both NRAMP1 and MAP, NRAMP1 polymorphisms and MAP themselves were not correlated.
CONCLUSION: Combined with previous work on the NOD2/CARD15 gene, it is clear that the interplay of genetic, infectious, and immunologic factors in the etiology of CD is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo-A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Scollard DM, Adams LB, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL, Truman RW, Williams DL. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:338-81. [PMID: 16614253 PMCID: PMC1471987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.2.338-381.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is best understood as two conjoined diseases. The first is a chronic mycobacterial infection that elicits an extraordinary range of cellular immune responses in humans. The second is a peripheral neuropathy that is initiated by the infection and the accompanying immunological events. The infection is curable but not preventable, and leprosy remains a major global health problem, especially in the developing world, publicity to the contrary notwithstanding. Mycobacterium leprae remains noncultivable, and for over a century leprosy has presented major challenges in the fields of microbiology, pathology, immunology, and genetics; it continues to do so today. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of M. leprae and the host response to it, especially concerning molecular identification of M. leprae, knowledge of its genome, transcriptome, and proteome, its mechanisms of microbial resistance, and recognition of strains by variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Advances in experimental models include studies in gene knockout mice and the development of molecular techniques to explore the armadillo model. In clinical studies, notable progress has been made concerning the immunology and immunopathology of leprosy, the genetics of human resistance, mechanisms of nerve injury, and chemotherapy. In nearly all of these areas, however, leprosy remains poorly understood compared to other major bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Scollard
- Laboratory Research Branch, National Hansen's Disease Programs, LSU-SVM, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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