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Palatable Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride Solid Dispersed Fast-Dissolving Films: Formulation and In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1552602. [PMID: 36479553 PMCID: PMC9722282 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1552602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important issues for bitter-tasting drugs such as levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LCD) is the production of palatable dosage forms. LCD also has a delayed onset of action following oral administration. In this study, solid dispersed fast-dissolving films (FDFs) of LCD using the solvent casting method for oral application were prepared and evaluated. The FDF is composed of HPMC as the film forming polymer and different types of superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, or crospovidone). FDF containing crospovidone showed the highest percentage release of the drug (100.54% ± 1.47 within 3 min.) and was chosen for fabricating into palatable solid dispersed FDFs using different ratios of gelatine. The results of Raman and FTIR revealed that the drug's crystalline structure has been disrupted, and the drug has intermolecular hydrogen bonds with gelatine. The solid dispersed FDF (LF-7), which contained the drug in the form of a 1 : 1 solid dispersion with gelatine, showed a rapid in vitro disintegration (25 seconds) and a burst release of the drug (99.22% ± 2.22 within one min). The in vivo studies were conducted on human participants and showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in disintegration time (9.43 ± 2.16 sec.) and higher taste masking ability of the solid dispersed FDF (LF-7) compared to the nonsolid dispersed FDF (LF-4). The stability studies indicated that the prepared FDF remained stable over three months. Overall, FDFs of levocetirizine dihydrochloride with a palatable and rapid onset of action were developed to relieve allergic symptoms.
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Dolinina ES, Akimsheva EY, Parfenyuk EV. Effects of synthesis conditions and release medium pH on release properties of acyclovir - mercaptopropyl modified silica composite. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1624-1632. [PMID: 35107404 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2037627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prospect of use of mercaptopropyl modified silica as a platform for development of new oral formulation of antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) which is able to control release of the drug irrespective of release medium pH. METHODS The composites of ACV with mercaptopropyl modified silica were synthesized using sol-gel technology under different conditions (synthesis pH, drug loading). The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry methods. The effects of the synthesis conditions on physicochemical properties of the prepared composites and their release properties were studied. RESULTS The sol-gel synthesis conditions and release medium pH influence significantly release properties of the composites. The influence was explained by contributions of different factors, such as the drug-silica interactions in the composites, structure of the silica matrix and its stability in release media, hydrophobic nature of ACV, its pH-dependent solubility. It was found that all the synthesized composites followed the zero-order kinetics which is controlled by anomalous diffusion. CONCLUSION The studies showed that the composites exhibited controlled release of ACV up to 80 h.However, the release properties of the drug depend significantly on pH of release medium, i.e. the release properties (the release rate, the amount of released ACV) will change during transition of the composites through various segments of GIT. Therefore, the synthesized composites are not a promising basis for development of new oral dosage form of ACV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena V Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
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Marioane CA, Bunoiu M, Mateescu M, Sfîrloagă P, Vlase G, Vlase T. Preliminary Study for the Preparation of Transmucosal or Transdermal Patches with Acyclovir and Lidocaine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203596. [PMID: 34685355 PMCID: PMC8538249 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate patches for the controlled release of lidocaine/acyclovir and the binary mixture between lidocaine: acyclovir in the oral cavity. Mucoside adhesive patches containing 12.5 mg/cm2 lidocaine/acyclovir or binary mixture base were developed by a solvent casting method using sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), glycerol (Gly), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Span 80 (S). Binary mixtures between all components were prepared before the patches' formulation in order to be able to check the substance compatibility. All formulated patches were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis analysis, thermogravimetry (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FT-IR and TGA analyses were also used to check compatibility between binary mixtures. The study establishes which membranes are indicated in the controlled release of lidocaine/acyclovir and those membranes that contain both active principles. Membranes based on alginate, PVP, and PVA can be used to release the active substance. Simultaneously, membranes with SPAN used as a gelling agent were excluded due to the interaction with the active substance. The following membranes composition have been chosen for lidocaine release: Alginate:Gly and Alginate:Gly:PVP. At the same time, the following membrane compositions were chosen for acyclovir membranes: Alginate:Gly:PVP and Alginate:PVA:Gly. Both active substances could be included to obtain a homogeneous distribution only in the membrane based on alginate, PVA, and Gly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Adela Marioane
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Mădălin Bunoiu
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, V. Parvan Ave., No. 4, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mădălina Mateescu
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Paula Sfîrloagă
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr. A. Paunescu Podeanu Street, No. 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-2-56592627
| | - Titus Vlase
- Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi Street 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; (C.-A.M.); (M.M.); (T.V.)
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Dolinina ES, Akimsheva EY, Parfenyuk EV. Acyclovir release from its composites with silica as a function of the silica matrix modification and the drug loading. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Piña JJ, Gil DM, Pérez H. Revealing new non-covalent interactions in polymorphs and hydrates of Acyclovir: Hirshfeld surface analysis, NCI plots and energetic calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borcan F, Len A, Dehelean CA, Dudás Z, Ghiulai R, Iftode A, Racoviceanu R, Soica CM. Design and Assessment of a Polyurethane Carrier Used for the Transmembrane Transfer of Acyclovir. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010051. [PMID: 33379150 PMCID: PMC7823466 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
THE Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2) are responsible for a wide variety of conditions, from cutaneous-mucosal to central nervous system (CNS) infections and occasional infections of the visceral organs, some of them with a lethal end. Acyclovir is often used intravenously, orally, or locally to treat herpetic infections but it must be administered with caution to patients with kidney disease and to children of early age. The main objectives of this study were to synthesize and evaluate new polyurethane nanoparticles that might be used as proper transmembrane carriers for acyclovir. Polyurethane particles were obtained by a polyaddition process: a mixture of two aliphatic diisocyanates used as organic phase was added to a mixture of butanediol and polyethylene glycol used as aqueous phase. Two different samples (with and without acyclovir, respectively) were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis spectra in order to assess the encapsulation efficacy and the release profile, FT-IR, DSC, SEM, and SANS for structural characterization, as well as skin irritation tests. Nearly homogeneous samples with particle sizes between 78 and 91 nm have been prepared and characterized revealing a medium tendency to form clusters and a high resistance to heat up to 300 °C. The release profile of these nanoparticles is characteristic to a drug delivery system with a late discharge of the loaded active agents. Very slight increases in the level of transepidermal water loss and erythema were found in a 15-day evaluation on human skin. The results suggest the synthesis of a non-irritative carrier with a high encapsulation efficacy that can be successfully used for the transmembrane transfer of acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Borcan
- Department I, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Adél Len
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Cristina A. Dehelean
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (A.I.); (R.R.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Zoltán Dudás
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary;
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (R.G.); Tel.: +36-1-392-2222/1849 (Z.D.); +40-723-326-823 (R.G.)
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (A.I.); (R.R.); (C.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.D.); (R.G.); Tel.: +36-1-392-2222/1849 (Z.D.); +40-723-326-823 (R.G.)
| | - Andrada Iftode
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (A.I.); (R.R.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (A.I.); (R.R.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Codruta M. Soica
- Department II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.A.D.); (A.I.); (R.R.); (C.M.S.)
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Alshehri S, Imam SS, Hussain A, Altamimi MA, Alruwaili NK, Alotaibi F, Alanazi A, Shakeel F. Potential of solid dispersions to enhance solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs: newer formulation techniques, current marketed scenario and patents. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1625-1643. [PMID: 33207947 PMCID: PMC7737680 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1846638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, solid dispersion (SD) technology had been studied as an approach to produce an amorphous carrier to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The use of suitable carrier and methodology in the preparation of SDs play a significant role in the biological behavior of the SDs. SDs have been prepared using a variety of pharmaceutically acceptable polymers utilizing various novel technologies. In the recent years, much attention has been paid toward the use of novel carriers and methodologies in exploring novel types of SDs to enhance therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. The use of novel carriers and methodologies would be very beneficial for formulation scientists to develop some SDs-based formulations for their commercial use and clinical applications. In the present review, current literature of novel methodologies for SD preparation to enhance the dissolution rate, solubility, therapeutic efficacy, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs has been summarized and analyzed. Further, the current status of SDs, patent status, and future prospects have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil K. Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alotaibi
- General Directorate Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Polypseudorotaxanes of Pluronic® F127 with Combinations of α- and β-Cyclodextrins for Topical Formulation of Acyclovir. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040613. [PMID: 32230723 PMCID: PMC7221812 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is one of the most used antiviral drugs for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections and other relevant mucosal infections caused by viruses. Nevertheless, the low water solubility of ACV limits both its bioavailability and antiviral performance. The combination of block copolymer micelles and cyclodextrins (CDs) may result in polypseudorotaxanes with tunable drug solubilizing and gelling properties. However, the simultaneous addition of various CDs has barely been investigated yet. The aim of this work was to design and characterize ternary combinations of Pluronic® F127 (PF127), αCD and βCD in terms of polypseudorotaxane formation, rheological behavior, and ACV solubilization ability and controlled release. The formation of polypseudorotaxanes between PF127 and the CDs was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and NMR spectroscopy. The effects of αCD/βCD concentration range (0–7% w/w) on copolymer (6.5% w/w) gel features were evaluated at 20 and 37 °C by rheological studies, resulting in changes of the copolymer gelling properties. PF127 with αCD/βCD improved the solubilization of ACV, maintaining the biocompatibility (hen’s egg test on the chorio-allantoic membrane). In addition, the gels were able to sustain acyclovir delivery. The formulation prepared with similar proportions of αCD and βCD provided a slower and more constant release. The results obtained suggest that the combination of Pluronic with αCD/βCD mixtures can be a valuable approach to tune the rheological features and drug release profiles from these supramolecular gels.
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Akimsheva E, Dolinina E, Parfenyuk E. Interactions of sol-gel encapsulated acyclovir with silica matrix. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nartowski KP, Karabin J, Morritt AL, Nowak M, Fábián L, Karolewicz B, Khimyak YZ. Solvent driven phase transitions of acyclovir – the role of water and solvent polarity. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathways of transformations of acyclovir forms I and V induced by organic solvents and water have been identified. Significant differences in the thermal dehydration process of forms V and VI were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol P. Nartowski
- Department of Drug Form Technology
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wrocław
- Poland
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Julia Karabin
- Department of Drug Form Technology
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wrocław
- Poland
| | | | - Maciej Nowak
- Department of Drug Form Technology
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy
- University of East Anglia
- NR4 7TJ Norwich
- UK
| | - Bożena Karolewicz
- Department of Drug Form Technology
- Wrocław Medical University
- 50-556 Wrocław
- Poland
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Zhang X, Xing H, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Pharmaceutical Dispersion Techniques for Dissolution and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E74. [PMID: 29937483 PMCID: PMC6161168 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a large number of drugs as well as drug candidates with poor dissolution characteristics have been witnessed, which invokes great interest in enabling formulation of these active ingredients. Poorly water-soluble drugs, especially biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) II ones, are preferably designed as oral dosage forms if the dissolution limit can be broken through. Minimizing a drug’s size is an effective means to increase its dissolution and hence the bioavailability, which can be achieved by specialized dispersion techniques. This article reviews the most commonly used dispersion techniques for pharmaceutical processing that can practically enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Major interests focus on solid dispersion, lipid-based dispersion (nanoencapsulation), and liquisolid dispersion (drug solubilized in a non-volatile solvent and dispersed in suitable solid excipients for tableting or capsulizing), covering the formulation development, preparative technique and potential applications for oral drug delivery. Otherwise, some other techniques that can increase the dispersibility of a drug such as co-precipitation, concomitant crystallization and inclusion complexation are also discussed. Various dispersion techniques provide a productive platform for addressing the formulation challenge of poorly water-soluble drugs. Solid dispersion and liquisolid dispersion are most likely to be successful in developing oral dosage forms. Lipid-based dispersion represents a promising approach to surmounting the bioavailability of low-permeable drugs, though the technique needs to traverse the obstacle from liquid to solid transformation. Novel dispersion techniques are highly encouraged to develop for formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Huijie Xing
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Venkateskumar K, Parasuraman S, Gunasunderi R, Sureshkumar K, Nayak MM, Shah SAA, Khoo K, Kai HW. Acyclovir-Polyethylene Glycol 6000 Binary Dispersions: Mechanistic Insights. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2085-2094. [PMID: 28004342 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissolution and subsequent oral bioavailability of acyclovir (ACY) is limited by its poor aqueous solubility. An attempt has been made in this work to provide mechanistic insights into the solubility enhancement and dissolution of ACY by using the water-soluble carrier polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000). Solid dispersions with varying ratios of the drug (ACY) and carrier (PEG6000) were prepared and evaluated by phase solubility, in vitro release studies, kinetic analysis, in situ perfusion, and in vitro permeation studies. Solid state characterization was done by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and surface morphology was assessed by polarizing microscopic image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the solubilization effect of the carrier. The aqueous solubility and dissolution of ACY was found to be higher in all samples. The findings of XRD, DSC, FTIR and NMR analysis confirmed the formation of solid solution, crystallinity reduction, and the absence of interaction between the drug and carrier. SEM and AFM analysis reports ratified the particle size reduction and change in the surface morphology in samples. The permeation coefficient and amount of ACY diffused were higher in samples in comparison to pure ACY. Stability was found to be higher in dispersions. The results suggest that the study findings provided clear mechanical insights into the solubility and dissolution enhancement of ACY in PEG6000, and such findings could lay the platform for resolving the poor aqueous solubility issues in formulation development.
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