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Vieira Diniz ML, Batista JM, da Silva PHR, Fernandes C. Microextraction by packed sorbent and high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of benznidazole in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1219:123640. [PMID: 36867997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Benznidazole is the main drug used in Chagas disease and its determination in plasma samples is useful in several situations. Hence, robust and accurate bioanalytical methods are needed. In this context, sample preparation deserves special attention, as it is the most error-prone, labor-intensive and time-consuming step. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a miniaturized technique, developed to minimize the use of hazardous solvents and sample amount. In this context, this study aimed to develop and validate a MEPS coupled to high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of benznidazole in human plasma. MEPS optimization was performed by a 24 full factorial experimental design, which resulted in about 25 % of recovery. The best condition was achieved when 500 µL of plasma,10 draw-eject cycles, sample volume drawn of 100 µL, and desorption with three times of 50 µL of acetonitrile were used. The chromatographic separation was performed with a C18 (150 × 4.5 mm, 5 µm) column. The mobile phase was composed of water:acetonitrile (60:40) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The developed method was validated and proved to be selective, precise, accurate, robust and linear in the range from 0.5 to 6.0 µg mL-1. The method was applied to three healthy volunteers that made use of benznidazole tablets and showed to be adequate to assess this drug in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Luiza Vieira Diniz
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jessica Mauricio Batista
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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de Lana M, Giunchetti RC. Dogs as a Model for Chemotherapy of Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1741-1756. [PMID: 33371843 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201228142703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are natural reservoir of Chagas disease (CD) and leishmaniasis and have been used for studies of these infections as they develop different clinical forms of these diseases similar to humans. OBJECTIVE This article describes publications on the dog model relative to CD and leishmaniasis chemotherapy. METHODS The search of articles was based on PubMed, Scopus and MESH using the keywords: dog, Trypanosoma cruzi, treatment (T. cruzi chemotherapy analysis), Leishmania chagasi, Leishmania infantum, canine visceral leishmaniasis, treatment (Leishmania chemotherapy evaluation). RESULTS Benznidazole and nifurtimox were used as a reference in the treatment of CD and in combination with other compounds. Eleven out of the fifteen studies have authors from the same team, using similar protocols and post-treatment evaluations, which assured more reproducibility and credibility. Twenty leishmaniasis studies, especially on visceral leishmaniasis, presenting at least one parasitological analysis tested in distinct monochemotherapy and polychemotherapy approaches were accessed. Data demonstrated that polychemotherapy was more effective in improving the clinical signs and parasitism control. CONCLUSION The benefits of treatment in terms of reducing or eliminating lesions and/or cardiac dysfunctions were demonstrated at acute and/or chronic phases relative to parasite load and/or the T. cruzi strain resistance to treatment. BZ presented better therapeutic results than the two EBI compounds evaluated. Although treatment of the canine visceral leishmaniasis was not able to induce complete parasite clearance, it can improve clinical recovery. Thus, the dog is a good model for CD and leishmaniasis studies of chemotherapy and may be indicated for pre-clinical trials of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Lana
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmacia, Programa Pos-Graduacao em de Ciencias Biologicas, Nucleo de Pesquisas em Ciencias Biologicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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Ndayishimiye J, Popat A, Kumeria T, Blaskovich MA, Robert Falconer J. Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted complexation of benznidazole: γ-cyclodextrin for improved dissolution. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Santana ACSGV, Danda LJDA, Nunes LCC, Soares Sobrinho JL. Simultaneous Quantification of Benznidazole and Posaconazole by HPLC-DAD Using QbD Approach. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:156-162. [PMID: 30496348 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To develop an analytical method to simultaneous quantification of benznidazole (BNZ) and posaconazole (POS) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) using design of experiments. Methods Percentages of organic phase, buffer pH and flow rates of mobile phase were selected as independent variables by full factorial design (33), totaling 27 experiments. Significant factors were evaluated using factorial analysis of variance with 95% confidence level. Method optimization was performed using desirability profiles, considering BNZ/POS chromatographic resolution and peak areas. Further, the method was evaluated regarding its suitability and properly validated according to the international compendiums using the parameters: specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Results The optimized method was achieved using Discovery® C8 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 μm particle size), methanol/acetate buffer (pH 3.5)(71:29) and detection at 260 nm. Retention times were 3.6 and 7.6 min for BNZ and POS, respectively, with good suitability of system and it was specific and linear (r2 >0.99) for both drugs, proving the efficiency of the method even in the presence of degradation products of POS. Conclusion This new method is a great alternative to perform reliable, faster and cheaper analysis since the simultaneous quantification of the association BZN/POS is not reported yet in the literature.
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Preclinical pharmacokinetics of benznidazole-loaded interpolyelectrolyte complex-based delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:281-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Perin L, Moreira da Silva R, Fonseca KDS, Cardoso JMDO, Mathias FAS, Reis LES, Molina I, Correa-Oliveira R, Vieira PMDA, Carneiro CM. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Benznidazole after Oral Administration in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02410-16. [PMID: 28167558 PMCID: PMC5365712 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02410-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific chemotherapy using benznidazole (BNZ) for Chagas disease during the chronic stage is controversial due to its limited efficacy and toxic effects. Although BNZ has been used to treat Chagas disease since the 1970s, few studies about the biodistribution of this drug exist. In this study, BNZ tissue biodistribution in a murine model and its pharmacokinetic profile in plasma were monitored. A bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatography method with a UV detector (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated according to the European Medicines Agency for quantification of BNZ in organs and plasma samples prepared by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The developed method was linear in the BNZ concentration, which ranged from 0.1 to 100.0 μg/ml for plasma, spleen, brain, colon, heart, lung, and kidney and from 0.2 to 100.0 μg/ml for liver. Validation assays demonstrated good stability for BNZ under all conditions evaluated. Pharmacokinetic parameters confirmed rapid, but low, absorption of BNZ after oral administration. Biodistribution assays demonstrated different maximum concentrations in organs and similar times to maximum concentration and mean residence times, with means of 40 min and 2.5 h, respectively. Therefore, the biodistribution of BNZ is extensive, reaching organs such as the heart and colon, which are the most relevant organs affected by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, and also the spleen, brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Simultaneous analyses of tissues and plasma indicated high BNZ metabolism in the liver. Our results suggest that low bioavailability, instead of inadequate biodistribution, could be responsible for therapeutic failure during the chronic phase of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Perin
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Israel Molina
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Soy D, Aldasoro E, Guerrero L, Posada E, Serret N, Mejía T, Urbina JA, Gascón J. Population pharmacokinetics of benznidazole in adult patients with Chagas disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3342-9. [PMID: 25824212 PMCID: PMC4432184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05018-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to build a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to characterize benznidazole (BNZ) pharmacokinetics in adults with chronic Chagas disease. This study was a prospective, open-label, single-center clinical trial approved by the local ethics committee. Patients received BNZ at 2.5 mg/kg of body weight/12 h (Abarax, Elea Laboratory, Argentina) for 60 days. Plasma BNZ samples were taken several times during the study and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection (HPLC-UV). The popPK analysis was done with NONMEMv.7.3. Demographic and biological data were tested as covariates. Intraindividual, interoccasion, and residual variabilities were modeled. Internal and external validations were completed to assess the robustness of the model. Later on, simulations were performed to generate BNZ concentration-time course profiles for different dosage regimens. A total of 358 plasma BNZ concentrations from 39 patients were included in the analysis. A one-compartment PK model characterized by clearance (CL/F) and the apparent volume of distribution (V/F), with first-order absorption (Ka) and elimination, adequately described the data (CL/F, 1.73 liters/h; V/F, 89.6 liters; and Ka, 1.15 h(-1)). No covariates were found to be significant for CL/F and V/F. Internal and external validations of the final model showed adequate results. Data from simulations revealed that a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/12 h might lead to overexposure in most patients. A lower dose (2.5 mg/kg/24 h) was able to achieve trough BNZ plasma concentrations within the accepted therapeutic range of 3 to 6 mg/liter. In summary, we developed a population PK model for BNZ in adults with chronic Chagas disease. Dosing simulations showed that a BNZ dose of 2.5 mg/kg/24 h will adequately keep BNZ trough plasma concentrations within the recommended target range for the majority of patients. (This study has been registered at EudraCT under number 2011-002900-34 and at ClinicalTrials.gov under number NCT01755403.).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soy
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Institut de Investigació Biomèdica Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBERES (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Spain
| | - E Aldasoro
- International Health Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Guerrero
- CIBERES (CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Spain CELLEX Laboratory, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Posada
- International Health Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Serret
- International Health Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Mejía
- International Health Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Urbina
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - J Gascón
- International Health Service, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
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Martínez N, Elena Marson M, Enrique Mastrantonio G, Raba J, Cerutti S. Development of a LC–MS/MS methodology for the monitoring of the antichagasic drug benznidazole in human urine. Talanta 2015; 131:656-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Davanço MG, de Campos ML, Peccinini RG. Rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography method for quantification of antichagasic benznidazole in plasma: application in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1008-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gomes Davanço
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - Michel Leandro de Campos
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; São Paulo State University; Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
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Current bioanalytical methods for pharmacokinetic studies of drugs used in neglected tropical diseases. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1711-23. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are conditions directly associated to poverty and affect millions of people in tropical areas. Considering the necessity of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring studies to assess the disposition of agents clinically employed in the treatment of these diseases, especially in the involved population, this article will overview the current bioanalytical methods developed in the last 10 years, particularly those fully validated and using standard techniques, such as chromatographic procedures combined or not with mass spectrometry. The characteristics of each assay reported will be summarized and critically discussed. Furthermore, emphasis will also be given to the pros and cons in order to highlight the application of each method, especially in routine laboratories.
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Marsón ME, Dana DD, Altcheh J, García-Bournissen F, Mastrantonio G. Development of UV/HPLC methods for quantitative analysis of benznidazole in human plasma and urine for application in pediatric clinical studies. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:384-90. [PMID: 24038224 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chagas disease constitutes a major public health problem in Latin America. Correctly designed pharmacokinetic, safety, and bioequivalence studies are desirable in order to fill the knowledge gaps that presently exist on available drugs. It is necessary to develop accurate, simple, reproducible, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/UV methods for the quantization of benznidazole (BNZ) in human plasma and urine for clinical applications, specially in pediatric patients. METHODS Quantization of BNZ in human plasma involved freeze-drying and re-suspension in organic solvent followed by reverse phase HPLC with UV detection. Analysis of BNZ in urine involved liquid/liquid extraction followed by reverse phase HPLC with UV detection. RESULTS Limits of quantization (LOQ) were 0.32 μg/ml for plasma and 5.2 μg/ml for urine. No metabolite interferences were showed in both methods. CONCLUSION The LOQ of methods seems appropriate in pediatric clinical contexts. Both procedures were applied with good results, to the quantization of BNZ in plasma and urine of patients treated for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Marsón
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Servicios a la Industria y al Sistema Científico (LaSeISiC), Universidad Nacional de La Plata / Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Padró JM, Marsón ME, Mastrantonio GE, Altcheh J, García-Bournissen F, Reta M. Development of an ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of nifurtimox and benznidazole in human plasma. Talanta 2013; 107:95-102. [PMID: 23598198 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dispersive ionic liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography and UV detection was used for the determination of two antichagasic drugs in human plasma: nifurtimox and benznidazole. The effects of experimental parameters on extraction efficiency-the type and volume of ionic liquid and disperser solvent, pH, nature and concentration of salt, and the time for centrifugation and extraction-were investigated and optimized. Matrix effects were detected and thus the standard addition method was used for quantification. This microextraction procedure yielded significant improvements over those previously reported in the literature and has several advantages, including high inter-day reproducibility (relative standard deviation=1.02% and 3.66% for nifurtimox and benznidazole, respectively), extremely low detection limits (15.7 ng mL(-1) and 26.5 ng mL(-1) for nifurtimox and benznidazole, respectively), and minimal amounts of sample and extraction solvent required. Recoveries were high (98.0% and 79.8% for nifurtimox and benznidazole, respectively). The proposed methodology offers the advantage of highly satisfactory performance in addition to being inexpensive, simple, and fast in the extraction and preconcentration of these antichagasic drugs from human-plasma samples, with these characteristics being consistent with the practicability requirements in current clinical research or within the context of therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Padró
- Laboratorio de Separaciones Analíticas, División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, Argentina
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Benznidazole-related adverse drug reactions and their relationship to serum drug concentrations in patients with chronic chagas disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:390-5. [PMID: 23114763 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01401-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For treating Chagas disease (CD), a current worldwide health problem, only benznidazole and nifurtimox have been approved to be used. In both cases, unwanted drug-related adverse events (ADRs) are frequent when these drugs are used in adults in the chronic stage. The main objective of this study was to establish benznidazole ADRs and their relationship to serum concentrations in patients with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in order to perform more accurate dosages to minimize ADRs. A total of 54 patients were recruited over 12 months. Of these 54 patients, 53 (98%) experienced at least one ADR during follow-up, and the overall average ADR incidence was 2.4 episodes/patient/month. Benznidazole treatment was discontinued in 11 patients, 7 among them due to severe adverse effects. The mean duration of treatment before withdrawal was 11 days. Benznidazole serum concentrations were recorded on days 15, 30, 45, and 60 of follow-up and evaluated according to clinical and epidemiological variables and ADR severity. No relationship was found between the benznidazole serum concentration and the ADRs. The mean (standard deviation) trough serum benznidazole concentrations (all below 20 mcg/ml) on days 15, 30, 45, and 60 were 6.4 (1.9), 6.1 (1.8), 6.2 (2.2), and 5.7 (1.7) μg/ml, respectively. Benznidazole serum concentrations do not appear to be related to the appearance of serious ADRs. Further, well-controlled studies are necessary to establish the optimal regimen for benznidazole in adults with chronic CD.
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