EFFECTS OF Cassia auriculata AND Cardospermum halicacabum TEAS ON THE STEADY STATE BLOOD LEVELS OF THEOPHYLLINE IN RATS

Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Review on Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb.: A Special Insight to Antidiabetic Property

Avartaki (Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. syn. Cassia auriculata L.; Family- Fabaceae ) is a traditional medicinal plant, widely used for the treatment of various ailments in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine in India. Almost all the parts of the plant, such as flowers, leaves, seeds, barks, and roots have been reported for their medicinal uses. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of diabetes, asthma, rheumatism, dysentery, skin disease, and metabolic disorders. The principle phytochemicals in Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. are alkaloids, anthraquinone, flavone glycosides, sugar, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, benzoic acid 2-hydroxyl methyl ester, 1-methyl butyl ester, resorcinol, α-tocopherol-β-D-mannosidase, epicatechin, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, proanthocyanidin B1. The extracts from its different parts and their isolated compounds possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, anticancer, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antipyretic, anthelmintic, immunomodulatory, antifertility, anti-venom, and anti-melanogenesis. The toxicological findings from preclinical studies ensured the safety of the plant, but comprehensive clinical studies are required for the safety and efficacy of the plant in humans. The current review article aimed to provide up-to-date information about Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. covering its ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects with special emphasis on its clinical implications in diabetes.

Cassia auriculata leaf extract ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by attenuating autophagic necroptosis via RIP-1/RIP-3-p-p38MAPK signaling

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common manifestation of high glucose induced diabetes mellitus. In this study, we report the effects of Cassia auriculata ethanol leaf extract (CALE) on DN-associated cell toxicity and complications. The effects of CALE were screened in vitro using RGE cells. Cell viability was assessed using MTT and flow cytometry. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, DN and treatment groups (n = 8). The DN and treatment groups received 60 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin in citrate buffer, while the treatment group was administered 150 mg/kg/bw of CALE for 10 weeks. Biochemical analysis was conducted using spectrophotometry. Kidney tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. CD365-KIM-1 expression was assessed using flow cytometry and signalling proteins were detected using western blotting. Treatment with 30-mM glucose reduced the viability of RGE cells in a time-dependent manner and increased the population of dead RGE cells. Cotreatment with CALE reduced cell death and glucose induced protein expression of LC3-II, RIP-1 and RIP-3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, CALE improved the biochemical complications, renal dysfunction and pathophysiology of rats with DN and partially or fully restored the expression of key DN-associated signalling proteins, such as KIM-1 LC3-II, RIP-1, RIP-3 and p-p38MAPK in kidney cells. CALE showed protective effects, and improved DN-associated complications in RGE cells under high glucose stress conditions, potentially by inhibiting autophagic-necroptosis signals. Additionally, CALE improved the biochemical and pathological features of kidney injury while reducing autophagic-necroptosis in rat renal cells via the LC3-II-RIP-p38MAPK pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Results from the current investigation will add information to the literature on glucose induced renal toxicity and the protective effects of CALE over the complications of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The mechanistic investigations of the study will add light on the autophagic/necroptosis signals in DN and open new routes of investigations to study the efficacy of CALE in diabetes-related complications.

Modulatory effect of dianthrone rich alcoholic flower extract of Cassia auriculata L. on experimental diabetes

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is rapidly rising all over the world at an alarming rate and has changed from a mild disorder to major causes of mortality and morbidity in the youth and middle-aged people, and the prevalence is seen especially in six inhabited continents of the globe. The present study aims to explore the antidiabetic, lipid lowering effect of Cassia auriculata L. flowers in alloxan-induced diabetes.

METHODS

Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate in experimental rats and subsequent therapeutic effects of C. auriculata extract and standard drug glibenclamide were monitored. Bioassay-directed fractionation using silica gel column chromatography was performed until pure fractions were isolated. The effect of the treatment was analyzed by hematological parameters and enzyme assays. The pure compounds were confirmed with thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography pattern and further subjected for characterization.

RESULTS

The alterations in blood glucose were monitored throughout the study. There was a gradual fall in blood glucose and significant changes were observed in lipid profile and metabolic enzyme after treatment with C. auriculata. Bioassay fractionation represented that the C2 subfraction produced a dose-dependent fall in blood glucose and lipid profile and upon further purification yielded two pure compounds. The structure of the pure compound was elucidated using Fourier transform infrared, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data.

CONCLUSION

The present study clearly indicated the significant antidiabetic effect of C. auriculata and lends support for its traditional usage without evident toxic effects.

Apoptosis mediated anti-proliferative effect of compound isolated from Cassia auriculata leaves against human colon cancer cell line

A compound was isolated from Cassia auriculata leaves and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The in vitro anticancer effect of the compound isolated from C. auriculata was evaluated in human colon cancer cells HCT 15 by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cytotoxicity, nuclear morphology analysis and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase. The isolated compound 4-(2,5 dichlorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5,6,7 hexahydro7(4 methoxyphenyl)benzo[h][1,4,7] triazecin8(1H)-one showed 50% inhibition of HCT 15 cells when tested at 20μg/ml after 24h incubation. Cytotoxicity, nuclear morphology and lactate dehydrogenase assays clearly show potent anticancer activity of the isolated compound against colon cancer. Thus, the in vitro findings suggest that the compound isolated from C. auriculata leaves have potent anti-cancer properties with possible clinical applications.