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Reichle S, Kang L, Demirbas D, Weidenthaler C, Felderhoff M, DeBeer S, Schüth F. Mechanocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia: State of the Catalyst During Reaction and Deactivation Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317038. [PMID: 38372407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia synthesis holds significant importance for both agricultural fertilizer production and emerging green energy applications. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of a catalyst for mechanochemical ammonia synthesis, based on Cs-promoted Fe. The study sheds light on the catalyst's dynamic evolution under reaction conditions and the origin of deactivation. Initially, elemental Cs converts to CsH, followed by partial CsOH formation due to trace oxygen impurities on the surface of the Fe metal and the equipment. Concurrently, the mechanical milling process comminutes Fe, exposing fresh metallic Fe surfaces. This comminution correlates with an induction period observed during ammonia formation. Critical to the study, degradation of active Cs promoter species (CsH and CsNH2) into inactive CsOH emerged as the primary deactivation mechanism. By increasing the Cs content from 2.2 mol % to 4.2 mol %, we achieved stable, continuous ammonia synthesis for nearly 90 hours, showcasing one of the longest-running mechanocatalytic gas phase reactions. Studies of the temperature dependence of the reaction revealed negligible bulk temperature influence in the range of -10 °C to 100 °C, highlighting the dominance of mechanical action over bulk thermal effects. This study offers insights into the complex interplay between mechanical processing, reactive species, and deactivation mechanisms in mechanocatalytic ammonia synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Reichle
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis/, Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy (JWS), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Liqun Kang
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Derya Demirbas
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis/, Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy (JWS), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis/, Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy (JWS), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis/, Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy (JWS), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis/, Department of Molecular Theory and Spectroscopy (JWS), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Okada K, Fujii S, Tassel C, Gao S, Ubukata H, Pan W, Yamamoto K, Uchimoto Y, Kuwabara A, Kageyama H. Potassium-rich antiperovskites K 3HTe and K 3FTe and their structural relation to lithium and sodium counterparts. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37334563 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Unlike perovskite oxides, antiperovskites M3HCh and M3FCh (M = Li, Na; Ch = S, Se, Te) mostly retain their ideal cubic structure over a wide range of compositions owing to anionic size flexibility and low-energy phonon modes that promote their ionic conductivity. In this study, we show the synthesis of potassium-based antiperovskites K3HTe and K3FTe and discuss the structural features in comparison with lithium and sodium analogues. It is shown experimentally and theoretically that both compounds maintain a cubic symmetry and can be prepared at ambient pressure, in contrast to most of the reported M3HCh and M3FCh which require high pressure synthesis. A systematic comparison of a series of cubic M3HTe and M3FTe (M = Li, Na, K) revealed that telluride anions contract in the order of K, Na, Li, with a pronounced contraction in the Li system. This result can be understood in terms of the difference in charge density of alkali metal ions as well as the size flexibility of Ch anions, contributing to the stability of the cubic symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okada
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Fujii
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Cédric Tassel
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shenghan Gao
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ubukata
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wenli Pan
- Graduate School of Human and Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environment Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akihide Kuwabara
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kageyama
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Villa-Cortés S, Olea-Amezcua MA, De la Peña-Seaman O. A first-principles study of theoretical superconductivity on RbH by doping without applied pressure. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:475501. [PMID: 36174547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac965e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structural, electronic, lattice dynamics, electron-phonon (el-ph) coupling, and superconducting (SC) properties of the alkali-metal hydride RbH, metallized through electron-doping by the construction of the solid-solution Rb1-xSrxH, are systematically analyzed as a function of Sr-content within the framework of density functional perturbation and Migdal-Eliashberg theories, taking into account the effect of zero-point energy contribution by the quasi-harmonic approximation. For the entire studied range of Sr-content, steady increments of the el-ph coupling constant and the SC critical temperature are found with progressive alkaline-earth metal content through electron-doping, reaching the values ofλ = 1.92 andTc=51.3(66.1)K withμ∗= 0.1(0). The steady rise of such quantities as a function of Sr-content is consequence of the metallization of the hydride as an increase of density of states at the Fermi level is observed, as well as the softening of the phonon spectrum, mainly coming from H-optical modes. Our results indicate that electron-doping on metal-hydrides is an encouraging alternative to look for superconductivity without applied pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Villa-Cortés
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - M A Olea-Amezcua
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Audiovisuales, Vía Atlixcáyotl No. 2499, 72810 Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - O De la Peña-Seaman
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apartado Postal J-48, 72570 Puebla, Puebla, México
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Hetzert M, Tobeck C, Ruschewitz U. NaSeC
2
H: A Crystalline Compound with Disordered
–
SeC
2
H Anions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hetzert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Christian Tobeck
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
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Frischhut S, Bentlohner MM, Fässler TF. The Reaction of Ethylenediamine with 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne and the Role of Water: A Qualitative Method for the Determination of Water Impurities in Ethylenediamine. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frischhut
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Manuel M. Bentlohner
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München Germany
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Hetzert M, Werker M, Ruschewitz U. A I SeC 2 H (A I =K, Rb, Cs): Crystalline Compounds with the Elusive - Se-C≡C-H Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16475-16479. [PMID: 30347126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
By reaction of alkali metal acetylides, AI C2 H (AI =K, Rb, Cs), with elemental selenium in liquid ammonia highly crystalline powders of AI SeC2 H were obtained. The structure analysis based on the resulting synchrotron powder diffraction data revealed that all compounds crystallize in an orthorhombic unit cell (Cmc21 , Z=4) exhibiting the elusive - SeC2 H anion, which is unprecedented in a crystalline compound up to now. Elemental analysis and IR spectroscopic data confirm this finding. Upon heating, AI SeC2 H compounds release acetylene based on DSC/TGA experiments resulting in powders with the proposed composition AI 2 Se2 (C2 ). The resulting powders were indexed with small cubic unit cells, but a reasonable structural model could not be developed up to now. Upon exposure of AI SeC2 H compounds to water elemental selenium is formed again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hetzert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Melanie Werker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Köln, Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939, Köln, Germany
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Hetzert M, Werker M, Ruschewitz U. A ISeC 2H (A I=K, Rb, Cs): Crystalline Compounds with the Elusive −Se-C≡C-H Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hetzert
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Melanie Werker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
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Scheubeck T, Korber N. Hydrogen Bonds in Rubidium Amide-Ammonia(3/2), RbNH2·2/3NH3. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jaroń T, Grochala W, Hoffmann R. Prediction of thermodynamic stability and electronic structure of novel ternary lanthanide hydrides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b514773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barrera G, Colognesi D, Mitchell P, Ramirez-Cuesta A. LDA or GGA? A combined experimental inelastic neutron scattering and ab initio lattice dynamics study of alkali metal hydrides. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ehrlich P. Über die binären Systeme des Titans mit den Elementen Stickstoff, Kohlenstoff, Bor und Beryllium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19492590102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mundt O, Becker G, Hartmann HM, Schwarz W. Metallderivate von Molek�lverbindungen. II. Darstellung und Struktur des ?-Kaliumsilanids. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19895720109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schoch B, Rabenau A, Weppner W, Hahn H. Phasengleichgewichte und Ionenleitung der Systeme LiF?LiH und LiF?LiOH. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19845181114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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?ubrtova V. R�ntgenographische Studie des Isotopeneffektes an Kristallen einfacher und komplexer Hydride. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19673500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kordes E. �ber eine einfache Beziehung zwischen den Radien bzw. Kernladungen der Ionen und der Wellenl�nge der ersten ultravioletten Eigenschwingung der isoelektronischen Alkalihalogenide. Naturwissenschaften 1961. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00590597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ziegler K, Nagel K, Patheiger M. Metallorganische Verbindungen. XX. Lithium- und Magnesium-Methylen. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1955. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19552820136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sayre EV, Beaver JJ. Isotope Effect in the Vibrational Frequency Spectra and Specific Heats of Sodium Hydride and Deuteride. J Chem Phys 1950. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1747706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Freed S, Thode HG. The Magnetic Susceptibility of Lithium Hydride The Diamagnetism of Ionic Crystals. J Chem Phys 1935. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1749636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zachariasen WH, Mooney RCL. The Structure of the Hypophosphite Group as Determined from the Crystal Lattice of Ammonium Hypophosphite. J Chem Phys 1934. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1749354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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