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Hunia J, Gawalski K, Szredzka A, Suskiewicz MJ, Nowis D. The potential of PARP inhibitors in targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1073797. [PMID: 36533080 PMCID: PMC9751342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) deficiencies result in genome instability, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes take part in various DDR pathways, determining cell fate in the wake of DNA damage. PARPs are readily druggable and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) against the main DDR-associated PARPs, PARP1 and PARP2, are currently approved for the treatment of a range of tumor types. Inhibition of efficient PARP1/2-dependent DDR is fatal for tumor cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRD), especially defects in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-dependent pathway, while allowing healthy cells to survive. Moreover, PARPi indirectly influence the tumor microenvironment by increasing genomic instability, immune pathway activation and PD-L1 expression on cancer cells. For this reason, PARPi might enhance sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-CTLA4, providing a rationale for PARPi-ICI combination therapies. In this review, we discuss the complex background of the different roles of PARP1/2 in the cell and summarize the basics of how PARPi work from bench to bedside. Furthermore, we detail the early data of ongoing clinical trials indicating the synergistic effect of PARPi and ICIs. We also introduce the diagnostic tools for therapy development and discuss the future perspectives and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Hunia
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gawalski
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Velagapudi UK, Patel BA, Shao X, Pathak SK, Ferraris DV, Talele TT. Recent development in the discovery of PARP inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent update (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:609-623. [PMID: 33554679 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1886275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discovery of small molecules that impede the activity of single-strand DNA repair enzyme, PARP1, has led to four marketed drugs for the treatment of advanced-stage cancers. Hence, there is a renewed enthusiasm in the PARP inhibitor discovery arena. To reduce nonspecific interactions or potential toxicities, and to understand the role of other minimally explored PARP enzymes, exciting new findings have emerged toward the development of selective inhibitors and targeted chemical biology probes. Importantly, the conventional PARP inhibitor design has evolved in a way that could potentially lead to multienzyme-targeting - a polypharmacological approach against aggressive cancers. AREAS COVERED This review comprises recent progress made in the development of PARP inhibitors, primarily focused on human cancers. Discovery of novel PARP inhibitors with pan, selective, and multi-target inhibition using in vitro and in vivo cancer models is summarized and critically evaluated. Emphasis is given to patents published during 2016-2020, excluding TNKS 1/2 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The outstanding success demonstrated by the FDA approved PARP inhibitors has fueled further clinical evaluations for expansion of their clinical utilities. The current clinical investigations include new candidates as well as marketed PARP-targeted drugs, both as single agents and in combination with other chemotherapeutics. Recent advances have also unveiled critical roles of other PARPs in oncogenic signal transduction, in addition to those of the well-documented PARP1/2 and TNKS1/2 enzymes. Further studies on lesser-known PARP members are urgently needed for functional annotations and for understanding their roles in cancer progression and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kiran Velagapudi
- Pace Analytical Life Sciences, LLC, Suite 102, 19 Presidential Way, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Bhargav A Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Notre Dame, 329 McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xuwei Shao
- cFrontage Laboratories, Inc, 75 East Uwchlan Ave, Suite 100, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Sanjai Kumar Pathak
- dChemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.,eChemistry Doctoral Program, Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Dana V Ferraris
- fDepartment of Chemistry, McDaniel College, 2 College Hill, Westminster, MD, 21157, USA
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- gDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
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3
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Singh J, Suryan A, Kumar S, Sharma S. Phthalazinone Scaffold: Emerging Tool in the Development of Target Based Novel Anticancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:2228-2245. [PMID: 32767957 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200807220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalazinones are important nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds which have been a topic of considerable medicinal interest because of their diversified pharmacological activities. This versatile scaffold forms a common structural feature for many bioactive compounds, which leads to the design and development of novel anticancer drugs with fruitful results. The current review article discusses the progressive development of novel phthalazinone analogues that are targets for various receptors such as PARP, EGFR, VEGFR-2, Aurora kinase, Proteasome, Hedgehog pathway, DNA topoisomerase and P-glycoprotein. It describes mechanistic insights into the anticancer properties of phthalazinone derivatives and also highlights various simple and economical techniques for the synthesis of phthalazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Punjab, India
| | - Amruta Suryan
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Shweta Sharma
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Punjab, India
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4
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He XQ, Lian WJ, Yao Q, Song ZY, Wang J. Anticancer activity of ethyl acetate extract from lethariella cladonioides in vitro and in vivoxs. Pharmacognosy Res 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_70_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Jain A, Agostini LC, McCarthy GA, Chand SN, Ramirez A, Nevler A, Cozzitorto J, Schultz CW, Lowder CY, Smith KM, Waddell ID, Raitses-Gurevich M, Stossel C, Gorman YG, Atias D, Yeo CJ, Winter JM, Olive KP, Golan T, Pishvaian MJ, Ogilvie D, James DI, Jordan AM, Brody JR. Poly (ADP) Ribose Glycohydrolase Can Be Effectively Targeted in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4491-4502. [PMID: 31273064 PMCID: PMC6816506 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have an average survival of less than 1 year, underscoring the importance of evaluating novel targets with matched targeted agents. We recently identified that poly (ADP) ribose glycohydrolase (PARG) is a strong candidate target due to its dependence on the pro-oncogenic mRNA stability factor HuR (ELAVL1). Here, we evaluated PARG as a target in PDAC models using both genetic silencing of PARG and established small-molecule PARG inhibitors (PARGi), PDDX-01/04. Homologous repair-deficient cells compared with homologous repair-proficient cells were more sensitive to PARGi in vitro. In vivo, silencing of PARG significantly decreased tumor growth. PARGi synergized with DNA-damaging agents (i.e., oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil), but not with PARPi therapy. Mechanistically, combined PARGi and oxaliplatin treatment led to persistence of detrimental PARylation, increased expression of cleaved caspase-3, and increased γH2AX foci. In summary, these data validate PARG as a relevant target in PDAC and establish current therapies that synergize with PARGi. SIGNIFICANCE: PARG is a potential target in pancreatic cancer as a single-agent anticancer therapy or in combination with current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lebaron C Agostini
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Grace A McCarthy
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saswati N Chand
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - AnnJosette Ramirez
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avinoam Nevler
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cozzitorto
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher W Schultz
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cinthya Yabar Lowder
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chani Stossel
- Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yulia Glick Gorman
- Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dikla Atias
- Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Charles J Yeo
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Winter
- Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth P Olive
- Department of Medicine and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Talia Golan
- Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Donald Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Gil J, Betancourt LH, Pla I, Sanchez A, Appelqvist R, Miliotis T, Kuras M, Oskolas H, Kim Y, Horvath Z, Eriksson J, Berge E, Burestedt E, Jönsson G, Baldetorp B, Ingvar C, Olsson H, Lundgren L, Horvatovich P, Murillo JR, Sugihara Y, Welinder C, Wieslander E, Lee B, Lindberg H, Pawłowski K, Kwon HJ, Doma V, Timar J, Karpati S, Szasz AM, Németh IB, Nishimura T, Corthals G, Rezeli M, Knudsen B, Malm J, Marko-Varga G. Clinical protein science in translational medicine targeting malignant melanoma. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:293-332. [PMID: 30900145 PMCID: PMC6757020 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma of the skin is the sixth most common type of cancer in Europe and accounts for 3.4% of all diagnosed cancers. More alarming is the degree of recurrence that occurs with approximately 20% of patients lethally relapsing following treatment. Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer and metastases rapidly extend to the regional lymph nodes (stage 3) and to distal organs (stage 4). Targeted oncotherapy is one of the standard treatment for progressive stage 4 melanoma, and BRAF inhibitors (e.g. vemurafenib, dabrafenib) combined with MEK inhibitor (e.g. trametinib) can effectively counter BRAFV600E-mutated melanomas. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted BRAFV600E inhibition achieves a significantly higher response rate. After a period of cancer control, however, most responsive patients develop resistance to the therapy and lethal progression. The many underlying factors potentially causing resistance to BRAF inhibitors have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the remaining unsolved clinical questions necessitate alternative research approaches to address the molecular mechanisms underlying metastatic and treatment-resistant melanoma. In broader terms, proteomics can address clinical questions far beyond the reach of genomics, by measuring, i.e. the relative abundance of protein products, post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein localisation, turnover, protein interactions and protein function. More specifically, proteomic analysis of body fluids and tissues in a given medical and clinical setting can aid in the identification of cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Achieving this goal requires the development of a robust and reproducible clinical proteomic platform that encompasses automated biobanking of patient samples, tissue sectioning and histological examination, efficient protein extraction, enzymatic digestion, mass spectrometry-based quantitative protein analysis by label-free or labelling technologies and/or enrichment of peptides with specific PTMs. By combining data from, e.g. phosphoproteomics and acetylomics, the protein expression profiles of different melanoma stages can provide a solid framework for understanding the biology and progression of the disease. When complemented by proteogenomics, customised protein sequence databases generated from patient-specific genomic and transcriptomic data aid in interpreting clinical proteomic biomarker data to provide a deeper and more comprehensive molecular characterisation of cellular functions underlying disease progression. In parallel to a streamlined, patient-centric, clinical proteomic pipeline, mass spectrometry-based imaging can aid in interrogating the spatial distribution of drugs and drug metabolites within tissues at single-cell resolution. These developments are an important advancement in studying drug action and efficacy in vivo and will aid in the development of more effective and safer strategies for the treatment of melanoma. A collaborative effort of gargantuan proportions between academia and healthcare professionals has led to the initiation, establishment and development of a cutting-edge cancer research centre with a specialisation in melanoma and lung cancer. The primary research focus of the European Cancer Moonshot Lund Center is to understand the impact that drugs have on cancer at an individualised and personalised level. Simultaneously, the centre increases awareness of the relentless battle against cancer and attracts global interest in the exceptional research performed at the centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeovanis Gil
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lazaro Hiram Betancourt
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Indira Pla
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aniel Sanchez
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roger Appelqvist
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tasso Miliotis
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Translational Science, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Kuras
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henriette Oskolas
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yonghyo Kim
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Horvath
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Eriksson
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ethan Berge
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Burestedt
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SUS, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Lundgren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Sugihara
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Welinder
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wieslander
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Boram Lee
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lindberg
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Viktoria Doma
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Timar
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Karpati
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szasz
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
- Cancer Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- MTA-TTK Momentum Oncology Biomarker Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - István Balázs Németh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Clinical Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjiku Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Garry Corthals
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, 1090 GS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Knudsen
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan Malm
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Chemical Genomics Global Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjiku Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sharma N, Anurag. 7-Azaindole Analogues as Bioactive Agents and Recent Results. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:727-736. [PMID: 30264679 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180928154004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Azaindoles have been accepted as important structures having various biological activities in medicinal chemistry in novel drug discovery. Various azaindole derivatives have been used commercially and newer analogues are synthesized continuously. As in literature, azaindole is a very potent moiety, its derivatives displayed a number of biological activities such as kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenic activity, CRTh2 receptor antagonists, melanin agonists, nicotine agonists, effectiveness in alzheimer disease, cytokinin analogs, Orai inhibitors in asthma and chemokine receptor- 2 (CCR2) antagonists. This review consists of biological activities of various azaindole analogs, reported so far, and their structure activity relations, along with future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
| | - Anurag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
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8
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Crawford K, Bonfiglio JJ, Mikoč A, Matic I, Ahel I. Specificity of reversible ADP-ribosylation and regulation of cellular processes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:64-82. [PMID: 29098880 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1394265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper and timely regulation of cellular processes is fundamental to the overall health and viability of organisms across all kingdoms of life. Thus, organisms have evolved multiple highly dynamic and complex biochemical signaling cascades in order to adapt and survive diverse challenges. One such method of conferring rapid adaptation is the addition or removal of reversible modifications of different chemical groups onto macromolecules which in turn induce the appropriate downstream outcome. ADP-ribosylation, the addition of ADP-ribose (ADPr) groups, represents one of these highly conserved signaling chemicals. Herein we outline the writers, erasers and readers of ADP-ribosylation and dip into the multitude of cellular processes they have been implicated in. We also review what we currently know on how specificity of activity is ensured for this important modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryanne Crawford
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Andreja Mikoč
- c Division of Molecular Biology , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivan Matic
- b Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing , Cologne , Germany
| | - Ivan Ahel
- a Sir William Dunn School of Pathology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-amidobenzimidazole acridine derivatives as dual PARP and Topo inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1135-1146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Bhattacharya S, Asaithamby A. Repurposing DNA repair factors to eradicate tumor cells upon radiotherapy. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S822-S839. [PMID: 30613483 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.05.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Almost 50% of all cancer patients undergo radiation therapy (RT) during treatment, with varying success. The main goal of RT is to kill tumor cells by damaging their DNA irreversibly while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. The outcome of RT is often determined by how tumors recognize and repair their damaged DNA. A growing body of evidence suggests that tumors often show abnormal expression of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair genes that are absent from normal cells. Defects in a specific DNA repair pathway make tumor cells overly dependent on alternative or backup pathways to repair their damaged DNA. These tumor cell-specific abnormalities in the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery can potentially be used as biomarkers for treatment outcomes or as targets for sensitization to ionizing radiation (IR). An improved understanding of genetic or epigenetic alterations in the DNA repair pathways specific to cancer cells has paved the way for new treatments that combine pharmacological exploitation of tumor-specific molecular vulnerabilities with IR. Inhibiting DNA repair pathways has the potential to greatly enhance the therapeutic ratio of RT. In this review, we will discuss DNA repair pathways in active cells and how these pathways are deregulated in tumors. We will also describe the impact of targeting cancer-specific aberrations in the DDR as a treatment strategy to improve the efficacy of RT. Finally, we will address the current roadblocks and future prospects of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souparno Bhattacharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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11
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Sherstyuk YV, Zakharenko AL, Kutuzov MM, Sukhanova MV, Lavrik OI, Silnikov VN, Abramova TV. Synthesis of a series of NAD+ analogues, potential inhibitors of PARP 1, using ADP conjugates functionalized at the terminal phosphate group. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Yuan Z, Chen J, Li W, Li D, Chen C, Gao C, Jiang Y. PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents: a patent update (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:363-382. [PMID: 27841036 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1259413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PARP inhibitors have been extensively explored as antitumor agents and have shown potent efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. They can be used in monotherapy under the synthetic lethality concept or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, inducing a synergistic effect. Areas covered: This review covers relevant efforts in the development of PARP inhibitors with a particular focus on recently patented PARP inhibitors, combination therapy involving PARP inhibitors, tumor responsiveness to PARP inhibitors as detailed in reports made from 2013 - 2015, and PARP drugs in clinical trials and other novel inhibitors that emerged in 2013 - 2015. Expert opinion: Clinical studies and applications of PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents have gained considerable recognition in the last few years. In addition to FDA-approved olaparib, an increasing number of new inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, some of which are under preclinical or clinical evaluation. Novel inhibitors are still required, especially new scaffold compounds or drugs with improved properties, such as higher selectivity, higher potency and lower toxicity. The development of combination therapies involving PARP inhibitors and the exploration of biomarkers to predict outcomes with PARP inhibitors would expand the applications of these inhibitors, allowing more patients to benefit from this promising class of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigao Yuan
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Wenlu Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Changjun Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,d School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
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A versatile strategy for the design and synthesis of novel ADP conjugates and their evaluation as potential poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors. Mol Divers 2016; 21:101-113. [PMID: 27677737 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A versatile strategy for the synthesis of [Formula: see text] mimetics was developed, involving an efficient pyrophosphate linkage formation in key conjugates containing a functional amino group which acts as useful reactive anchor for further derivatization. These [Formula: see text] mimetics consist of ADP conjugated through a diphosphate chain to an extended aliphatic linker bearing an aromatic acid residue. A number of conjugates containing aromatic carboxylic acids were found to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). A new class of potential PARP-1 inhibitors mimicking [Formula: see text], a substrate in the PARP-1 catalyzed reaction, was proposed.
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Pesch T, Schuhwerk H, Wyrsch P, Immel T, Dirks W, Bürkle A, Huhn T, Beneke S. Differential cytotoxicity induced by the Titanium(IV)Salan complex Tc52 in G2-phase independent of DNA damage. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:469. [PMID: 27412346 PMCID: PMC4944496 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is one of the major treatment modalities for cancer. Metal-based compounds such as derivatives of cisplatin are in the front line of therapy against a subset of cancers, but their use is restricted by severe side-effects and the induction of resistance in treated tumors. Subsequent research focused on development of cytotoxic metal-complexes without cross-resistance to cisplatin and reduced side-effects. This led to the discovery of first-generation titanium(IV)salan complexes, which reached clinical trials but lacked efficacy. New-generation titanium (IV)salan-complexes show promising anti-tumor activity in mice, but their molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity is completely unknown. METHODS Four different human cell lines were analyzed in their responses to a toxic (Tc52) and a structurally highly related but non-toxic (Tc53) titanium(IV)salan complex. Viability assays were used to reveal a suitable treatment range, flow-cytometry analysis was performed to monitor the impact of dosage and treatment time on cell-cycle distribution and cell death. Potential DNA strand break induction and crosslinking was investigated by immunostaining of damage markers as well as automated fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding. Changes in nuclear morphology were analyzed by DAPI staining. Acidic beta-galactosidase activity together with morphological changes was monitored to detect cellular senescence. Western blotting was used to analyze induction of pro-apoptotic markers such as activated caspase7 and cleavage of PARP1, and general stress kinase p38. RESULTS Here we show that the titanium(IV)salan Tc52 is effective in inducing cell death in the lower micromolar range. Surprisingly, Tc52 does not target DNA contrary to expectations deduced from the reported activity of other titanium complexes. Instead, Tc52 application interferes with progression from G2-phase into mitosis and induces apoptotic cell death in tested tumor cells. Contrarily, human fibroblasts undergo senescence in a time and dose-dependent manner. As deduced from fluorescence studies, the potential cellular target seems to be the cytoskeleton. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we could demonstrate in four different human cell lines that tumor cells were specifically killed without induction of major cytotoxicity in non-tumorigenic cells. Absence of DNA damaging activity and the cell-cycle block in G2 instead of mitosis makes Tc52 an attractive compound for further investigations in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pesch
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Schuhwerk
- University of Konstanz, Molecular Toxicology Group, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Present address: Leibniz Institute for Age Research: FLI, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Philippe Wyrsch
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Immel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Present address: Lanxess, 41539, Dormagen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Dirks
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Molecular Biology Group, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- University of Konstanz, Molecular Toxicology Group, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Huhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sascha Beneke
- University of Zurich, Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Present address: Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Ecotoxicology Group, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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15
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Marzouk MI, Shaker SA, Abdel Hafiz AA, El-Baghdady KZ. Design and Synthesis of New Phthalazinone Derivatives Containing Benzyl Moiety with Anticipated Antitumor Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:239-51. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Barkauskaite E, Jankevicius G, Ahel I. Structures and Mechanisms of Enzymes Employed in the Synthesis and Degradation of PARP-Dependent Protein ADP-Ribosylation. Mol Cell 2015; 58:935-46. [PMID: 26091342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a major family of enzymes capable of modifying proteins by ADP-ribosylation. Due to the large size and diversity of this family, PARPs affect almost every aspect of cellular life and have fundamental roles in DNA repair, transcription, heat shock and cytoplasmic stress responses, cell division, protein degradation, and much more. In the past decade, our understanding of the PARP enzymatic mechanism and activation, as well as regulation of ADP-ribosylation signals by the readers and erasers of protein ADP-ribosylation, has been significantly advanced by the emergence of new structural data, reviewed herein, which allow for better understanding of the biological roles of this widespread post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barkauskaite
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Gytis Jankevicius
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RE Oxford, UK.
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Papeo G, Posteri H, Borghi D, Busel AA, Caprera F, Casale E, Ciomei M, Cirla A, Corti E, D'Anello M, Fasolini M, Forte B, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Khvat A, Krasavin MY, Lupi R, Orsini P, Perego R, Pesenti E, Pezzetta D, Rainoldi S, Riccardi-Sirtori F, Scolaro A, Sola F, Zuccotto F, Felder ER, Donati D, Montagnoli A. Discovery of 2-[1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-fluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide (NMS-P118): A Potent, Orally Available, and Highly Selective PARP-1 Inhibitor for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26222319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has a well-established role in the signaling and repair of DNA and is a prominent target in oncology, as testified by the number of candidates in clinical testing that unselectively target both PARP-1 and its closest isoform PARP-2. The goal of our program was to find a PARP-1 selective inhibitor that would potentially mitigate toxicities arising from cross-inhibition of PARP-2. Thus, an HTS campaign on the proprietary Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS) chemical collection, followed by SAR optimization, allowed us to discover 2-[1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-fluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide (NMS-P118, 20by). NMS-P118 proved to be a potent, orally available, and highly selective PARP-1 inhibitor endowed with excellent ADME and pharmacokinetic profiles and high efficacy in vivo both as a single agent and in combination with Temozolomide in MDA-MB-436 and Capan-1 xenograft models, respectively. Cocrystal structures of 20by with both PARP-1 and PARP-2 catalytic domain proteins allowed rationalization of the observed selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Papeo
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Posteri
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Borghi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alina A Busel
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Francesco Caprera
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casale
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ciomei
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cirla
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliana Corti
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo D'Anello
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Fasolini
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Forte
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Galvani
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Isacchi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Khvat
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Krasavin
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Rosita Lupi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Perego
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Pesenti
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Rainoldi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sola
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduard R Felder
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Montagnoli
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
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Wang J, Tan H, Sun Q, Ge Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Li R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridazino[3,4,5-de]quinazolin-3(2H)-one as a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2340-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Towards small molecule inhibitors of mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:546-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Nowadays there are several limitations in cancer treatment. One of these is the use of conventional medicines which not only target cancer cells and thus also cause high toxicity precluding effective treatment. Recent elucidation of mechanisms that cause cancer has led to discovery of novel key molecules and pathways which have have become successful targets for the treatments that eliminate only cancer cells. These so-called targeted therapies offer new hope for millions of cancer patients, as briefly reveiwed here focusing on different types of agents, like PARP, CDK, tyrosine kinase, farnysyl transferase and proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Topcul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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21
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Kelley MR, Logsdon D, Fishel ML. Targeting DNA repair pathways for cancer treatment: what's new? Future Oncol 2015; 10:1215-37. [PMID: 24947262 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in DNA repair pathways predispose cells to accumulating DNA damage. A growing body of evidence indicates that tumors accumulate progressively more mutations in DNA repair proteins as cancers progress. DNA repair mechanisms greatly affect the response to cytotoxic treatments, so understanding those mechanisms and finding ways to turn dysregulated repair processes against themselves to induce tumor death is the goal of all DNA repair inhibition efforts. Inhibition may be direct or indirect. This burgeoning field of research is replete with promise and challenge, as more intricacies of each repair pathway are discovered. In an era of increasing concern about healthcare costs, use of DNA repair inhibitors can prove to be highly effective stewardship of R&D resources and patient expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Jones P, Wilcoxen K, Rowley M, Toniatti C. Niraparib: A Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Tumors with Defective Homologous Recombination. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3302-14. [PMID: 25761096 DOI: 10.1021/jm5018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are involved in DNA repair following damage by endogenous or exogenous processes. It has become clear over the past decade that inhibition of PARP in the context of defects in other DNA repair mechanisms provide a tumor specific way to kill cancer cells. We describe the rationale for this approach and the design and discovery of niraparib, a potent PARP-1/2 inhibitor with good cell based activity, selectivity for cancer over normal cells, and oral bioavailability. Niraparib was characterized in a number of preclinical models before moving to phase I clinical trials, where it showed excellent human pharmacokinetics suitable for once a day oral dosing, achieved its pharmacodynamic target for PARP inhibition, and had promising activity in cancer patients. It is currently being tested in phase 3 clinical trials as maintenance therapy in ovarian cancer and as a treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jones
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Keith Wilcoxen
- ‡TESARO, Inc., 1000 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael Rowley
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- †Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, Via Pontina km 30600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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Shen Y, Aoyagi-Scharber M, Wang B. Trapping Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:446-57. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Eldehna WM, Ibrahim HS, Abdel-Aziz HA, Farrag NN, Youssef MM. Design, synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of novel N-substituted-4-phenyl/benzylphthalazin-1-ones. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:549-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baldan F, Mio C, Allegri L, Puppin C, Russo D, Filetti S, Damante G. Synergy between HDAC and PARP Inhibitors on Proliferation of a Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer-Derived Cell Line. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:978371. [PMID: 25705225 PMCID: PMC4326215 DOI: 10.1155/2015/978371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a very aggressive human malignancy, having a marked degree of invasiveness and no features of thyroid differentiation. It is known that either HDAC inhibitors or PARP inhibitors have antiproliferative effects on thyroid cancer cells. Therefore, in this study the possible synergy between the two types of compounds has been investigated. The ATC-derived cell line SW1736 has been treated with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and the PARP inhibitor PJ34, alone or in combination. In terms of cell viability, the combination index value was always lower than 1 at various tested dosages, indicating, therefore, synergy in a wide range of doses for both compounds. Synergy was also observed in induction of apoptosis. In terms of thyroid-specific gene expression, synergy was observed for TSHR mRNA levels but not for NIS, TTF1, TTF2, and PAX8 mRNA levels. Altogether, these data suggest that the combined use of HDAC and PARP inhibitors may be a useful strategy for treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Catia Mio
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Allegri
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puppin
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital “S. Maria della Misericordia”, 33100 Udine, Italy
- *Giuseppe Damante:
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Halder AK, Saha A, Saha KD, Jha T. Stepwise development of structure–activity relationship of diverse PARP-1 inhibitors through comparative and validatedin silico modeling techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1756-79. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.969772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Canaani D. Application of the concept synthetic lethality toward anticancer therapy: A promise fulfilled? Cancer Lett 2014; 352:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aoyagi-Scharber M, Gardberg AS, Yip BK, Wang B, Shen Y, Fitzpatrick PA. Structural basis for the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases 1 and 2 by BMN 673, a potent inhibitor derived from dihydropyridophthalazinone. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:1143-9. [PMID: 25195882 PMCID: PMC4157409 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14015088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BMN 673, a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor in clinical development with substantial tumor cytotoxicity, forms extensive hydrogen-bonding and π-stacking in the nicotinamide pocket, with its unique disubstituted scaffold extending towards the less conserved edges of the pocket. These interactions might provide structural insight into the ability of BMN 673 to both inhibit catalysis and affect DNA-binding activity. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases 1 and 2 (PARP1 and PARP2), which are involved in DNA damage response, are targets of anticancer therapeutics. BMN 673 is a novel PARP1/2 inhibitor with substantially increased PARP-mediated tumor cytotoxicity and is now in later-stage clinical development for BRCA-deficient breast cancers. In co-crystal structures, BMN 673 is anchored to the nicotinamide-binding pocket via an extensive network of hydrogen-bonding and π-stacking interactions, including those mediated by active-site water molecules. The novel di-branched scaffold of BMN 673 extends the binding interactions towards the outer edges of the pocket, which exhibit the least sequence homology among PARP enzymes. The crystallographic structural analyses reported here therefore not only provide critical insights into the molecular basis for the exceptionally high potency of the clinical development candidate BMN 673, but also new opportunities for increasing inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Aoyagi-Scharber
- Research and Drug Discovery, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Anna S Gardberg
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Bryan K Yip
- Research and Drug Discovery, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Research and Drug Discovery, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Yuqiao Shen
- Research and Drug Discovery, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Paul A Fitzpatrick
- Research and Drug Discovery, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
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Wang LX, Zhou XB, Xiao ML, Jiang N, Liu F, Zhou WX, Wang XK, Zheng ZB, Li S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted 4-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones as potent PARP-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3739-43. [PMID: 25086680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a series of substituted 4-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones as potent PARP-1 inhibitors. Preliminary biological evaluation indicated that most compounds possessed inhibitory potencies comparable to, or higher than AZD-2281. Among these compounds, 18q appeared to be the most notable one, which displayed an 8-fold improvement in enzymatic activity compared to AZD-2281. These efforts lay the foundation for our further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-xiao Wang
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xin-bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Meng-liang Xiao
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica and Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica and Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen-xia Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica and Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xiao-kui Wang
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Zhi-bing Zheng
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Song Li
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
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30
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Patel MR, Bhatt A, Steffen JD, Chergui A, Murai J, Pommier Y, Pascal JM, Trombetta LD, Fronczek FR, Talele TT. Discovery and structure-activity relationship of novel 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carboxamide and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3(2H)-one-7-carboxamide derivatives as poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5579-601. [PMID: 24922587 PMCID: PMC4094269 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Novel
substituted 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-carboxamide (DHBF-7-carboxamide)
and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3(2H)-one-7-carboxamide
(DHBF-3-one-7-carboxamide) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated
as inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1). A structure-based
design strategy resulted in lead compound 3 (DHBF-7-carboxamide;
IC50 = 9.45 μM). To facilitate synthetically feasible
derivatives, an alternative core was designed, DHBF-3-one-7-carboxamide
(36, IC50 = 16.2 μM). The electrophilic
2-position of this scaffold was accessible for extended modifications.
Substituted benzylidene derivatives at the 2-position were found to
be the most potent, with 3′,4′-dihydroxybenzylidene 58 (IC50 = 0.531 μM) showing a 30-fold improvement
in potency. Various heterocycles attached at the 4′-hydroxyl/4′-amino
of the benzylidene moiety resulted in significant improvement in inhibition
of PARP-1 activity (e.g., compounds 66–68, 70, 72, and 73; IC50 values from 0.718 to 0.079 μM). Compound 66 showed
selective cytotoxicity in BRCA2-deficient DT40 cells.
Crystal structures of three inhibitors (compounds (−)-13c, 59, and 65) bound to
a multidomain PARP-1 structure were obtained, providing insights into
further development of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, New York 11439, United States
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31
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Shackelford RE, Mayhall K, Maxwell NM, Kandil E, Coppola D. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in malignancy: a review. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:447-56. [PMID: 24386506 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913507576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis. Both intracellular and extracellular Nampt (iNampt and eNampt) levels are increased in several human malignancies and some studies demonstrate increased iNampt in more aggressive/invasive tumors and in tumor metastases. Several different molecular targets have been identified that promote carcinogenesis following iNampt overexpression, including SirT1, CtBP, and PARP-1. Additionally, eNampt is elevated in several human cancers and is often associated with a higher tumor stage and worse prognoses. Here we review the roles of Nampt in malignancy, some of the known mechanisms by which it promotes carcinogenesis, and discuss the possibility of employing Nampt inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Mayhall
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Emad Kandil
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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32
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Carvalho JFS, Kanaar R. Targeting homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:427-58. [PMID: 24491188 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA is the target of many traditional non-specific chemotherapeutic drugs. New drugs or therapeutic approaches with a more rational and targeted component are mandatory to improve the success of cancer therapy. The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is an attractive target for the development of inhibitors because cancer cells rely heavily on HR for repair of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from chemotherapeutic treatments. Additionally, the discovery that poly(ADP)ribose polymerase-1 inhibitors selectively kill cells with genetic defects in HR has spurned an even greater interest in inhibitors of HR. AREAS COVERED HR drives the repair of broken DNA via numerous protein-mediated sequential DNA manipulations. Due to extensive number of steps and proteins involved, the HR pathway provides a rich pool of potential drug targets. This review discusses the latest developments concerning the strategies being explored to inhibit HR. Particular attention is given to the identification of small molecule inhibitors of key HR proteins, including the BRCA proteins and RAD51. EXPERT OPINION Current HR inhibitors are providing the basis for pharmaceutical development of more potent and specific inhibitors to be applied in mono- or combinatorial therapy regimes, while novel targets will be uncovered by experiments aimed to gain a deeper mechanistic understanding of HR and its subpathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F S Carvalho
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands , PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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33
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Cincinelli R, Musso L, Merlini L, Giannini G, Vesci L, Milazzo FM, Carenini N, Perego P, Penco S, Artali R, Zunino F, Pisano C, Dallavalle S. 7-Azaindole-1-carboxamides as a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1089-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Novel PARP-1 inhibitors based on a 2-propanoyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:462-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Usmani H, Hussain SA, Sheikh A. PARP inhibitors: current status and implications for anticancer therapeutics. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:46. [PMID: 24289880 PMCID: PMC4175919 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) comprise of a large family of 17 proteins encoded by various genes which participate in genome maintenance, apoptosis, inflammatory responses and the regulation of gene expression programs. PARP inhibitors, as therapeutic agents, come into play acting on both PARP 1 and PARP 2. These drugs seem to target tumor cells in a moment of vulnerability when they are undergoing DNA repair. In the past few years this class of anti-cancer drug has been discovered to show a promising niche in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Usmani
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
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36
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Baumann M, Bodis S, Dikomey E, van der Kogel A, Overgaard J, Rodemann HP, Wouters B. Molecular radiation biology/oncology at its best: Cutting edge research presented at the 13th International Wolfsberg Meeting on Molecular Radiation Biology/Oncology. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Sajesh BV, Guppy BJ, McManus KJ. Synthetic genetic targeting of genome instability in cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:739-61. [PMID: 24202319 PMCID: PMC3795363 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the World. A limitation of many current chemotherapeutic approaches is that their cytotoxic effects are not restricted to cancer cells, and adverse side effects can occur within normal tissues. Consequently, novel strategies are urgently needed to better target cancer cells. As we approach the era of personalized medicine, targeting the specific molecular defect(s) within a given patient's tumor will become a more effective treatment strategy than traditional approaches that often target a given cancer type or sub-type. Synthetic genetic interactions are now being examined for their therapeutic potential and are designed to target the specific genetic and epigenetic phenomena associated with tumor formation, and thus are predicted to be highly selective. In general, two complementary approaches have been employed, including synthetic lethality and synthetic dosage lethality, to target aberrant expression and/or function associated with tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, respectively. Here we discuss the concepts of synthetic lethality and synthetic dosage lethality, and explain three general experimental approaches designed to identify novel genetic interactors. We present examples and discuss the merits and caveats of each approach. Finally, we provide insight into the subsequent pre-clinical work required to validate novel candidate drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu V Sajesh
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
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Abstract
Mutations of the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) account for about 40-45% of hereditary breast cancer cases. Moreover, a significant fraction of sporadic (non-hereditary) breast and ovarian cancers exhibit reduced or absent expression of the BRCA1 protein, suggesting an additional role for BRCA1 in sporadic cancers. BRCA1 follows the classic pattern of a highly penetrant Knudsen-type tumor suppressor gene in which one allele is inactivated through a germ-line mutation and the other is mutated or deleted within the tumor. BRCA1 is a multi-functional protein but it is not fully understood which function(s) is (are) most important for tumor suppression, nor is it clear why BRCA1-mutations confer a high risk for breast and ovarian cancers and not a broad spectrum of tumor types. Here, we will review BRCA1 functions in the DNA damage response (DDR), which are likely to contribute to tumor suppression. In the process, we will highlight some of the controversies and unresolved issues in the field. We will also describe a recently identified and under-investigated role for BRCA1 in the regulation of telomeres and the implications of this role in the DDR and cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot M Rosen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, DC, USA ; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, DC, USA ; Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington, DC, USA
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39
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Ekblad T, Camaioni E, Schüler H, Macchiarulo A. PARP inhibitors: polypharmacology versus selective inhibition. FEBS J 2013; 280:3563-75. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torun Ekblad
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Karolinska Institutet; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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