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Saito A, Kitayama J, Nagai R, Aizawa K. Anatomical Targeting of Anticancer Drugs to Solid Tumors Using Specific Administration Routes: Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1664. [PMID: 37376112 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable recent progress in developing anti-cancer agents, outcomes of patients with solid tumors remain unsatisfactory. In general, anti-cancer drugs are systemically administered through peripheral veins and delivered throughout the body. The major problem with systemic chemotherapy is insufficient uptake of intravenous (IV) drugs by targeted tumor tissue. Although dose escalation and treatment intensification have been attempted in order to increase regional concentrations of anti-tumor drugs, these approaches have produced only marginal benefits in terms of patient outcomes, while often damaging healthy organs. To overcome this problem, local administration of anti-cancer agents can yield markedly higher drug concentrations in tumor tissue with less systemic toxicity. This strategy is most commonly used for liver and brain tumors, as well as pleural or peritoneal malignancies. Although the concept is theoretically reasonable, survival benefits are still limited. This review summarizes clinical results and problems and discusses future directions of regional cancer therapy with local administration of chemotherapeutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0431, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0431, Japan
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aizawa
- Division of Translational Research, Clinical Research Center, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Tochigi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Determination of starting dose of the T cell-redirecting bispecific antibody ERY974 targeting glypican-3 in first-in-human clinical trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12312. [PMID: 35853994 PMCID: PMC9296674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, ERY974, a humanized IgG4 bispecific T cell-redirecting antibody recognizing glypican-3 and CD3, is in phase I clinical trials. After a first-in-human clinical trial of an anti-CD28 agonist monoclonal antibody resulting in severe life-threatening adverse events, the minimal anticipated biological effect level approach has been considered for determining the first-in-human dose of high-risk drugs. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the first-in-human dose of ERY974 using both the minimal anticipated biological effect level and no observed adverse effect level approaches. In the former, we used the 10% effective concentration value from a cytotoxicity assay using the huH-1 cell line with the highest sensitivity to ERY974 to calculate the first-in-human dose of 4.9 ng/kg, at which maximum drug concentration after 4 h of intravenous ERY974 infusion was equal to the 10% effective concentration value. To determine the no observed adverse effect level, we conducted a single-dose study in cynomolgus monkeys that were intravenously infused with ERY974 (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/kg). The lowest dose of 0.1 μg/kg was determined as the no observed adverse effect level, and the first-in-human dose of 3.2 ng/kg was calculated, considering body surface area and species difference. For the phase I clinical trial, we selected 3.0 ng/kg as a starting dose, which was lower than the first-in-human dose calculated from both the no observed adverse effect level and minimal anticipated biological effect level. Combining these two methods to determine the first-in-human dose of strong immune modulators such as T cell-redirecting antibodies would be a suitable approach from safety and efficacy perspectives. Clinical trial registration: JapicCTI-194805/NCT05022927.
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Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Popek S, Sawicki K, Drop B, Czajka M, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Furman-Toczek D, Zagórska-Dziok M, Kruszewski M. IL‑6 prevents CXCL8‑induced stimulation of EpCAM expression in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2317-2322. [PMID: 30747214 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which is expressed in the majority of epithelial tissues, exhibits tumor growth promoting abilities and is overexpressed in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Therefore, EpCAM is considered to be a promising target for specific immune‑based therapies. The present study evaluated the role of IL‑6 and IL‑8 in the expression of EpCAM in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Furthermore, the cellular localization of the EpCAM protein in A2780 cells was determined and the effect of EpCAM inhibition on the proliferation of the A2780 cells was investigated. An MTT assay demonstrated that blocking EpCAM with anti‑EPCAM antibodies had no effect on cellular metabolic activity (proliferation). Gene expression analysis revealed that IL‑8 increased EpCAM expression, whereas IL‑6 and the combination of IL‑6/IL‑8 had no effect on EpCAM expression. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that EpCAM is expressed on A2780 cell membranes. The present results demonstrated that IL‑8 increased EpCAM expression at the mRNA level in ovarian cancer cells and suggested a potential role of IL‑6 as an inhibitor of IL‑8‑stimulated EpCAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Popek
- Department of Cancer Genetics with Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20‑080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 0‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University, 20‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czajka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 0‑090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20‑080 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dominika Furman-Toczek
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martyna Zagórska-Dziok
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, 35‑225 Rzeszow, Poland
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4
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Chen S, Li L, Zhang F, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhao L. Immunoglobulin Gamma-Like Therapeutic Bispecific Antibody Formats for Tumor Therapy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4516041. [PMID: 30886871 PMCID: PMC6388348 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4516041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a sort of dual functional proteins with specific binding to two distinct targets, which have become a focus of interest in antibody engineering and drug development research and have a promising future for wide applications in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disease. The key of clinical application and commercial-scale manufacturing of BsAbs is the amenability to assembly and purification of desired heterodimers. Advances in genetic engineering technology had resulted in the development of diverse BsAbs. Multiple recombinant strategies have been used to solve the mispairing problem between light and heavy chains, as well as to enforce accurate dimerization of heterologous heavy chains. There are 23 platforms available to generate 62 BsAbs which can be further divided into IgG-like ones and fragment-based ones, and more than 50 molecules are undergoing clinical trials currently. BsAbs with IgG-like architecture exhibit superior advantages in structure (similar to natural antibodies), pharmacokinetics, half-life, FcR-mediated function, and biological activity. This review considers various IgG-like BsAb generation approaches, summarizes the clinical applications of promising new BsAbs, and describes the mechanism of BsAbs in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical of School & Graduate School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Normal Aging and Geriatric & Department of Oncology & Institute of Geriatric & The Key Lab of Normal Aging and Geriatric, The Second Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Gueneau F, Ravn U, Fischer N. Round optimization for improved discovery of native bispecific antibodies. Methods 2019; 154:51-59. [PMID: 30448477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of bispecific antibodies (bsAb) that retain the structure of a standard IgG can be challenging as the correct pairing of the different heavy and light chains has to be ensured while unwanted side products kept to a minimum. The use of antibodies sharing a common chain facilitates assembly of such bsAb formats but requires additional efforts during the initial discovery phase. We have developed a native bsAb format called κλ body based on antibodies that, while being specific for different antigens, share the same heavy chain. Such antibodies can readily be isolated from antibody libraries incorporating a single VH combined with light chain diversity. However, in order to improve the discovery process of such fixed VH antibodies, we developed a method to optimize populations of light chains by recovering and shuffling CDRL3 sequences that have been enriched for antigen binding by phage display selection. This approach allowed for the isolation of a more diverse and potent panel of antibodies blocking the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 when compared to our standard in vitro selection approach, thus providing better building blocks for subsequent bsAb generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gueneau
- Novimmune SA, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - U Ravn
- Novimmune SA, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - N Fischer
- Novimmune SA, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
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6
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Tarhriz V, Bandehpour M, Dastmalchi S, Ouladsahebmadarek E, Zarredar H, Eyvazi S. Overview of CD24 as a new molecular marker in ovarian cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2134-2142. [PMID: 30317611 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women. The high mortality rate is due to lack of early symptoms, late diagnosis, limited treatment options, and also emerging of drug resistance. Todays, molecular markers have become promising in tumor-targeted therapy. Several molecular markers have been known in OC immunotherapy. Identification of the specific molecular markers with prognostic significance is interested. CD24 is a small sialoglycoprotein which is localized in lipid rafts through its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. It has been reported that CD24 is overexpressed in many cancers including OC. Also, CD24 is identified as a cancer stem cell marker in OC. The CD24 expression is associated with the development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. The exact role of CD24 in cancer cells is not clearly understood. Recently, CD24 has been identified as an independent prognostic marker of survival in patients with OC. In this study, we reviewed the molecular targets in OC immune-targeted therapy and also presented an overview of the new molecular marker CD24 and its association with the OC by reviewing the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Elaheh Ouladsahebmadarek
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Clinical Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Clinical Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Leconet W, Liu H, Guo M, Le Lamer-Déchamps S, Molinier C, Kim S, Vrlinic T, Oster M, Liu F, Navarro V, Batra JS, Noriega AL, Grizot S, Bander NH. Anti-PSMA/CD3 Bispecific Antibody Delivery and Antitumor Activity Using a Polymeric Depot Formulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1927-1940. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Kitayama J, Ishigami H, Yamaguchi H, Sakuma Y, Horie H, Hosoya Y, Lefor AK, Sata N. Treatment of patients with peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2018; 2:116-123. [PMID: 29863151 PMCID: PMC5881364 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in chemotherapy, outcomes of patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from gastric cancer are still very poor and standard treatment has not been established. Although oral S‐1 appears to be effective for patients with PM, the effects of systemic chemotherapy are limited. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) yield fewer benefits in patients with PM from gastric cancer than in patients with PM from other malignancies. In comparison, repeated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (RIPEC) with taxanes using an implantable peritoneal access port has a pharmacokinetic advantage for the control of peritoneal lesions and in combination with systemic chemotherapy can result in surprisingly long‐term survival in patients with PM from gastric cancer. Herein, we review the results of recent clinical studies specifically targeting PM from gastric cancer and discuss future prospects for an intraperitoneal approach to the ideal treatment of patients with gastric cancer with peritoneal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Kitayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | | | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Yasunaru Sakuma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Hisanaga Horie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hosoya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Alan Kawarai Lefor
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Japan
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9
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Alibakhshi A, Abarghooi Kahaki F, Ahangarzadeh S, Yaghoobi H, Yarian F, Arezumand R, Ranjbari J, Mokhtarzadeh A, de la Guardia M. Targeted cancer therapy through antibody fragments-decorated nanomedicines. J Control Release 2017; 268:323-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Detection of EpCAM-positive microparticles in pleural fluid: A new approach to mini-invasively identify patients with malignant pleural effusions. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3357-66. [PMID: 26689993 PMCID: PMC4823111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural biomarkers allowing to mini-invasively discriminate benign from malignant pleural effusions are needed. Among potential candidates, microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles that vectorize antigen derived from the parent cell. We hypothesized that tumor-derived MPs could be present in the pleural liquid and help to identify patients with malignant pleural effusions. Using highly sensitive flow cytometry and cryo-electron microscopy, we showed that large amounts of MPs from hematopoïetic and vascular origin could be detectable in pleural fluids. Their level did not differ between benign (n = 14) and malignant (n = 71) pleural effusions. Analysis of selected tumoral associated antigens (podoplanin, mucin 1 and EpCAM, epithelial-cell-adhesion-molecule) evidenced for the first time the presence of tumor-derived MPs expressing EpCAM in malignant pleural fluids only (Specificity = 93%, Sensitivity = 49% and 45% for flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively). The detection of EpCAM-positive-MPs (EpCAM + MPs) by flow cytometry showed a better specificity and sensitivity than ELISA to distinguish between pleural carcinoma and the others malignant pleural effusions (MPE; Sp: 96% vs 89%; Se: 79% vs 66%). Combining EpCAM+ MPs and cytology improved the diagnosis of MPE compared to cytology alone. This study establishes the basis for using EpCAM+ MPs as a promising new biomarker that could be added to the armamentarium to mini-invasively identify patients with malignant pleural effusions.
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11
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Park SY, Bae JS, Cha EJ, Chu HH, Sohn JS, Moon WS. Nuclear EpICD expression and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:197-204. [PMID: 27176150 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) results in shedding of the extracellular domain (EpEX) and release of the intra-cellular domain (EpICD) into the cytoplasm. Released EpICD associates with FHL2, β-catenin and Lef-1 to form a nuclear complex and triggers oncogenic signaling. This study was conducted to examine the nuclear expression of EpICD in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess the role of EpICD in HCC. EpICD immunoexpression was examined in 100 cases of HCC using tissue microarrays and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. We also examined the role of EpICD in HCC using EpICD cDNA transfected HCC cell line and EpCAM silenced HCC cell line by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Nuclear expression of EpICD was observed in 19 of 100 (19%) cases. Nuclear expression of EpICD significantly correlated with nuclear expression of β-catenin, and Ki-67 labeling index. In addition, nuclear expression of EpICD was associated with higher histologic grade and advanced T category. Forced overexpression of EpICD in the HCC cell significantly increased the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The overexpression of EpICD also increased the expression levels of the active form of β-catenin and c-myc and cyclin D1. In contrast, downregulation of EpCAM by siRNA decreased the cell proliferation, migration, invasion and the expression of active form of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin D1. Our present data suggest that EpICD plays important roles in HCC progression by modulating expression of target genes of EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sang Bae
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Cha
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Chu
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Sihn Sohn
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Hu S, Liu G, Chen W, Li X, Lu W, Lam RHW, Fu J. Multiparametric Biomechanical and Biochemical Phenotypic Profiling of Single Cancer Cells Using an Elasticity Microcytometer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2300-11. [PMID: 26929029 PMCID: PMC6232842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Deep phenotyping of single cancer cells is of critical importance in the era of precision medicine to advance understanding of relationships between gene mutation and cell phenotype and to elucidate the biological nature of tumor heterogeneity. Existing microfluidic single-cell phenotyping tools, however, are limited to phenotypic measurements of 1-2 selected morphological and physiological features of single cells. Herein a microfluidic elasticity microcytometer is reported for multiparametric biomechanical and biochemical phenotypic profiling of free-floating, live single cancer cells for quantitative, simultaneous characterizations of cell size, cell deformability/stiffness, and surface receptors. The elasticity microcytometer is implemented for measurements and comparisons of four human cell lines with distinct metastatic potentials and derived from different human tissues. An analytical model is developed from first principles for the first time to convert cell deformation and adhesion information of single cancer cells encapsulated inside the elasticity microcytometer to cell deformability/stiffness and surface protein expression. Together, the elasticity microcytometer holds great promise for comprehensive molecular, cellular, and biomechanical phenotypic profiling of live cancer cells at the single cell level, critical for studying intratumor cellular and molecular heterogeneity using low-abundance, clinically relevant human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuan Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York 11201, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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13
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Takahashi N, Niwa R, Nakano R, Tomizuka K. [Strategy for technology development of antibody therapeutics]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:235-240. [PMID: 27063908 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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14
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Steinmetz A, Vallée F, Beil C, Lange C, Baurin N, Beninga J, Capdevila C, Corvey C, Dupuy A, Ferrari P, Rak A, Wonerow P, Kruip J, Mikol V, Rao E. CODV-Ig, a universal bispecific tetravalent and multifunctional immunoglobulin format for medical applications. MAbs 2016; 8:867-78. [PMID: 26984268 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1162932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific immunoglobulins (Igs) typically contain at least two distinct variable domains (Fv) that bind to two different target proteins. They are conceived to facilitate clinical development of biotherapeutic agents for diseases where improved clinical outcome is obtained or expected by combination therapy compared to treatment by single agents. Almost all existing formats are linear in their concept and differ widely in drug-like and manufacture-related properties. To overcome their major limitations, we designed cross-over dual variable Ig-like proteins (CODV-Ig). Their design is akin to the design of circularly closed repeat architectures. Indeed, initial results showed that the traditional approach of utilizing (G4S)x linkers for biotherapeutics design does not identify functional CODV-Igs. Therefore, we applied an unprecedented molecular modeling strategy for linker design that consistently results in CODV-Igs with excellent biochemical and biophysical properties. CODV architecture results in a circular self-contained structure functioning as a self-supporting truss that maintains the parental antibody affinities for both antigens without positional effects. The format is universally suitable for therapeutic applications targeting both circulating and membrane-localized proteins. Due to the full functionality of the Fc domains, serum half-life extension as well as antibody- or complement-dependent cytotoxicity may support biological efficiency of CODV-Igs. We show that judicious choice in combination of epitopes and paratope orientations of bispecific biotherapeutics is anticipated to be critical for clinical outcome. Uniting the major advantages of alternative bispecific biotherapeutics, CODV-Igs are applicable in a wide range of disease areas for fast-track multi-parametric drug optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Steinmetz
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - François Vallée
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Christian Beil
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Nicolas Baurin
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Jochen Beninga
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Cécile Capdevila
- b Sanofi R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Carsten Corvey
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Alain Dupuy
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Paul Ferrari
- b Sanofi R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Alexey Rak
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Peter Wonerow
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jochen Kruip
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Vincent Mikol
- c Sanofi R&D, LGCR, Center de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine , Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex , France
| | - Ercole Rao
- a Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Global Biotherapeutics, Industriepark Hoechst , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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Bhatt P, Vhora I, Patil S, Amrutiya J, Bhattacharya C, Misra A, Mashru R. Role of antibodies in diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer: Basic approach and clinical status. J Control Release 2016; 226:148-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Construction, expression, and characterization of a recombinant immunotoxin targeting EpCAM. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:460264. [PMID: 25960617 PMCID: PMC4415474 DOI: 10.1155/2015/460264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in human epithelioma but with relatively low expression in normal epithelial tissues. To exploit this differential expression pattern for targeted cancer therapy, an EpCAM-targeted immunotoxin was developed and its antitumor activity was investigated in vitro. An immunotoxin (scFv2A9-PE or APE) was constructed by genetically fusing a truncated form (PE38KDEL) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin with an anti-EpCAM single-chain variable fragment (scFv). ELISA and flow cytometry were performed to verify immunotoxin (scFv2A9-PE or APE) antigen-binding activity with EpCAM. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. Confocal microscopy was used to observe its cellular localization. The results of ELISA and flow cytometry revealed that the immunotoxin efficiently recognized recombinant and natural EpCAM. Its antigen-binding activity was relatively lower than 2A9. MTT assay confirmed potent reduction in EpCAM-positive HHCC (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cell viability (IC50 50 pM). Immunofluorescence revealed that the immunotoxin localized to endoplasmic reticulum 24 h later. In conclusion, we described the development of an EpCAM-targeted immunotoxin with potent activity against tumor cells, which may lay the foundation for future development of therapeutic antibody for the treatment of EpCAM-positive tumors.
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Niwa R, Satoh M. The Current Status and Prospects of Antibody Engineering for Therapeutic Use: Focus on Glycoengineering Technology. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:930-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A survey of treatment approaches of malignant ascites in Germany and Austria. Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:2073-8. [PMID: 25528551 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant ascites (MA) is a common manifestation of advanced cancer. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the management of MA. We conducted a survey with physicians throughout Germany and Austria, to get an overview of current approaches and opinions in the treatment of MA. METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight medical oncologists (MO), gastroenterologists (GE), and gynecologists (GYN) completed an electronic questionnaire consisting of 33 questions. RESULTS Ninety percent of the physicians were from Germany and 10% from Austria; 48% of those were MO, 30% were GYN, and 14% were GE. Most physicians treated an average of 34 patients (pts)/year with MA. Twenty-six percent of these pts suffered from ovarian, 20% from pancreatic, 17% from gastric, and 14% from colorectal cancer. The majority of the physicians associated MA with poor prognosis (92%) and significant reduction in quality of life (87%). One third felt that MA was a contraindication for full dosing of systemic chemotherapy. Paracentesis (PC) was performed in 70% of pts with symptom relieve and quality of life being the main reasons. Almost half of the pts required 3-5 PC, 50% even more than 5 PC during the course of their disease. Only 15% of pts needed multiple PC per week; the majority (79%) needed the procedure either once a week or every 14 days. In 61% of pts, 3-5 L of ascites fluid was drained. Only in 8%, 5 L and more were removed. Volume substitution with IV albumin was performed in 40% of pts. Most pts (55%) had to stay 1-3 h in a healthcare facility for the procedure. However, 21% had to stay ≥1 day. While almost all physicians (89%) performed a PC at some point in the treatment of MA, 75% felt that a systemic chemotherapy and 55% thought a concomitant diuretic therapy were a necessary adjunct. Seven percent of the pts received a targeted treatment with catumaxomab. CONCLUSIONS Repeated PC is the main pillar of treatment of MA; its effect is only temporary and requires significant hospital resources. Further treatment strategies of MA have to be evaluated in prospective studies. Targeted therapies like catumaxomab and VEGF inhibitors should be integrated into these.
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Kitayama J. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy against peritoneal carcinomatosis: current status and future perspective. Surg Oncol 2014; 23:99-106. [PMID: 24721661 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), caused by advanced abdominal malignancies, such as those of the ovarian and gastrointestinal tracts, has an extremely poor prognosis. Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy has been clinically applied for several decades, but its clinical efficacy has not been fully determined. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is the optimal treatment for selected patients with ovarian and colorectal cancers with PC. Recent studies suggest that IP administration of taxane with systemic chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant setting improves patient survival in gastric cancer with PC. The pharmacokinetics of IP-administered drugs should be primarily considered in order to optimize IP chemotherapy. Therefore, the development of specific IP drugs using newly emerging molecular targeted reagents or new drug delivery systems, such as nanomedicine or controlled absorption/release methods, is essential to improve the efficacy of IP chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Emoto S, Sunami E, Yamaguchi H, Ishihara S, Kitayama J, Watanabe T. Drug development for intraperitoneal chemotherapy against peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Today 2014; 44:2209-20. [PMID: 24482110 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-0848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from gastrointestinal cancer has been investigated and applied clinically for several decades. Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been considered to be the optimal treatment options for selected patients with colorectal and gastric cancers with PC. Accumulating evidence suggests that the administration of IP paclitaxel for patients with PC from gastric cancer may improve the patient survival. The pharmacokinetics of such treatment should be considered to optimize IP chemotherapy. In addition, newly emerging molecular-targeted therapies and research into new drug delivery systems, such as nanomedicine or controlled absorption/release methods, are essential to improve the effects of IP chemotherapy. This review summarizes the current status and future prospects of IP chemotherapy for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Nunna S, Reinhardt R, Ragozin S, Jeltsch A. Targeted methylation of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) promoter to silence its expression in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87703. [PMID: 24489952 PMCID: PMC3906225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in many cancers including ovarian cancer and EpCAM overexpression correlates with decreased survival of patients. It was the aim of this study to achieve a targeted methylation of the EpCAM promoter and silence EpCAM gene expression using an engineered zinc finger protein that specifically binds the EpCAM promoter fused to the catalytic domain of the Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase. We show that transient transfection of this construct increased the methylation of the EpCAM promoter in SKOV3 cells from 4–8% in untreated cells to 30%. Up to 48% methylation was observed in stable cell lines which express the chimeric methyltransferase. Control experiments confirmed that the methylation was dependent on the fusion of the Zinc finger and the methyltransferase domains and specific for the target region. The stable cell lines with methylated EpCAM promoter showed a 60–80% reduction of EpCAM expression as determined at mRNA and protein level and exhibited a significantly reduced cell proliferation. Our data indicate that targeted methylation of the EpCAM promoter could be an approach in the therapy of EpCAM overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneetha Nunna
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Sergey Ragozin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Understanding the role of cross-arm binding efficiency in the activity of monoclonal and multispecific therapeutic antibodies. Methods 2014; 65:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Seoung J, Park YH, Rhim C, Kim S. Current Possible Drug Therapies for Ovarian Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.513122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martowicz A, Rainer J, Lelong J, Spizzo G, Gastl G, Untergasser G. EpCAM overexpression prolongs proliferative capacity of primary human breast epithelial cells and supports hyperplastic growth. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:56. [PMID: 23758908 PMCID: PMC3702434 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) has been shown to be strongly expressed in human breast cancer and cancer stem cells and its overexpression has been supposed to support tumor progression and metastasis. However, effects of EpCAM overexpression on normal breast epithelial cells have never been studied before. Therefore, we analyzed effects of transient adenoviral overexpression of EpCAM on proliferation, migration and differentiation of primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Methods HMECs were transfected by an adenoviral system for transient overexpression of EpCAM. Thereafter, changes in cell proliferation and migration were studied using a real time measurement system. Target gene expression was evaluated by transcriptome analysis in proliferating and polarized HMEC cultures. A Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) xenograft model was used to study effects on in vivo growth of HMECs. Results EpCAM overexpression in HMECs did not significantly alter gene expression profile of proliferating or growth arrested cells. Proliferating HMECs displayed predominantly glycosylated EpCAM isoforms and were inhibited in cell proliferation and migration by upregulation of p27KIP1 and p53. HMECs with overexpression of EpCAM showed a down regulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, cells were more resistant to TGF-β1 induced growth arrest and maintained longer capacities to proliferate in vitro. EpCAM overexpressing HMECs xenografts in chicken embryos showed hyperplastic growth, lack of lumen formation and increased infiltrates of the chicken leukocytes. Conclusions EpCAM revealed oncogenic features in normal human breast cells by inducing resistance to TGF-β1-mediated growth arrest and supporting a cell phenotype with longer proliferative capacities in vitro. EpCAM overexpression resulted in hyperplastic growth in vivo. Thus, we suggest that EpCAM acts as a prosurvival factor counteracting terminal differentiation processes in normal mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Martowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Bellati F, Ruscito I, Gasparri ML, Alessandri F, Venturini PL, Ferrero S. Monoclonal antibodies therapies for ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:739-64. [PMID: 23373587 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.767328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite aggressive debulking surgery, intraperitoneal therapies and the use of new drugs for chemotherapy, patients with ovarian cancer (OC) still have poor prognosis and, therefore, new strategies for its management are needed. Molecular-targeted agents can be considered a new option in drug research. Several antigens related to OC have been isolated and they could be potential target of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs); therefore, different mAbs have been developed and are emerging as new potential OC treatments. AREAS COVERED This article aims to review the literature on the use of mAbs in the treatment of OC. The purposes of this manuscript are to offer a brief explanation of the mechanisms of action of mAbs and to help readers in understanding the current role of mAbs in the treatment of OC. EXPERT OPINION A deeper knowledge of the molecular biology of OC has brought new developments in targeted therapies. Among these therapies, bevacizumab demonstrated the higher clinical efficacy. Further larger trials are needed to better define the role of the other mAbs in OC treatment. There is a strong need to identify and validate robust biomarkers for a more focused patient selection and for tailoring therapies, optimizing dose and assessing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Leone Roberti Maggiore
- University of Genoa, San Martino Hospital and National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Largo R. Benzi 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Elvin JG, Couston RG, van der Walle CF. Therapeutic antibodies: Market considerations, disease targets and bioprocessing. Int J Pharm 2013; 440:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Analysis of the landscape of biologically-derived pharmaceuticals in Europe: dominant production systems, molecule types on the rise and approval trends. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 48:428-41. [PMID: 23262060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A thorough sort of the human drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) between its establishment in 1995 until June 2012 is presented herein with a focus on biologically-derived pharmaceuticals. Over 200 (33%) of the 640 approved therapeutic drugs are derived from natural sources, produced via recombinant DNA technology, or generated through virus propagation. A breakdown based on production method, type of molecule and therapeutic category is presented. Current EMA approvals demonstrate that mammalian cells are the only choice for glycoprotein drugs, with Chinese hamster ovary cells being the dominant hosts for their production. On the other hand, bacterial cells and specifically Escherichia coli are the dominant hosts for protein-based drugs, followed by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The latter is the dominant host for recombinant vaccine production, although egg-based production is still the main platform of vaccine provision. Our findings suggest that the majority of biologically-derived drugs are prescribed for cancer and related conditions, as well as the treatment of diabetes. The approval rate for biologically-derived drugs shows a strong upward trend for monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins since 2009, while hormones, antibodies and growth factors remain the most populous categories. Despite a clear pathway for the approval of biosimilars set by the EMA and their potential to drive sales growth, we have only found approved biosimilars for three molecules. In 2012 there appears to be a slow-down in approvals, which coincides with a reported decline in the growth rate of biologics sales.
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Abstract
Catumaxomab is a rat/murine hybrid, trifunctional, bispecific (anti-human epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM] × anti-CD3) monoclonal antibody. Compared with paracentesis alone, paracentesis followed by catumaxomab therapy was associated with significant prolongation of paracentesis-free survival and time to repeat paracentesis in a randomized, open-label, multicentre, pivotal phase II/III trial in patients with recurrent symptomatic malignant ascites due to EpCAM-positive tumours who were resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The benefits of catumaxomab were seen across a broad range of epithelial ovarian and nonovarian cancers, and irrespective of whether or not catumaxomab recipients developed human anti-mouse antibodies. Combining catumaxomab with paracentesis also resulted in more pronounced and prolonged reductions in ascites signs and symptoms and a delayed deterioration in health-related quality of life compared with paracentesis alone. Despite the study not being designed or powered to evaluate overall survival, significant differences favouring the addition of catumaxomab to paracentesis were seen in analyses of the safety population and the subpopulation of patients with gastric cancer. Catumaxomab was generally well tolerated in the pivotal phase II/III trial. The most frequent adverse events attributed to catumaxomab treatment included cytokine-release-related symptoms, which were mostly of mild to moderate severity and manageable with standard symptomatic treatment.
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Martowicz A, Spizzo G, Gastl G, Untergasser G. Phenotype-dependent effects of EpCAM expression on growth and invasion of human breast cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:501. [PMID: 23110550 PMCID: PMC3519683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer and stem cells and has emerged as an attractive target for immunotherapy of breast cancer patients. This study analyzes the effects of EpCAM on breast cancer cell lines with epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype. Methods For this purpose, shRNA-mediated knockdown of EpCAM gene expression was performed in EpCAMhigh breast cancer cell lines with epithelial phenotype (MCF-7, T47D and SkBR3). Moreover, EpCAMlow breast carcinoma cell lines with mesenchymal phenotype (MDA-MB-231, Hs578t) and inducible overexpression of EpCAM were used to study effects on proliferation, migration and in vivo growth. Results In comparison to non-specific silencing controls (n/s-crtl) knockdown of EpCAM (E#2) in EpCAMhigh cell lines resulted in reduced cell proliferation under serum-reduced culture conditions. Moreover, DNA synthesis under 3D culture conditions in collagen was significantly reduced. Xenografts of MCF-7 and T47D cells with knockdown of EpCAM formed smaller tumors that were less invasive. EpCAMlow cell lines with tetracycline-inducible overexpression of EpCAM showed no increased cell proliferation or migration under serum-reduced growth conditions. MDA-MB-231 xenografts with EpCAM overexpression showed reduced invasion into host tissue and more infiltrates of chicken granulocytes. Conclusions The role of EpCAM in breast cancer strongly depends on the epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype of tumor cells. Cancer cells with epithelial phenotype need EpCAM as a growth- and invasion-promoting factor, whereas tumor cells with a mesenchymal phenotype are independent of EpCAM in invasion processes and tumor progression. These findings might have clinical implications for EpCAM-based targeting strategies in patients with invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Martowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
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Le Gall F, Reusch U, Bakulina AY, Kiprijanov SM. WITHDRAWN: Tetravalent Bispecific Single-Chain Fv Antibodies for Lysis of Leukemia Cells by Autologous T Cells. J Mol Biol 2012:S0022-2836(12)00741-3. [PMID: 22985968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Le Gall
- Affimed Therapeutics AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, Technologiepark, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Berencsi III G. Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy. MATERNAL FETAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN VIRUSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON TUMORIGENESIS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121401 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human fetus is protected by the mother’s antibodies. At the end of the pregnancy, the concentration of maternal antibodies is higher in the cord blood, than in the maternal circulation. Simultaneously, the immune system of the fetus begins to work and from the second trimester, fetal IgM is produced by the fetal immune system specific to microorganisms and antigens passing the maternal-fetal barrier. The same time the fetal immune system has to cope and develop tolerance and TREG cells to the maternal microchimeric cells, latent virus-carrier maternal cells and microorganisms transported through the maternal-fetal barrier. The maternal phenotypic inheritance may hide risks for the newborn, too. Antibody mediated enhancement results in dengue shock syndrome in the first 8 month of age of the baby. A series of pathologic maternal antibodies may elicit neonatal illnesses upon birth usually recovering during the first months of the life of the offspring. Certain antibodies, however, may impair the fetal or neonatal tissues or organs resulting prolonged recovery or initiating prolonged pathological processes of the children. The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. The chemotherapeutical and biological substances used for the therapy of the mother will be transcytosed into the fetal body during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The long series of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and conjugates has not been tested systematically yet. The available data are summarised in this chapter. The innate immunity plays an important role in fetal defence. The concentration of interferon is relative high in the placenta. This is probably one reason, why the therapeutic interferon treatment of the mother does not impair the fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Berencsi III
- , Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Gyáli Street 2-6, Budapest, 1096 Hungary
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van der Gun BTF, de Groote ML, Kazemier HG, Arendzen AJ, Terpstra P, Ruiters MHJ, McLaughlin PMJ, Rots MG. Transcription factors and molecular epigenetic marks underlying EpCAM overexpression in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:312-9. [PMID: 21694727 PMCID: PMC3142811 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed on carcinomas, and its downregulation inhibits the oncogenic potential of multiple tumour types. Here, we investigated underlying mechanisms of epcam overexpression in ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Expression of EpCAM and DNA methylation (bisulphite sequencing) was determined for ovarian cancer cell lines. The association of histone modifications and 16 transcription factors with the epcam promoter was analysed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZAC) was used to induce EpCAM expression. RESULTS Expression of EpCAM was correlated with DNA methylation and histone modifications. Treatment with 5-AZAC induced EpCAM expression in negative cells. Ten transcription factors were associated with the epcam gene in EpCAM expressing cells, but not in EpCAM-negative cells. Methylation of an Sp1 probe inhibited the binding of nuclear extract proteins in electromobility shift assays; such DNA methylation sensitivity was not observed for an NF-κB probe. CONCLUSION This study provides insights in transcriptional regulation of epcam in ovarian cancer. Epigenetic parameters associated with EpCAM overexpression are potentially reversible, allowing novel strategies for sustained silencing of EpCAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T F van der Gun
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M L de Groote
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H G Kazemier
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Arendzen
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Terpstra
- Epidemiology, Department of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H J Ruiters
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Synvolux Therapeutics Inc., LJ. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M J McLaughlin
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G Rots
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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van der Gun BTF, Melchers LJ, Ruiters MHJ, de Leij LFMH, McLaughlin PMJ, Rots MG. EpCAM in carcinogenesis: the good, the bad or the ugly. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1913-21. [PMID: 20837599 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a membrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed on most carcinomas and therefore of potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for a variety of carcinomas. Interestingly, EpCAM is explored as target in antibody-based therapies. Recently, EpCAM has been identified as an additional marker of cancer-initiating cells. In this review, we describe the controversial biological role of EpCAM with the focus on carcinogenesis: as an adhesion molecule, EpCAM mediates homophilic adhesion interactions, which in turn might prevent metastasis. On the other hand, EpCAM abrogates E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion thereby promoting metastasis. Also, upon cleavage of EpCAM, the intracellular domain functions as a part of a transcriptional complex inducing c-myc and cyclin A and E. In line with these seemingly controversial roles, EpCAM overexpression has been associated with both decreased and increased survival of patients. Similarly, either induction or downregulation of EpCAM expression lowers the oncogenic potential depending on the cell type. As epigenetic dysregulation underlies aberrant EpCAM expression, we propose epigenetic editing as a novel approach to investigate the biological role of EpCAM, expanding the options for EpCAM as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardina T F van der Gun
- Epigenetic Editing, Department of Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, TheNetherlands
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