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García-Fernández C, Saz A, Fornaguera C, Borrós S. Cancer immunotherapies revisited: state of the art of conventional treatments and next-generation nanomedicines. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:935-946. [PMID: 33837365 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the landscape of cancer treatments has broadened thanks to the clinical application of immunotherapeutics. After decades of failures, cancer immunotherapy represents an exciting alternative for those patients suffering from a wide variety of cancers, especially for those skin cancers, such as the early stages of melanoma. However, those cancers affecting internal organs still face a long way to success, because of the poor biodistribution of immunotherapies. Here, nanomedicine appears as a hopeful strategy to modulate the biodistribution aiming at target organ accumulation. In this way, efficacy will be improved, while reducing the side effects at the same time. In this review, we aim to highlight the most promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. From monoclonal antibodies and their traditional use as targeted therapies to their current use as immune checkpoint inhibitors; as well as adoptive cell transfer therapies; oncolytic viruses, and therapeutic cancer vaccination. Then, we aim to discuss the important role of nanomedicine to improve the performance of these immunotherapeutic tools to finally review the already marketed nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral García-Fernández
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Saz
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Yang Y, Yang Z, Yang Y. Potential Role of CD47-Directed Bispecific Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686031. [PMID: 34305918 PMCID: PMC8297387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The prosperity of immunological therapy for cancer has aroused enormous passion for exploiting the novel targets of cancer immunotherapy. After the approval of blinatumomab, a bispecific antibody (bsAb) targeting on CD19 for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a few of CD47-targeted bsAbs for cancer immunotherapy, are currently in clinical research. In our review of CD47-targeted bsAbs, we described the fundamental of bsAbs. Then, we summarized the information of four undergoing phase I researches, reviewed the main toxicities relevant to CD47-targeted bsAb immunological therapy of on-target cytotoxicity to healthy cells and a remarkable antigen-sink. Finally, we described possible mechanisms of resistance to CD47-targeted bsAb therapy. More clinical researches are supposed to adequately confirm its security and efficacy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- College of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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3
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Park S, Kang M, Kim S, An HT, Gettemans J, Ko J. α-Actinin-4 Promotes the Progression of Prostate Cancer Through the Akt/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588544. [PMID: 33363146 PMCID: PMC7758325 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-line treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) is androgen ablation therapy. However, prostate tumors generally recur and progress to androgen-independent PCa (AIPC) within 2–3 years. α-Actinin-4 (ACTN4) is an actin-binding protein that belongs to the spectrin gene superfamily and acts as an oncogene in various cancer types. Although ACTN4 is involved in tumorigenesis and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer, the role of ACTN4 in PCa remains unknown. We found that the ACTN4 expression level increased during the transition from androgen-dependent PCa to AIPC. ACTN4 overexpression resulted in enhanced proliferation and motility of PCa cells. Increased β-catenin due to ACTN4 promoted the transcription of genes involved in proliferation and metastasis such as CCND1 and ZEB1. ACTN4-overexpressing androgen-sensitive PCa cells were able to grow in charcoal-stripped media. In contrast, ACTN4 knockdown using si-ACTN4 and ACTN4 nanobody suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of AIPC cells. Results of the xenograft experiment revealed that the mice injected with LNCaPACTN4 cells exhibited an increase in tumor mass compared with those injected with LNCaPMock cells. These results indicate that ACTN4 is involved in AIPC transition and promotes the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Tae An
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jesang Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Hosseini SS, Khalili S, Baradaran B, Bidar N, Shahbazi MA, Mosafer J, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hamblin MR. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies for targeted immunotherapy of solid tumors: Recent advances and clinical trials. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1030-1047. [PMID: 33197478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodie (BsAbs) combine two or more epitope-recognizing sequences into a single protein molecule. The first therapeutic applications of BsAbs were focused on cancer therapy. However, these antibodies have grown to cover a wider disease spectrum, including imaging, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. BsAbs can be categorized into IgG-like formats and non-IgG-like formats. Different technologies have been used for the construction of BsAbs including "CrossMAb", "Quadroma", "knobs-into-holes" and molecular cloning. The mechanism of action for BsAbs includes the induction of CDC, ADCC, ADCP, apoptosis, and recruitment of cell surface receptors, as well as activation or inhibition of signaling pathways. The first clinical trials included mainly leukemia and lymphoma, but solid tumors are now being investigated. The BsAbs bind to a tumor-specific antigen using one epitope, while the second epitope binds to immune cell receptors such as CD3, CD16, CD64, and CD89, with the goal of stimulating the immune response against cancer cells. Currently, over 20 different commercial methods have been developed for the construction of BsAbs. Three BsAbs are currently clinically approved and marketed, and more than 85 clinical trials are in progress. In the present review, we discuss recent trends in the design, engineering, clinical applications, and clinical trials of BsAbs in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Samad Hosseini
- Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Bidar
- Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Nanotechnology Research center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Science, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
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Cruz E, Kayser V. Monoclonal antibody therapy of solid tumors: clinical limitations and novel strategies to enhance treatment efficacy. Biologics 2019; 13:33-51. [PMID: 31118560 PMCID: PMC6503308 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s166310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a cornerstone in the therapeutic guidelines of a wide range of solid tumors. The targeted nature of these biotherapeutics has improved treatment outcomes by offering enhanced specificity to reduce severe side effects experienced with conventional chemotherapy. Notwithstanding, poor tumor tissue penetration and the heterogeneous distribution achieved therein are prominent drawbacks that hamper the clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Failure to deliver efficacious doses throughout the tumor can lead to treatment failure and the development of acquired resistance mechanisms. Comprehending the morphological and physiological characteristics of solid tumors and their microenvironment that affect tumor penetration and distribution is a key requirement to improve clinical outcomes and realize the full potential of monoclonal antibodies in oncology. This review summarizes the essential architectural characteristics of solid tumors that obstruct macromolecule penetration into the targeted tissue following systemic delivery. It further describes mechanisms of resistance elucidated for blockbuster antibodies for which extensive clinical data exists, as a way to illustrate various modes in which cancer cells can overcome the anticancer activity of therapeutic antibodies. Thereafter, it describes novel strategies designed to improve clinical outcomes of mAbs by increasing potency and/or improving tumor delivery; focusing on the recent clinical success and growing clinical pipeline of antibody-drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors and nanoparticle-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Cruz
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veysel Kayser
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Han SW, Kim YY, Kang WJ, Kim HC, Ku SY, Kang BC, Yun JW. The Use of Normal Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells for Potential Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Strategy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:365-380. [PMID: 30603561 PMCID: PMC6171655 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advance in conventional cancer therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy to reduce tumor size, unfortunately cancer mortality and metastatic cancer incidence remain high. Along with a deeper understanding of stem cell biology, cancer stem cell (CSC) is important in targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we review representative patents using not only normal stem cells as therapeutics themselves or delivery vehicles, but also CSCs as targets for anti-cancer strategy. METHODS Relevant patent literatures published between 2005 and 2017 are discussed to present developmental status and experimental results on using normal stem cells and CSCs for cancer therapy and explore potential future directions in this field. RESULTS Stem cells have been considered as important element of regenerative therapy by promoting tissue regeneration. Particularly, there is a growing trend to use stem cells as a target drug-delivery system to reduce undesirable side effects in non-target tissues. Noteworthy, studies on CSC-specific markers for distinguishing CSCs from normal stem cells and mature cancer cells have been conducted as a selective anti-cancer therapy with few side effects. Many researchers have also reported the development of various substances with anticancer effects by targeting CSCs from cancer tissues. CONCLUSION There has been a continuing increase in the number of studies on therapeutic stem cells and CSC-specific markers for selective diagnosis and therapy of cancer. This review focuses on the current status in the use of normal stem cells and CSCs for targeted cancer therapy. Future direction is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ju Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibongro, Bucheon, 14662 Republic of Korea
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Hu Y, Liu C, Muyldermans S. Nanobody-Based Delivery Systems for Diagnosis and Targeted Tumor Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1442. [PMID: 29163515 PMCID: PMC5673844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches are expected to surpass the efficacy of current forms of treatments and cause less damage to healthy cells surrounding the tumor site. Since the first development of targeting agents from hybridoma’s, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been employed to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation directly or to deliver effector molecules to tumor cells. However, the full potential of such a delivery strategy is hampered by the size of mAbs, which will obstruct the targeted delivery system to access the tumor tissue. By serendipity, a new kind of functional homodimeric antibody format was discovered in camelidae, known as heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The cloning of the variable domain of HCAbs produces an attractive minimal-sized alternative for mAbs, referred to as VHH or nanobodies (Nbs). Apart from their dimensions in the single digit nanometer range, the unique characteristics of Nbs combine a high stability and solubility, low immunogenicity and excellent affinity and specificity against all possible targets including tumor markers. This stimulated the development of tumor-targeted therapeutic strategies. Some autonomous Nbs have been shown to act as antagonistic drugs, but more importantly, the targeting capacity of Nbs has been exploited to create drug delivery systems. Obviously, Nb-based targeted cancer therapy is mainly focused toward extracellular tumor markers, since the membrane barrier prevents antibodies to reach the most promising intracellular tumor markers. Potential strategies, such as lentiviral vectors and bacterial type 3 secretion system, are proposed to deliver target-specific Nbs into tumor cells and to block tumor markers intracellularly. Simultaneously, Nbs have also been employed for in vivo molecular imaging to diagnose diseased tissues and to monitor the treatment effects. Here, we review the state of the art and focus on recent developments with Nbs as targeting moieties for drug delivery systems in cancer therapy and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Sediq AS, van Duijvenvoorde RB, Jiskoot W, Nejadnik MR. No Touching! Abrasion of Adsorbed Protein Is the Root Cause of Subvisible Particle Formation During Stirring. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:519-529. [PMID: 26869415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed the effect of contact sliding during stirring of a monoclonal antibody solution on protein aggregation, in particular, in the nanometer and micrometer size range. An overhead stirring set-up was designed in which the presence and magnitude of the contact between the stir bar and the container could be manipulated. A solution of 0.1 mg/mL of a monoclonal antibody (IgG) in phosphate buffered saline was stirred at 300 rpm at room temperature. At different time points, samples were taken and analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow imaging microscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast to non-contact-stirred and unstirred samples, the contact-stirred sample contained several-fold more particles and showed a significant loss of monomer. No increase in oligomer content was detected. The number of particles formed was proportional to the contact area and the magnitude of the normal pressure between the stir bar and the glass container. Extrinsic 9-(2,2-dicyanovinyl) julolidine fluorescence indicated a conformational change for contact-stirred protein samples. Presence of polysorbate 20 inhibited the formation of micron-sized aggregates. We suggest a model in which abrasion of the potentially destabilized, adsorbed protein leads to aggregation and renewal of the surface for adsorption of a fresh protein layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Sediq
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - R B van Duijvenvoorde
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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10
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Novy Z, Laznickova A, Mandikova J, Barta P, Laznicek M, Trejtnar F. The effect of chelator type onin vitroreceptor binding and stability in177Lu-labeled cetuximab and panitumumab. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:448-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Novy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University Olomouc; Czech Republic
| | - Alice Laznickova
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Jana Mandikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Barta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Milan Laznicek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Trejtnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
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11
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Wei DG, Chiang V, Fyne E, Balakrishnan M, Barnes T, Graupe M, Hesselgesser J, Irrinki A, Murry JP, Stepan G, Stray KM, Tsai A, Yu H, Spindler J, Kearney M, Spina CA, McMahon D, Lalezari J, Sloan D, Mellors J, Geleziunas R, Cihlar T. Histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin induces HIV expression in CD4 T cells from patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy at concentrations achieved by clinical dosing. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004071. [PMID: 24722454 PMCID: PMC3983056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent latent reservoir of replication-competent proviruses in memory CD4 T cells is a major obstacle to curing HIV infection. Pharmacological activation of HIV expression in latently infected cells is being explored as one of the strategies to deplete the latent HIV reservoir. In this study, we characterized the ability of romidepsin (RMD), a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas, to activate the expression of latent HIV. In an in vitro T-cell model of HIV latency, RMD was the most potent inducer of HIV (EC50 = 4.5 nM) compared with vorinostat (VOR; EC50 = 3,950 nM) and other histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in clinical development including panobinostat (PNB; EC50 = 10 nM). The HIV induction potencies of RMD, VOR, and PNB paralleled their inhibitory activities against multiple human HDAC isoenzymes. In both resting and memory CD4 T cells isolated from HIV-infected patients on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a 4-hour exposure to 40 nM RMD induced a mean 6-fold increase in intracellular HIV RNA levels, whereas a 24-hour treatment with 1 µM VOR resulted in 2- to 3-fold increases. RMD-induced intracellular HIV RNA expression persisted for 48 hours and correlated with sustained inhibition of cell-associated HDAC activity. By comparison, the induction of HIV RNA by VOR and PNB was transient and diminished after 24 hours. RMD also increased levels of extracellular HIV RNA and virions from both memory and resting CD4 T-cell cultures. The activation of HIV expression was observed at RMD concentrations below the drug plasma levels achieved by doses used in patients treated for T-cell lymphomas. In conclusion, RMD induces HIV expression ex vivo at concentrations that can be achieved clinically, indicating that the drug may reactivate latent HIV in patients on suppressive cART. Combination antiretroviral therapy has greatly improved the clinical outcome of HIV infection treatment. However, latent viral reservoirs established primarily in memory CD4 T cells persist even after long periods of suppressive antiretroviral therapy, which hinders the ability to achieve a prolonged drug-free remission or a cure of the HIV infection. Activation of HIV expression from latent reservoirs is a part of proposed strategies that may potentially lead to virus elimination and ultimately cure of the infection. In this study, we show that romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of T-cell lymphomas, is a potent activator of HIV expression in an in vitro model of viral latency as well as ex vivo in resting and memory CD4 T cells isolated from HIV-infected patients with suppressed viremia. Importantly, the ex vivo activation of latent HIV occurred at romidepsin concentrations lower than those achieved in drug-treated lymphoma patients. In addition, romidepsin exhibited a more potent effect than other drugs in the same class that have already been shown to activate HIV expression in vivo. Together, these results support the clinical assessment of romidepsin in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicki Chiang
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Tiffany Barnes
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Graupe
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alivelu Irrinki
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Murry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - George Stepan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten M. Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Tsai
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Kearney
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celsa A. Spina
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deborah McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob Lalezari
- Quest Clinical Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Derek Sloan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Erb U, Megaptche AP, Gu X, Büchler MW, Zöller M. CD44 standard and CD44v10 isoform expression on leukemia cells distinctly influences niche embedding of hematopoietic stem cells. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:29. [PMID: 24684724 PMCID: PMC4022365 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A blockade of CD44 is considered a therapeutic option for the elimination of leukemia initiating cells. However, anti-panCD44 can interfere with hematopoiesis. Therefore we explored, whether a CD44 variant isoform (CD44v)-specific antibody can inhibit leukemia growth without attacking hematopoiesis. As a model we used CD44v10 transfected EL4 thymoma cells (EL4-v10). Methods The therapeutic efficacy of anti-panCD44 and anti-CD44v10 was evaluated after intravenous application of EL4/EL4-v10. Ex vivo and in vitro studies evaluated the impact of anti-panCD44 and anti-CD44v10 as well as of EL4 and EL4-v10 on hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in cocultures with bone marrow stroma cells with a focus on adhesion, migration, cell cycle progression and apoptosis resistance. Results Intravenously injected EL4-v10 grow in bone marrow and spleen. Anti-panCD44 and, more pronounced anti-CD44v10 prolong the survival time. The higher efficacy of anti-CD44v10 compared to anti-panCD44 does not rely on stronger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or on promoting EL4-v10 apoptosis. Instead, EL4 compete with HSC niche embedding. This has consequences on quiescence and apoptosis-protecting signals provided by the stroma. Anti-panCD44, too, more efficiently affected embedding of HSC than of EL4 in the bone marrow stroma. EL4-v10, by catching osteopontin, migrated on bone marrow stroma and did not or weakly interfere with HSC adhesion. Anti-CD44v10, too, did not affect the HSC – bone marrow stroma crosstalk. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of anti-panCD44 and anti-CD44v10 is based on stimulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The superiority of anti-CD44v10 is partly due to blocking CD44v10-stimulated osteopontin expression that could drive HSC out of the niche. However, the main reason for the superiority of anti-CD44v10 relies on neither EL4-v10 nor anti-CD44v10 severely interfering with HSC – stroma cell interactions that, on the other hand, are affected by EL4 and anti-panCD44. Anti-panCD44 disturbing HSC embedding in the osteogenic niche weakens its therapeutic effect towards EL4. Thus, as far as leukemic cells express CD44v isoforms, the therapeutic use of anti-panCD44 should be avoided in favor of CD44v-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tuccillo FM, Palmieri C, Fiume G, de Laurentiis A, Schiavone M, Falcone C, Iaccino E, Galandrini R, Capuano C, Santoni A, D'Armiento FP, Arra C, Barbieri A, Dal Piaz F, Venzon D, Bonelli P, Buonaguro FM, Scala I, Mallardo M, Quinto I, Scala G. Cancer-associated CD43 glycoforms as target of immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 13:752-62. [PMID: 24356816 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD43 is a sialoglycosylated membrane protein that is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. CD43 glycoforms that are recognized by the UN1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were expressed in lymphoblastoid T-cell lines and solid tumors, such as breast, colon, gastric, and squamous cell lung carcinomas, while unexpressed in the normal counterparts. The cancer association of UN1/CD43 epitope suggested the possibility to use the UN1 mAb for tumor diagnosis and therapy. In this study, we show that the UN1 mAb was endowed with antitumor activity in vivo because its passive transfer inhibited the growth of UN1-positive HPB-ALL lymphoblastoid T cells in mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that tumor inhibition was due to UN1 mAb-dependent natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity. By screening a phage-displayed random peptide library, we identified the phagotope 2/165 as a mimotope of the UN1 antigen, as it harbored a peptide sequence that was specifically recognized by the UN1 mAb and inhibited the binding of the UN1 mAb to UN1-positive tumor cells. On the basis of sequence homology with the extracellular region of CD43 (amino acids 64 to 83), the 2/165 peptide sequence was likely mimicking the protein core of the UN1/CD43 epitope. When used as vaccine in mice, the 2/165 phagotope raised antibodies against the UN1/CD43 antigen, indicating that the 2/165 phagotope mimicked the UN1 antigen structure, and could represent a novel immunogen for cancer immunotherapy. These findings support the feasibility of using monoclonal antibodies to identify cancer-associated mimotopes for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Corresponding Authors: Franca Maria Tuccillo, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Lingg N, Tan E, Hintersteiner B, Bardor M, Jungbauer A. Highly linear pH gradients for analyzing monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity in the alkaline range. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1319:65-71. [PMID: 24183595 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies with high isoelectric point are frequent since most of them are constructed from the same framework. Classically, cation exchange chromatography is used as a standard method for the determination of antibody charge heterogeneity. In contrast, in this study highly linear pH gradients were achieved by keeping the buffering capacity over the length of the gradient constant. The buffering compounds were selected to be unretained on the column and their respective concentration was adjusted in the start and end buffer of the pH gradient to achieve constant buffering capacity. This helps conserve linearity and stability of the gradient. The method allows quantification of charge variant distribution and the determination of chromatographic isoelectric point. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this novel method, a ProPac WCX-10 column was used to separate isoforms of trastuzumab biosimilar antibodies. Effects of pH gradient linearity and of varying the analytical amount of sample on the separation are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, No. 06-01 Centros, 138668 Singapore, Singapore
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