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Kamanzi C, Becker M, Jacobs M, Konečný P, Von Holdt J, Broadhurst J. The impact of coal mine dust characteristics on pathways to respiratory harm: investigating the pneumoconiotic potency of coals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7363-7388. [PMID: 37131112 PMCID: PMC10517901 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dust from the mining environment has historically resulted in epidemic levels of mortality and morbidity from pneumoconiotic diseases such as silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and asbestosis. Studies have shown that CWP remains a critical issue at collieries across the globe, with some countries facing resurgent patterns of the disease and additional pathologies from long-term exposure. Compliance measures to reduce dust exposure rely primarily on the assumption that all "fine" particles are equally toxic irrespective of source or chemical composition. For several ore types, but more specifically coal, such an assumption is not practical due to the complex and highly variable nature of the material. Additionally, several studies have identified possible mechanisms of pathogenesis from the minerals and deleterious metals in coal. The purpose of this review was to provide a reassessment of the perspectives and strategies used to evaluate the pneumoconiotic potency of coal mine dust. Emphasis is on the physicochemical characteristics of coal mine dust such as mineralogy/mineral chemistry, particle shape, size, specific surface area, and free surface area-all of which have been highlighted as contributing factors to the expression of pro-inflammatory responses in the lung. The review also highlights the potential opportunity for more holistic risk characterisation strategies for coal mine dust, which consider the mineralogical and physicochemical aspects of the dust as variables relevant to the current proposed mechanisms for CWP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Kamanzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Megan Becker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petr Konečný
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johanna Von Holdt
- Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Broadhurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Gredic M, Karnati S, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Avdeev SN, Kosanovic D. Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: When Scylla and Charybdis Ally. Cells 2023; 12:1278. [PMID: 37174678 PMCID: PMC10177208 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is a recently recognized syndrome that, as its name indicates, involves the existence of both interstitial lung fibrosis and emphysema in one individual, and is often accompanied by pulmonary hypertension. This debilitating, progressive condition is most often encountered in males with an extensive smoking history, and is presented by dyspnea, preserved lung volumes, and contrastingly impaired gas exchange capacity. The diagnosis of the disease is based on computed tomography imaging, demonstrating the coexistence of emphysema and interstitial fibrosis in the lungs, which might be of various types and extents, in different areas of the lung and several relative positions to each other. CPFE bears high mortality and to date, specific and efficient treatment options do not exist. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the clinical attributes and manifestations of CPFE. Moreover, we will focus on pathophysiological and pathohistological lung phenomena and suspected etiological factors of this disease. Finally, since there is a paucity of preclinical research performed for this particular lung pathology, we will review existing animal studies and provide suggestions for the development of additional in vivo models of CPFE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gredic
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- UGMLC Giessen Biobank & European IPF Registry/Biobank, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- UGMLC Giessen Biobank & European IPF Registry/Biobank, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, 35398 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sergey N. Avdeev
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Jaramillo L, Agioutanti E, Ghaychi Afrouz S, Keles C, Sarver E. Thermogravimetric analysis of respirable coal mine dust for simple source apportionment. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:568-579. [PMID: 35853145 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resurgence of coal mine dust lung diseases in the central Appalachian region of the United States and elsewhere has spurred a range of efforts to better understand respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) exposures and sources. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of RCMD samples can enable the dust mass to be fractionated into three main components: coal, non-carbonate minerals, and carbonates. These are expected to approximate, respectively, the three primary dust sources in many underground mines: the coal seam being mined, the surrounding rock strata (i.e., typically dominated by non-carbonate minerals) being drilled or mined along with the coal, and the rock dust products (i.e., typically made from carbonate-rich limestone or dolostone) being applied in the mine to mitigate explosibility hazards. As proof of concept, TGA was applied to respirable dust samples that were laboratory-generated from real source materials representing 15 mines. Except in the case of two mines, compositional results were generally consistent with expectations. TGA was also applied to RCMD samples collected in standard locations of 23 mines (including the 15 mines represented by the dust source materials). Results showed significantly different compositions with respect to sampling location and geographic region (i.e., within and outside of central Appalachia). To further interpret the RCMD results, a simple source apportionment model was built using the dust compositions yielded from the source materials analysis. Model results indicated that, on average, about twice as much dust was sourced from mining into rock strata than from mining the target coal seam. This finding is particularly important for mines extracting relatively large amounts of rock along with the coal or for mines that frequently encounter high-silica rock strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Jaramillo
- Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | | | - Cigdem Keles
- Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Emily Sarver
- Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Go LHT, Cohen RA. Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis and Other Mining-Related Lung Disease: New Manifestations of Illness in an Age-Old Occupation. Clin Chest Med 2021; 41:687-696. [PMID: 33153687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) and other mining-related lung diseases are entirely preventable, yet continue to occur. While greater attention has been given to CWP and silicosis, mining exposures cause a broad spectrum of respiratory disease, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis. Physicians must obtain a detailed occupational and exposure history from miners in order to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the risk of disease progression. Mining-related lung diseases are incurable and difficult to treat. Therefore, primary prevention by limiting dust exposure and secondary prevention through chest imaging and physiologic screening should be the primary focus of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H T Go
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Robert A Cohen
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Environmental Impacts of Coal-Mining and Coal-Fired Power-Plant Activities in a Developing Country with Global Context. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63422-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Imaging in Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease. CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-020-00250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Habib MA, Islam ARMT, Bodrud-Doza M, Mukta FA, Khan R, Bakar Siddique MA, Phoungthong K, Techato K. Simultaneous appraisals of pathway and probable health risk associated with trace metals contamination in groundwater from Barapukuria coal basin, Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125183. [PMID: 31675577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 33 groundwater samples from the Barapukuria coal basin (BCB), Bangladesh for 10 trace metals (TMs) using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Pathways and associated probable health risk were appraised by employing multivariate statistical approaches, health risk model and Monte-Carlo simulation. Except for the Cu, Cr and Zn concentrations, the mean concentrations of all TMs in the basin were above the permissible water quality limits set by Bangladesh and international standards. Correlation coefficient and principal component analysis, supported by cluster analysis indicated that anthropogenic inputs were more contributed to the elevated concentrations of TMs compared to geogenic sources as the major reasons of groundwater pollution in the basin. The results of non-carcinogenic risk appraisal depicted that hazard index (HI) values for both adults and children were exceeded the safe limits (>1.0) except for few locations, indicating serious health risks on the human via oral and dermal absorption pathways. However, the carcinogenic risk values of Cd and Cr exceeded the US EPA range of 1 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-4, with higher risk for children than adults, with oral intake as the key exposure pathway. A sensitivity study identified the concentration of Cr, exposure frequency and ingestion rate for carcinogenic effect as the most sensitive parameters influencing the probable health risk. Overall, the results suggest that Cr in drinking water could cause detrimental effects to exposed local residents; thus, strict health regulation and groundwater management should concentrate on Cr contamination in groundwater from the coal basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahosan Habib
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | | | | | - Farhana Afroj Mukta
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Khamphe Phoungthong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Kuaanan Techato
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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Agioutanti E, Keles C, Sarver E. A thermogravimetric analysis application to determine coal, carbonate, and non-carbonate minerals mass fractions in respirable mine dust. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2020; 17:47-58. [PMID: 31868573 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1695057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occupational lung diseases such as coal worker's pneumoconiosis, often called black lung, are caused by exposures to respirable coal mine dust. Dust composition is increasingly understood as an important disease factor, and it can vary significantly depending on dust source materials and generation processes. For regulatory compliance purposes, the mass concentration and quartz percentage of respirable dust are monitored in U.S. coal mines, but the whole composition is not typically determined. Previous work has indicated that thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to apportion the respirable dust mass to three important component fractions (i.e., coal, non-carbonate minerals, and carbonate), which should generally correlate with three different dust sources (i.e., coal strata, rock strata, and limestone rock dusting products being applied in the mine). However, a primary shortcoming of that previous work was use of fibrous sampling filters, which limited dust recovery and thus analytical accuracy. Here, an improved TGA application is presented using smooth polycarbonate filters. Based on experiments with laboratory-generated dust samples (masses ranging between 95-1,319 µg), the TGA-derived mass fractions (reported as percentage values) for all three components were found to generally be within ±10% of expected values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cigdem Keles
- Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Emily Sarver
- Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Batra
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
| | - Muhammad U Aziz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Traci N Adams
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J David Godwin
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical center, Seattle, WA
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Abtahi S, Malekzadeh M, Nikravan G, Ghaderi A. Measurement of Lung Cancer Tumor Markers in a Glass Wool Company Workers Exposed to Respirable Synthetic Vitreous Fiber and Dust. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2018; 9:23-31. [PMID: 29319052 PMCID: PMC6466973 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2018.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Occupational exposures to respirable synthetic vitreous fiber (SVF) and dust are associated with many lung diseases including lung cancer. Low-dose computed tomography is used for screening patients who are highly suspicious of having lung carcinoma. However, it seems not to be cost-effective. Serum biomarkers could be a useful tool for the surveillance of occupational exposure, by providing the possibility of diagnosing lung cancer in its early stages.
Objective:
To determine if serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin fragment (CYFRA) 21-1 levels in workers exposed more than normal population to respirable SVF and dust may be used as indicators of progression towards lung cancer.
Methods:
An analytic cross-sectional study, including 145 personnel of a glass wool company, along with 25 age-matched healthy individuals, was conducted to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to respirable SVFs and dust and serum levels of two lung/pleura serum tumor markers, CEA and CYFRA 21-1, measured by ELISA.
Results:
Individuals exposed to higher than the recommended levels of respirable SVF had higher serum concentrations of CEA and CYFRA 21-1, compared to controls (p=0.008 and 0.040, respectively), as well as in comparison to those exposed to lower than recommended OSHA levels (p=0.046 and 0.033, respectively). Workers with >9 years work experience, had significantly (p=0.045) higher levels of serum CYFRA 21-1 than those with ≤9 years of experience.
Conclusion:
It seems that working for >9 years in sites with detectable levels of respirable SVF and dust would increase the levels of known lung cancer serum tumor markers. Transferring these workers to sites with respirable SVF concentrations lower than the limit of detection in the air is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Abtahi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahyar Malekzadeh
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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