Comparative effectiveness of Low Level Laser therapy and Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation on Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Evaluation of the effect of different kinds of treatment modalities for temporomandibular joint pain and its relevance to chronic cervical pain: A randomized controlled trial

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different treatment modalities for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and their relevance to chronic cervical pain after 12 months.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

This was a randomized controlled trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-eight participants with chronic cervical and TMJ pain were selected using research diagnostic criteria and randomized into four groups (n = 12), which included control, soft splints, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and low-level laser (LLL). The cervical and TMJ pain was recorded using visual analog scale (VAS) scores at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Occlusal equilibration was done for all groups except for the control.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED

The mean pain scores were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and posthoc test.

RESULTS

The mean VAS scores in TMJ pain patients between the four groups at baseline and at final follow-up were 7.27 ± 1.29 in Group 1, 7.53 ± 0.70 in Group 2, 7.76 ± 0.80 in Group 3, and 7.61 ± 0.61 in Group 4. The mean difference between Groups 1 and 3, Groups 1 and 4, and Groups 2 and 3 was statistically significant (P < 0.00). Pearson correlation test yielded a mild and negative correlation between TMJ and cervical pain.

CONCLUSION

TENS and LLL were found to be equally effective in reducing pain in the jaw joint region, followed by soft splints, and there was no correlation between TMJ and cervical pain.

Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in symptomatic Temporomandibular Disorders: A Randomised Control Trial

BACKGROUND

Myofascial pain is one of the most common facial region pains, presenting itself with various signs and symptoms like tenderness of masticatory muscles and difficulty in mouth opening. Considering its multifactorial aetiology various treatment modalities are present.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for the patients of temporomandibular disorders (TMDS).

METHODS

The study was conducted with 20 patients diagnosed with TMDS. Group A received LLLT at 660 nm, 6 J/point, two sessions/week for 4 weeks and group B received TENS at 2-250 Hz, two sessions/week for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

Pain Score decreased and mouth opening increased in both groups with time, however, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Right and left lateral excursions showed improvement at different intervals in both groups. However, the LLLT group showed significant improvement.

CONCLUSION

Clinical trial showed improvement in visual analogue scale (VAS), maximum mouth opening (MMO) and lateral excursion in the different time intervals in both the groups with LLLT showed more improvement with lateral excursions movements.

Application of facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) in psychophysiological research: Practical recommendations based on a systematic review of the literature

Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES), which allows for the non-invasive and physiologically sound activation of facial muscles, has great potential for investigating fundamental questions in psychology and neuroscience, such as the role of proprioceptive facial feedback in emotion induction and emotion recognition, and may serve for clinical applications, such as alleviating symptoms of depression. However, despite illustrious origins in the 19th-century work of Duchenne de Boulogne, the practical application of fNMES remains largely unknown to today's researchers in psychology. In addition, published studies vary dramatically in the stimulation parameters used, such as stimulation frequency, amplitude, duration, and electrode size, and in the way they reported them. Because fNMES parameters impact the comfort and safety of volunteers, as well as its physiological (and psychological) effects, it is of paramount importance to establish recommendations of good practice and to ensure studies can be better compared and integrated. Here, we provide an introduction to fNMES, systematically review the existing literature focusing on the stimulation parameters used, and offer recommendations on how to safely and reliably deliver fNMES and on how to report the fNMES parameters to allow better cross-study comparison. In addition, we provide a free webpage, to easily visualise fNMES parameters and verify their safety based on current density. As an example of a potential application, we focus on the use of fNMES for the investigation of the facial feedback hypothesis.

Comparison of therapeutic effects of 940 nm diode laser acupuncture with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: a comparative randomized clinical trial

Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is one of the most common sources of orofacial pain. There are different types of physical therapy for patients with MPDS, but there is insufficient evidence that any one treatment method is superior. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and laser acupuncture (LA) using a 940-nm diode on MPDS improvement. In this randomized clinical trial, 22 MPDS patients were randomly assigned to TENS (180 HZ, 300 µs, 20 min) and LA (940 nm, continuous wave, 0. 5 w, 40 s, 105 J/cm2) groups. Data on overall facial pain, tenderness in the masticatory muscles, deviation, joint sound, and maximum mouth opening without pain (MMO) were collected from all patients at baseline, before and after each treatment session, and 1 month after the end session. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test at a significance level of P < 0.05. The decreases in overall facial pain (P = 0.000), muscle tenderness (P = 0.000), and increase in MMO (P = 0.01, P = 0.001) were statistically significant compared to the baseline in the TENS and AL groups. No significant differences were detected between TENS and LA for overall facial pain, muscle tenderness, or MMO at 1 month follow-up (P > 0.05). Both LA and TENS are effective physical therapies with promising effects on sign and symptom improvements in MPDS patients.

What are the best parameters of low-level laser therapy to reduce pain intensity and improve mandibular function in orofacial pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To determine the effectiveness of laser therapy for managing patients with orofacial pain (OFP). In addition, to determine which parameters provide the best treatment effects to reduce pain, improve function, and quality of life in adults with OFP.

METHODS

Systematic review. Searches were conducted in six databases; no date or language restrictions were applied. Studies involving adults with OFP treated with laser therapy were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was performed with the Revised Cochrane RoB-2. A meta-analysis was structured around the OFP type, and outcomes. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessed the overall certainty of the evidence.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine studies were included. Most studies (n = 72, 80.9%) were considered to have a high RoB. The results showed that laser therapy was better than placebo in improving pain, maximal mouth open (MMO), protrusion, and tenderness at the final assessment, but with a low or moderate level of evidence. The best lasers and parameters to reduce pain are diode or gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) lasers, a wavelength of 400-800 or 800-1500 nm, and dosage of <25 J/cm2.

CONCLUSIONS

Laser therapy was better than placebo to improve pain, MMO, protrusion, and tenderness. Also, it was better than occlusal splint to improve pain, but not better than TENS and medication.Implications for rehabilitationLaser therapy was found to be good in improving pain, maximal mouth opening, jaw protrusion, and tenderness at the end of the treatment.For patients with all types of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (myogenous, arthrogenous, and mixed), the following lasers and parameters are recommended: diode or gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser, wavelength of 400-800 or 800-1500 nm, and a dosage <25 J/cm2.For patients with arthrogenous TMDs, the following lasers and parameters are recommended: Diode laser and a wavelength between 400 and 800 nm.For patients with myogenous TMDs, the following lasers and parameters are recommended: diode laser, wavelength between 800 and 1500 nm, and dosage of <25 J/cm2.For patients with mixed TMDs, the following lasers and parameters are recommended: diode, GaAlAs, or infrared laser, a wavelength of 800-1500 nm, a dosage >100 J/cm2, and an application time between 15 and 30 s or >60 seconds.

Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Update for Temporomandibular Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach

Many updated clinical research results have been published since the Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines (KMCPGs) for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) were published in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to update the existing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). This study presents updated recommendations for TMD treatment based on current research data published up to February 2020. The draft version of the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was determined through an assessment of the risk of bias and a meta-analysis of selected literature based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The final guidelines were derived using the Delphi method. Eighteen recommendations were derived for eight items of Korean medicine treatment for TMDs. Compared with previous Korean medicine CPGs for TMDs, the grades of seven recommendations, including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy, were increased. The grades of the two recommendations have been changed. Six new recommendations were added to fully reflect clinical reality. Acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy are recommended for TMD patients in clinical practice. Concurrent conventional conservative therapy with Korean medicine or a combination of Korean medicines should be considered in clinical practice in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Efficacy of laser therapy for temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy in temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in regard to this issue were searched in electronic databases. Three investigators independently screened the eligible studies, and the quality of the included studies was assessed according to the risk of bias tool recommended by the Cochrane handbook. The primary outcome measure was the degree of pain, reported on a visual analog scale (VAS), and the secondary outcome measures were TMJ function, including maximum active vertical opening (MAVO), maximum passive vertical opening (MPVO), left and right lateral movement (LLE, RLE). Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random effects models and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

RESULTS

A total of 28 randomized controlled trials were included. Laser therapy had a more significant effect in terms of VAS (SMD=﹣1.88; 95% CI=﹣2.46 to﹣1.30; P<0.00001; I² =93%), MAVO (MD = 4.90; 95% CI= 3.29 to 6.50; P < 0.00001; I² =72%), MPVO (MD=5.8²; 95% CI= 4.62 to 7.01; P<0.00001; I² =40%) and RLE (MD = 0.73; 95% CI= 0.23 to 1.22; P = 0.004; I² = 0%) as compared to placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in LLE between two groups (MD= 0.35; 95% CI=﹣0.31 to 1.01; P=0.30; I² =0%).

CONCLUSIONS

Laser therapy can effectively reduce pain but have small effect on improving mandibular movement of TMD patients. More well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes are needed for further validation. And these studies should report detailed laser parameters and provide complete outcome measure data.

PROSPERO

CRD42022349719.

Efficacy of stabilisation splint and low-level laser therapy for patients with chronic closed lock from non-reducible displaced temporo-mandibular joint discs: A parallel randomised clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Stabilisation splint therapy (SST) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) are effective-invasive treatment for temporo-mandibular disorder (TMD) patients. However, the specific efficacy of each therapy in patients with chronic closed lock (CCL) from temporo-mandibular joints (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of SST and LLLT alone or in combination in patients with CCL from TMJ DDwoR.

METHODS

This parallel randomised clinical trial included 42 patients who were diagnosed with CCL from TMJ DDwoR. Patients were allocated equally and randomly into three treatment groups: group I received combined SST and LLLT, group II received LLLT and group III received SST. Maximum mouth opening (MMO), visual analogue scale (VAS), muscle and joint palpation scores and time required to achieve normal state were evaluated at baseline, 1, 2, 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the intervention. Data were collected and analysed using SPSS software.

RESULTS

Regarding MMO and VAS, a statistically significant improvement was found between group I versus group II and versus group III at all evaluation times. Regarding muscle and joint palpation scores, a statistically significant difference was found between group I versus group III, while non-significant difference was found between group I and group II. A statistically significant faster improvement was found in group I versus group III and versus group II.

CONCLUSION

All treatment modalities can be effective in management of CCL from a TMJ DDwoR cases, but the combined SST and LLLT group seems to provide the best and quickest improvement.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05548894.

Effectiveness of Different Electrical Stimulation Modalities for Pain and Masticatory Function in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Temporomandibular disorders comprise a set of conditions that include alterations of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Although different modalities of electric currents are widely used for treating temporomandibular disorders, previous reviews have suggested these are ineffective. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of different electrical stimulation modalities in patients with temporomandibular disorders for reducing musculoskeletal pain, increasing the range of movement, and improving muscle activity. An electronic search was conducted of randomized controlled trials published until March of 2022 that compared the application of an electrical stimulation therapy versus a sham or control group. The main outcome measure was pain intensity. Seven studies were included in the qualitative analysis and in the quantitative analysis (n = 184 subjects). The overall effect of electrical stimulation on pain reduction was statistically superior to sham/control (MD = -1.12 cm; CI 95%: -1.5 to -0.8), showing moderate heterogeneity of results (I² = 57%, P = .04). The overall effect on range of movement of the joint (MD = 0.97 mm; CI 95%: -0.3 to 2.2) and muscle activity (SMD = -2.9; CI 95%: -8.1 to 2.3) were not significant. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and high-voltage current stimulation reduces pain intensity clinically in people with temporomandibular disorders with a moderate quality of evidence. On the other hand, there is no evidence of the effect of different electrical stimulation modalities on range of movement and muscle activity in people with temporomandibular disorders with a moderate and low quality of evidence respectively. PERSPECTIVE: TENS and high voltage currents are valid options for the control of pain intensity in patients suffering from temporomandibular disorder. Data suggest clinically relevant changes compared to sham. Healthcare professionals should take this into account as it is inexpensive therapy, has no adverse effects and can be self-administered by patients.

Simultaneous red and infrared light-emitting diodes reduced pain in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) with the simultaneous use of red and infrared LEDs on pain and mandibular range of motion in individuals with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Eighteen participants were randomly allocated to an LED group or control group. The device had 18 red LEDs (660 nm) and 18 infrared LEDs (850 nm), with a total power irradiated of 126 mW and 75.6 J per point. The device was placed in the regions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles once per day three times per week for 2 weeks. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). Mandibular range of motion was determined using digital calipers and considering different conditions (unassisted opening without pain, maximum opening with and without assistance, right and left lateral movements, and protrusion). Evaluations were performed before treatment, immediately after the first LED irradiation session and at the end of six sessions. A significant reduction in pain intensity was found in the LED group at the end of treatment compared to the control group (p < 0.001) as well as in the comparison between the pretreatment and end of treatment evaluations (p < 0.001). Regarding mandibular movements, no statistically significant differences between the LED group and control group were found at the end of treatment for any of the conditions analyzed or in the comparison between the beginning and end of treatment with LED. Photobiomodulation using a cluster with red and infrared LEDs induced a reduction in pain in individuals with temporomandibular disorder but did not alter mandibular range of motion in these individuals. Trial registration number: NCT03696706; retrospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Comparative efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to TENS and therapeutic ultrasound in management of TMDs: a systematic review & meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the reduction in pain, muscle tenderness, joint clicking, and improvement in mouth opening (MO) after low-level laser therapy (LLLT) compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and therapeutic ultrasound (US) among temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) patients.

METHODS

A systematic search of online sources of electronic databases was undertaken. The quality of the study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

RESULTS

Twelve RCTs were included in the systematic review, and 9 were included in the meta-analysis. For reduction in pain between LLLT and TENS, LLLT was found to be better than TENS, at 95% CI. LLLT was also proven to be better in reducing pain than therapeutic US, at 81% CI.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of LLLT, TENS, and therapeutic US in TMD. LLLT provided relatively more effective pain relief and improvement in MO.

Clinical and functional efficacy of gallium-arsenide super pulsed laser therapy on temporo mandibular joint pain with orofacial myalgia following healed unilateral cervicofacial burn - A randomized trial

BACKGROUND

Cervicofacial burn (CB) is a unique type of burn, involving the lateral part of the face, neck and chest region with significant skin contractures. Temporomandibular joint (TJ) pain and orofacial myalgia (OM) are the major problems in physiotherapy context to treat. Laser is commonly used as an adjunct therapy in painful conditions. However, clinical studies are lacking in investigating the effects of gallium-arsenide (Ga-As) super pulsed laser therapy on temporomandibular joint pain and orofacial myalgia following healed cervicofacial burn patients.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of clinical and functional efficacy of Ga-As super pulsed laser therapy on temporomandibular joint pain with orofacial myalgia following healed cervicofacial burn patients.

METHODS

Through two block random sampling method, the eligible participants were randomized and allocated into active laser (Active-L; n = 18) and placebo laser (Placebo-L; n = 18) groups. The Active-L group received laser treatment and the Placebo-L group received placebo laser effect (inactive laser) with regular physiotherapy care for 3 times in a week for 4 weeks. Primary (pain intensity, pain threshold, pain frequency) and secondary (mouth opening, disability level and quality of life) measures were measured at baseline, after the end 4th week, 8th week and 6 month follow up.

RESULTS

Baseline subjective and clinical attributes show homogenous presentation among the study groups (p > 0.05). After four weeks of treatment, and at the end of 6 months follow up, the pain intensity, 2.9 (CI 95% 2.80-3.00), pain threshold 19.2 (CI 95% -30.4 to -7.9), pain frequency 3.4 (CI 95% 3.14-3.65), mouth opening, -16.0 (CI 95%-16.5 to -15.4), disability level 11.3 (CI 95%11.14-11.45), and quality of life -31.7 (CI 95%-37.1 to -26.2) showed more improvement (p < 0.001) in Active-L group than Placebo-L group.

CONCLUSION

The reports of this study proved that, four weeks active laser therapy with regular physiotherapy care has an ideal treatment protocol for temporomandibular joint pain with orofacial myalgia following healed cervicofacial burn. This study also provided a new knowledge for physiotherapists in the field of temporomandibular joint pain rehabilitation.

Effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on the masticatory function and mandibular movements in adults with temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To review the effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on masticatory function and mandibular movements in adults with temporomandibular disorder.

RESEARCH STRATEGIES

Search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using the following descriptors: "temporomandibular joint disorders", "low-level light therapy", "low-level laser therapy", "mastication", and "mandible".

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized clinical trials in adults with temporomandibular disorder, using low-level laser and assessing the mastication and mandibular movements.

DATA ANALYSIS

Firstly, the titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies were read. Then, only the studies selected in the first stage were read in full and assessed regarding eligibility. After the selection, the characteristics, methodological quality, and quality of evidence of the studies included in the review were analyzed. In the meta-analysis, the mean amplitude of mouth opening was considered as a measure of intervention effect.

RESULTS

The 10 articles included in the review had quite different results one from the other, especially regarding the amplitude of mouth opening, while the mastication was assessed in only one of them. Most studies had a high risk of bias, demonstrating a low methodological quality. Significantly higher results for photobiomodulation were identified in the six studies included in the meta-analysis.

CONCLUSION

Due to the scarcity in the literature, there is not enough evidence of the effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on mastication. As for the mandibular movements, this intervention presented significant results, particularly in the amplitude of mouth opening.

The hierarchy of different treatments for myogenous temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

The best treatment modality for the management of painful temporomandibular disorders of muscular origin (M-TMD) with predictable outcomes based on solid evidence is still not well defined. Thus, the aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to identify the best treatment for adult patients with M-TMD. An electronic search was undertaken from the inception of each database to August 2018, to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs), which are comparing two or more of the following treatment modalities in patients with M-TMD: counseling therapy; occlusal appliances; manual therapy; laser therapy; dry needling; intramuscular injection of local anesthesia (LA) or botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A); muscle relaxants; hypnosis/relaxation therapy; oxidative ozone therapy; and placebo or no treatment. Primary outcome variables were the reduction of pain and mechanical sensitivity. The secondary outcome was the maximal mouth opening (MMO). The quality of evidence was rated according to Cochrane's tool for assessing risk of bias. Standardized mean difference was used to analyze via frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA), using STATA software. 52 RCTs were included in this NMA. At the most follow up moments, manual therapy, counseling therapy, occlusal splints therapy, and needling using BTX-A or LA as well as dry needling significantly decreased post-treatment pain intensity in M-TMDs, when compared to placebo.  At short term (≤5 months), the four highest-ranked treatments for post-treatment pain reduction were manual therapy (83.5%, low quality evidence), ozone therapy (75.7%, very low quality evidence),counseling  therapy (71.2%, moderate quality), and occlusal appliances  (71.7%,moderate quality evidence). When intermediate term (≥6 months)was considered, BTX-A (85.8%, very low quality evidence) , counseling therapy(80%, low quality evidence), occlusal appliances  (62.8%, low quality evidence) and hypnosis (50.6%, very low quality evidence) were the four highest-ranked treatments.  This NMA reveals that manual therapy can be considered the most effective treatment for M-TMD, followed by counseling treatment, intramuscular injection of LA, and occlusal appliances  . However, considering the limitations of the studies included, and the scarce of strong evidence, the present findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Effects of low-level laser therapy versus soft occlusive splints on mouth opening and surface electromyography in females with temporomandibular dysfunction: A randomized-controlled study

Background

Low level lasers have been used as an alternative pain relief therapy for muscle and joint pain, since it induces analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and biomodulation effects of the physiological cell functions. The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) treatment, however, is not well established. Although Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been suggested as a complementary means in TMD diagnosis, the effect of conservative treatments on muscle activity has not yet been thoroughly correlated with (sEMG) findings.

Purpose

To assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as compared to occlusive splint therapy (OST) on the TMJ opening index (TOI) and sEMG of masticatory muscles.

Materials and methods

112 female subjects suffering from unilateral myogenous TMD, aged 21–30 years-old, were recruited and divided into three groups: LLLT; soft occlusive splint therapy OST and a waitlist group as controls.

Outcome measures

TMJ opening index (TOI), Visual analogue scale (VAS), surface electromyography (sEMG).

Results

A significant reduction was reported in TOI, VAS and the sEMG within the LLLT and OST groups as well as significant decrease in all outcomes between groups in favor of the LLLT group (P< 0.0001). Meanwhile, there was a weak significant difference within the control group probably attributed to the analgesic. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons between groups [control vs occlusive splints, control vs low-level laser and low-level laser vs occlusive splints] revealed significant differences in the VAS and TOI [P = 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.9–2.2, 1.61–4.01, 0.65–1.96].

Conclusions

Findings support an evident short term therapeutic effect of the LLLT on improving VAS, TOI and sEMG in females suffering from myogenous TMD.

Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and explore the optimal wavelength range of laser application in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

METHODS

An electronic search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was undertaken to identify the randomised clinical trials (RCTs) published from database inception to 16 April 2021, aiming to compare the effects of LLLT with different wavelengths (632.8-672 nm, 780-904 nm, and 910-1100 nm) or TENS or placebo group on TMD patients pain reduction. In addition, manual search of the studies was performed. The reviewers assessed the risk of bias of individual studies with the Cochrane risk of bias tool and excluded the RCTs with a high risk of bias in any field. Meanwhile, the reviewers, after performing the network meta-analysis, assessed the quality of evidence, which contributed to network estimate via the GRADE framework.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven RCTs with 969 patients with TMD were included. In the meta-analysis, all treatment groups showed an overall improvement in pain scores, when compared with the placebo group. LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm produced more pain relief in the visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately after treatment [mean difference (MD) = 4.68, 95% confidence interval (CI):(3.08,6.28)]. After one-month follow-up, LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm also showed superior pain-relieving effects [MD = 3.61, 95% CI: (-1.77, 8.99)]. However, no significant difference was observed. Based on the SUCRA ranking, L3 ranked first immediately after treatment and 1 month later.

CONCLUSION

The results of the meta-analysis showed the LLLT had better short-term efficacy than TENS in the treatment of pain caused by TMD. Better results can be achieved with higher wavelengths. Therefore, we recommended to treat TMD using LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm.

Role of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Modulating Oxidative Stress in Temporomandibular Disorders. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Randomised Controlled Trials

This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration; ref CRD 42020198921) aimed to govern photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) efficacy in temporomandibular disorder (TMD). PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane Collaboration recommendations were followed. Differences in pain reduction assessment by qualitative measurement with visual analogue scale pain (VAS), pressure threshold (PPT) and maximum mouth opening (MMO) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and pooled in a random effects model with a subgroup analysis, evaluating the role of follow-up duration. Heterogeneity was analysed using Q and I² tests. Publication bias was assessed by visual examination of funnel plot symmetry. Qualitative analysis revealed 46% of the 44 included studies showed a high risk of bias. Meta-analysis on 32 out of 44 studies revealed statistically significant intergroup differences (SSID) for VAS (SMD = -0.55; 95% CI = -0.82 to -0.27; Z = 3.90 (p < 0.001)), PPT (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI = -0.89 to 0.00; Z = 1.97 (p = 0.05)) and MMO (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI = -0.89 to 0.00; Z = 1.97 (p = 0.05)), favouring PBMT compared to control treatment strategies. Sensitivity analysis revealed SSID (SMD = -0.53; 95% CI = -0.73 to -0.32; Z = 5.02 (p < 0.0001)) with low heterogeneity (Τ² = 0.02; χ² = 16.03 (p = 0.31); I² = 13%). Hence, this review, for first time, proposed suggested recommendations for PBMT protocols and methodology for future extensive TMD research.

Restricted Mouth Opening in Head and Neck Cancer: Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment

Restricted mouth opening or trismus is often encountered in patients with head and neck cancer. The restriction may be the presenting sign of malignancy, a sequela of tumor site or growth, an adverse effect of oncologic treatment, or a first sign of tumoral recurrence. In general, any insult to the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, or their neural innervation may cause limitation in mouth opening. The etiologies leading to trismus are as follows: myospasm secondary to tumor infiltration; reflectory myospasm; radiation-induced myositis and myofibrosis; temporomandibular joint involvement with tumor; unfavorable postsurgical scarring; muscle and joint atrophy secondary to immobilization; pain; jaw fracture and hardware failure; and infection. Preventive measures should be implemented before, during, and after treatment. These measures include identification of high-risk patients, utilization of dose-sculpting radiation techniques whenever possible, performing reconstruction at the same time of resective surgery whenever feasible, and initiating mobilization exercises as early as possible. When trismus develops, treatments are often challenging and disappointing. These include physical therapy, mouth opening appliances, drug therapy, and release surgery. All medical specialties dealing with head and neck cancer should be familiar with the diagnosis and prevention of trismus and make an effort to ensure patients are referred to the appropriate care when needed. Trismus should not be considered a trivial sequela of head and neck cancer.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on painful temporomandibular disorders

To evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled manner. Participants were divided into a masseter myalgia group (n = 88) and a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthralgia group (n = 87) according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Both groups randomly received PBMT or placebo treatment once a day for 7 consecutive days, one session. The PBMT was applied with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (wavelength = 810 nm) at pre-determined points in the masseter muscle (6 J/cm², 3 regions, 60 s) or TMJ region (6 J/cm², 5 points, 30 s) according to their most painful site. Pain intensity was rated on a 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS) and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and mechanical sensitivity mapping were recorded before and after the treatment on day 1 and day 7. Jaw function was assessed by pain free jaw opening, maximum unassisted jaw opening, maximum assisted jaw opening, maximum protrusion and right and left excursion. Data were analyzed with a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pain intensity in arthralgia patients decreased over time (P < 0.001) for both types of interventions, however, PBMT caused greater reduction in pain scores than placebo (P = 0.014). For myalgia patients, pain intensity decreased over time (P < 0.001) but without difference between interventions (P = 0.074). PPTs increased in both myalgia (P < 0.001) and TMJ arthralgia patients over time (P < 0.001) but without difference between interventions (P ≥ 0.614). Overall, PBMT was associated with marginally better improvements in range of motion compared to placebo in both myalgia and arthralgia patients. Pain intensity, sensory function and jaw movements improve after both PBMT and placebo treatments in myalgia and arthralgia patients indicating a substantial non-specific effect of PBMT.

Immediate Effect of Masticatory Muscle Activity with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Muscle Pain of Temporomandibular Disorders Patients

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive treatment modality for acute and chronic pain. However, little information for muscle activity is available on the immediate effects of TENS in masticatory muscle pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The present study aimed to evaluate the immediate effects of TENS treatment on TMD-related muscle pain. Thirty-six patients with TMD-related muscle pain and 39 healthy subjects served as TMD and control groups, respectively. For objective evaluations, maximum mouth opening, and maximum bite force were measured before and after TENS. The pain intensity was assessed according to a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). TENS was applied to painful muscles for 20 min with frequencies of 100–200 Hz. The treatment outcome was evaluated using Global Rating of Change (GRC) scales. In the TMD group, VAS values significantly decreased after TENS. Although there was significant increase in the maximum mouth opening after TENS for only TMD group, the maximum bite force of both groups was significantly greater after TENS. According to GRC scales, one patient with TMD-related muscle pain expressed negative feelings after TENS. Conclusively, TENS treatment might quickly relieve pain in masticatory muscles and improve masticatory functions in patients with TMD-related muscle pain.

Level of awareness of dentists about the role of physiotherapy in temporomandibular disorders: a pilot study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background

Physiotherapy (PT) is a distinguished developing profession. It has a crucial role in treating temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as an effective intervention to reduce pain and improve TMD symptoms. Not all dentists are aware of the importance of collaboration with physiotherapists (PTs).Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of dentists’ awareness about the role of PT in treating TMD, identify dentists’ willingness to collaborate with PTs, and create collaboration awareness. This cross-sectional study included Saudi dentists in Riyadh. An online survey was used to assess dentist’s awareness and their readiness to collaborate with PTs.

Results

Out of 1500 dentists, only 162 participated in the survey. About 46.9% of dentists were aware that PT can treat TMD. Generally, there was lack of awareness about the benefits of PT among dentists (61.8%), and 59.9% was not aware that the evidence suggested that PT can improve TMD symptoms. Only 29% referred patients to PT. Upon the completion of the survey, almost all dentists (97.5%) were likely to refer patients with TMD to PT, and 90.7% of them showed interest to learn more about collaborating with PTs.

Conclusion

The study concluded that, although 46.9% of the dentists are aware about the role of PT in treating TMD, there is a lack of awareness about the benefits of PT among the majority of them. The study helped to extend the awareness of surveyed dentists about the collaboration and multidisciplinary approach.

Effectiveness of the Laser Application in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder: A Systematic Review of 1172 Patients

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of laser application in temporomandibular joint disorder.

Methods

PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched systematically with restricting the languages to only English and year (January 2001 to March 2020), and studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Study quality and publication bias were assessed by using the Robvis, a software package of R statistical software.

Results

This systematic review included 32 studies (1172 patients) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the studies reported significant reduction of pain by the use of the laser during TMD treatment. Two-thirds of the study (78.13%) found a better outcome comparing with conventional one. According to Robvis, 84.4% of the studies were high methodological studies with low risk of bias.

Conclusion

TMD patients suffer with continuous pain for long time even after conventional treatment. Laser therapy shows a promising outcome of pain reduction for TMD patients. Therefore, laser therapy can be recommended for the TMD patients' better outcome. This trial is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020177562).

Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on jaw movement-evoked pain in patients with TMJ disc displacement without reduction and healthy controls

Objective: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may serve as non-invasive intervention for painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) to improve jaw motor function, but its efficacy is still debated. This parallel study evaluated the effect of TENS on pain and movement patterns after repeated jaw movements in patients with painful temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR), and compared with healthy controls.Material and Methods: 20 patients with TMJ pain and DDwoR and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to TENS/sham TENS (sTENS) intervention groups in a block design (10 in each group). Participants performed 20 repeated jaw movements (4 x 5 sessions), and reported pain intensity on a 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) subsequently both before and after the intervention. Data were tested by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: Significant increase of pain intensity and reduction of opening range were shown within repeated jaw movements in TMJ pain patients in contrast to healthy participants (p ≤ .001). Pain was significantly reduced during repeated open-close (p = .007), fast open-close (p = .016) and horizontal movements (p = .023), accompanied with increased opening range (p = .033) and open-close velocity (p = .019) with TENS intervention when compared with sTENS group (p > .05) in TMJ pain patients.Conclusions: This study indicated that movement-evoked pain was reduced either spontaneously or by sTENS in TMJ pain patients with DDwoR, and interestingly, that TENS could attenuate movement-evoked pain and improve jaw motor function during repeated jaw movements. The findings may have implications for TENS treatment in TMJ pain patients with DDwoR.

Nonsurgical management of temporomandibular joint autoimmune disorders

Introduction

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are observed in a number of autoimmune diseases but limited studies have assessed the effect of autoimmune diseases on TMD. Therefore, the present review article was conducted to determine the effect of autoimmune diseases on TMD.

Methods

International databases, including Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus, were searched in order to find related articles. The search key words were; temporomandibular joint (TMJ) autoimmune disorders, TMJ, TMD, medical therapy and non-invasive, local and systemic management. Published articles from June, 2010 to June, 2019 were included in the review.

Results

A total of 11 related articles including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis were found. All articles noted that TMJ has unique features that distinguishes it from other human body joints. Cases of TMJ injury and TMD require specific treatments. Therefore, early diagnosis of TMD is essential. It was also mentioned in the articles that the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) method is a suitable method for investigating TMD and its relationship with RA. Treatment methods included oral steroids, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate 75 mg, and combination therapy with methotrexate.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, TMD exists in some autoimmune diseases, including RA, lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Therefore, there should be an interdisciplinary collaboration between physicians and dentists in order to choose the best conservative treatment and medication therapy for TMD to reduce the progression and pain associated with this type of disorder.

Rehabilitation strategies in maxillofacial trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate rehabilitation strategies to reduce trismus, pain, and edema in patients with maxillofacial trauma.

METHODS

An electronic search in main databases was performed, including studies published until November 2017. Clinical trials aiming to investigate therapeutic techniques to improve mandibular range of motion and to reduce pain and edema compared to other treatments were included.

RESULTS

Nine studies were included in the review with different therapy modalities: photobiomodulation, kinesiologic tape, hilotherapy, jaw exercises, and TENS. Only five studies had available data to be included in a meta-analysis. There were no differences between any of the proposed strategies and its controls to prevent trismus. Individuals treated with hilotherapy presented less pain compared to controls. Kinesiologic tape or hilotherapy reduced edema when compared to controls daily until postoperative day 3.

CONCLUSIONS

There is diversity among the proposed rehabilitation techniques, and types of fractures and there are few numbers of included participants in each study. The results obtained in this review do not promote evidence to guide the use of non-drug rehabilitation techniques in patients with maxillofacial trauma after surgical intervention.

Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain and improves functioning in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial : Intraoral photobiomodulation diminishes pain in women with temporomandibular disorder

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of intraoral photobiomodulation involving super-pulsed laser (905 nm) combined with red (640 nm) and infrared (875 nm) light-emitting diodes on pain, mandibular range of motion, and functioning in women with myogenous temporomandibular disorder. A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted involving 30 women with myogenous temporomandibular disorder diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups (active and sham photobiomodulation). The evaluations involved this use of the visual analog scale, digital calipers, and a functional scale. Photobiomodulation was administered intraorally in the region of the pterygoid muscles, bilaterally, in all participants for a total of six sessions. Evaluations were performed on five occasions: prior to the intervention, immediately after the first session, 24 h and 48 h after the first session, and after the six sessions. Significant differences between groups were found regarding pain (p ≤ 0.01) and functioning (p ≤ 0.04). However, no statistically significant difference was found regarding range of mandibular motion. The findings demonstrate that intraoral photobiomodulation involving super-pulsed laser (905 nm) combined with red (640 nm) and infrared (875 nm) light-emitting diodes diminishes pain and improves functioning but does not exert an influence on mandibular range of motion in women with temporomandibular disorder.Trial registration: NCT02839967.

The effectiveness of photobiomodulation in the management of temporomandibular pain sensitivity in rats: behavioral and neurochemical effects

This study analyzed the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) with low-level laser therapy on nociceptive behavior and neuronal activity in the trigeminal nucleus after experimental unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc injury. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each): group 1, surgical injury of the articular disc and PBM; group 2, sham-operated subjected to PBM; group 3, surgical injury of the articular disc; and group 4, control (Naïve). Ten sessions of PBM were performed using GaAs laser with a wavelength of 904 nm, power of 75 W pico, average power of 0.043 W, area of the beam of 0.13 cm², duration of the pulses of 60 nseg (in the frequency of 9500 Hz), energy density of 5.95 J/cm², energy per point of 0.7 J, and power density of 333.8 mW/cm², and the irradiation was done for 18 s per point. Neuropathic symptoms were evaluated using the von Frey test. Trigeminal ganglion samples underwent immunoblotting to examine the expression of substance P, vanilloid transient potential receptor of subtype-1 (TRPV-1), and peptide related to the calcitonin gene (CGRP). There was a total decrease in pain sensitivity after the second session of PBM in operated animals, and this decrease remains until the last session. There was a significant decrease in the expression of SP, TRPV-1, and CGRP after PBM. Photobiomodulation therapy was effective in reducing nociceptive behavior and trigeminal nucleus neuronal activity after TMJ disc injury.

Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging grades with cytokine levels of synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standardized method for assisting joint diagnosis. To validate the reliability of different imaging-based grading systems, this study examined (1) the associations between grading systems for osseous change, joint effusion, and the Wilkes classification of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and (2) the correlation between cytokines in synovial fluid and imaging-based joint scores.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-seven patients, who routinely received numeric rating scale (NRS) and MRI assessment before TMJ arthrocentesis, were enrolled. Each joint was evaluated through the grading criteria for severity of osseous change and joint effusion by blinded observers using MRI. ImageJ was employed for classifying joint effusion. Joint synovial fluid, collected through arthrocentesis, was examined for cytokine expression by using a Luminex multiplex assay. All data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS

The Wilkes classification was strongly correlated with osseous change scores, but not with joint effusion scores. Joint effusion scores significantly correlated with NRS scores, but not with the Wilkes classification and osseous change scores. Compared with osseous change scores, joint effusion scores had a higher correlation with the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-8 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R)) and with anti-inflammatory cytokines (soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II (sTNF-RI/II)).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with TMJ disorders, MRI grades are strongly correlated with NRS scores and levels of cytokines (IL-8, sIL-6R, and sTNF-RI/II) in the synovial fluid.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Joint effusion scoring can be a reliable and valid indicator for pathological assessment of TMJ disorders.

Photobiomodulation with simultaneous use of red and infrared light emitting diodes in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder: study protocol for a randomized, controlled and double-blind clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is considered the main cause of orofacial pain of non-dental origin, and a public health problem. The symptomatology is muscular and/or articular pain, restriction of the mandibular range of motion, and changes in the mandibular movement pattern. Due to its complexity there are already treatments using various forms of therapy. Photobiomodulation using light sources, such as low-level laser or light emitting diodes (LED), with different wavelengths, in a single or combined form, allows one more therapeutic resource to be explored. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation with the simultaneous use of red and infrared LEDs, on pain, range of mandibular movements, and on the electrical activity of masticatory muscles in individuals with TMD.

METHODS

A randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial is proposed, which will involve 33 individuals (n = 11 per group) of both sexes, ages 18 to 45 years in 3 groups: LED group; placebo group; and control group, submitted to 6 non-consecutive sessions of photobiomodulation totaling 2 weeks of treatment. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders-RDC/TMD will be used to assess and determine the participants' TMD. The pain will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale - VAS, the mandibular range of motion will be determined with the aid of a digital caliper, and the electrical activity of the masticatory muscles will be verified by electromyography. A mixed plate of 18 red LEDs-660 nm and 18 infrared LEDs-850 nm with power of 3.5 mW per LED, 4.45 mW/cm, radiant exposure of 5.35 J/cm, will be used for photobiomodulation. The irradiated area will be 14.13 cm, and energy of 75.6 J, in the TMJ region and in the bilateral masseter and temporal muscles. Participants from all groups will be reassessed after the first therapeutic intervention, and at the end of treatment.

DISCUSSION

We expect the use of photobiomodulation with LEDs, infra and red, to reduce pain, improve temporomandibular joint function in patients with TMD, and thus improve the general conditions of the patient.

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation over acupoints for patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

At present, drug therapy for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) has made great progress; however, it does not often produce a satisfying curative effect. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation over acupoints (Acu-TENS) might be more effective in improving patient's symptoms and producing fewer side-effects as a result.Although with a great progress of the drug therapy for IBS-D, it is often hard to achieve its satisfactory curative effect. Acu-TENS that may be effective to improve patients' symptoms and fewer side-effects will be sought. There is no systematic review concerning the efficacy of Acu-TENS for IBS-D published. Therefore, this review aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of Acu-TENS on IBS-D.

METHODS

Four English (PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science) and 4 Chinese electronic databases (Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Database) will be searched from their inception to November 26, 2018. Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of Acu-TENS on patients with IBS-D will be included. The primary outcome measures will include average weekly stool frequency, visual analog scale (VAS), and the Bristol scale. The secondary outcome measures will include the MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), IBS Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBS-QOL), severity of IBS symptoms (IBS-SSS), and rectal perception. Quality evaluation and data extraction will be independently undertaken, respectively. The data from the eligible trials will be analyzed by RevMan5.3.

RESULTS

For patients with IBS-D, this systematic review will provide evidences related to the efficacy of Acu-TENS in these evaluation aspects, stool frequency, VAS and the Bristol scale, SF-36, IBS-QOL, IBS-SSS, and rectal perception.

CONCLUSION

This evidence may be useful to medical workers with regard to the use of Acu-TENS in the treatment of IBS-D.PROSPERO registration number: PROSPERO CRD442018109294.

Effects of Er:YAG and Diode Laser Irradiation on Dental Pulp Cells and Tissues

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the nerve and maintain healthy dental pulp tissue. Laser irradiation (LI) is beneficial for VPT. Understanding how LI affects dental pulp cells and tissues is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of reparative dentin and dentin regeneration. Here, we show how Er:YAG-LI and diode-LI modulated cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression, protease activation, and mineralization induction in dental pulp cells and tissues using cell culture, immunohistochemical, genetic, and protein analysis techniques. Both LIs promoted proliferation in porcine dental pulp-derived cell lines (PPU-7), although the cell growth rate between the LIs was different. In addition to proliferation, both LIs also caused apoptosis; however, the apoptotic index for Er:YAG-LI was higher than that for diode-LI. The mRNA level of odontoblastic gene markers-two dentin sialophosphoprotein splicing variants and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)20 were enhanced by diode-LI, whereas MMP2 was increased by Er:YAG-LI. Both LIs enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that they may help induce PPU-7 differentiation into odontoblast-like cells. In terms of mineralization induction, the LIs were not significantly different, although their cell reactivity was likely different. Both LIs activated four MMPs in porcine dental pulp tissues. We helped elucidate how reparative dentin is formed during laser treatments.

The Effect of Exercise on Range of Movement and Pain After Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis

PURPOSE

Arthrocentesis is an effective treatment modality for temporomandibular disorders, especially in patients who have pain and limited mouth opening. Surgeons generally suggest physical exercises after arthrocentesis and arthroscopy procedures; however, there has been no study in the literature evaluating the effects of exercise on clinical outcomes. This study investigated whether physical exercises after arthrocentesis would result in early improvements in clinical symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction (TMJ DDw/oR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group was composed of 27 patients with TMJ DDw/oR. Patients who needed arthrocentesis after failed conservative nonsurgical treatment were enrolled in the study. Group 1 was composed of 14 patients who were not started on a physiotherapy program after the arthrocentesis procedure. Group 2 was composed of 13 patients who were started on a self-administered physiotherapy program immediately after the arthrocentesis procedure. Physiotherapy included a 6-week exercise program. Patients were followed for 3 months. Range of maximal mouth opening (MMO) and joint pain as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) were examined to determine clinical efficacy before and after treatment.

RESULTS

In groups 1 and 2, mouth opening increased and pain scores decreased at 1-week and 1- and 3-month follow-ups (P < .05). No relevant relation was found between the 2 groups according to MMO for all time points and VAS scores at 1 week. A relevant relation was found between the 2 groups according to VAS scores at 1 and 3 months.

CONCLUSION

Physical exercise after arthrocentesis has no effect on range of mouth opening but does decrease pain.