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van Baak MA, Pramono A, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Busetto L, Carraça EV, Dicker D, Encantado J, Ermolao A, Farpour-Lambert N, Woodward E, Bellicha A, Oppert JM. Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 4:e13239. [PMID: 33939229 PMCID: PMC8365680 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the effect of exercise training interventions on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity and compared the effectiveness of different types of exercise training. Four electronic databases were searched. Articles were included if they described randomized controlled trials of exercise training interventions and their effect on maximal oxygen consumption or muscle strength in adults with overweight or obesity. Changes in outcome parameters were analyzed using random effects meta-analyses for different training types (aerobic, resistance, combined aerobic plus resistance, and high-intensity interval training). Eighty-eight articles satisfied the inclusion criteria of which 66 (3964 participants) could be included in the meta-analyses. All training types increased VO2max (mean difference 3.82 ml/min/kg (95% CI 3.17, 4.48), P < 0.00001; I2 = 48%). In direct comparisons, resistance training was less effective in improving VO2max than aerobic training, HIIT was slightly more effective than aerobic training, and no difference between aerobic and combined aerobic plus resistance training was found. For muscle strength benefits, incorporation of resistance exercise in the training program is indicated. Exercise training increases VO2max and muscle strength in adults with overweight or obesity. Differences between training types should be weighed with other needs and preferences when health professionals advise on exercise training to improve physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen A van Baak
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriyan Pramono
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Battista
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group (ACEB), School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John E Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group (ACEB), School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), London, UK
| | - Eliana V Carraça
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dror Dicker
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), London, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jorge Encantado
- APPsyCI - Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA - University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea Ermolao
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nathalie Farpour-Lambert
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), London, UK.,Obesity Prevention and Care Program Contrepoids. Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Patient Education, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Euan Woodward
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), London, UK
| | - Alice Bellicha
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, NutriOmics, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France.,University Paris-Est Créteil, UFR SESS-STAPS, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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2
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Tallis J, Shelley S, Degens H, Hill C. Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction Is Aggravated by Obesity: An Investigation of Contractile Function, Implications and Treatment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:372. [PMID: 33801275 PMCID: PMC8000988 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and coupled with the unprecedented growth of the world's older adult population, a growing number of individuals are both old and obese. Whilst both ageing and obesity are associated with an increased prevalence of chronic health conditions and a substantial economic burden, evidence suggests that the coincident effects exacerbate negative health outcomes. A significant contributor to such detrimental effects may be the reduction in the contractile performance of skeletal muscle, given that poor muscle function is related to chronic disease, poor quality of life and all-cause mortality. Whilst the effects of ageing and obesity independently on skeletal muscle function have been investigated, the combined effects are yet to be thoroughly explored. Given the importance of skeletal muscle to whole-body health and physical function, the present study sought to provide a review of the literature to: (1) summarise the effect of obesity on the age-induced reduction in skeletal muscle contractile function; (2) understand whether obesity effects on skeletal muscle are similar in young and old muscle; (3) consider the consequences of these changes to whole-body functional performance; (4) outline important future work along with the potential for targeted intervention strategies to mitigate potential detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
| | - Sharn Shelley
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
| | - Hans Degens
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Cameron Hill
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;
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Pouwels S, Sanches EE, Cagiltay E, Severin R, Philips SA. Perioperative Exercise Therapy in Bariatric Surgery: Improving Patient Outcomes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1813-1823. [PMID: 32547143 PMCID: PMC7261659 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity and related comorbidities like type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome are considered one of the medical challenges of the 21st century. Even with the rise of bariatric and metabolic surgery, obesity and metabolic syndrome are reaching endemic proportions. Even in 2020, obesity is still a growing problem. There is increasing evidence that next to bariatric surgery, exercise interventions in the perioperative period could give extra beneficial effects. In this regard, effects on anthropometrics, cardiovascular risk factors and physical fitness. The aim of this review is to summarise effects of preoperative and postoperative exercise, tools for screening and directions for future research and implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjaak Pouwels
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Correspondence: Sjaak Pouwels Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, P.O. Box 432, 2501 CK, The Hague, the Netherlands Email
| | - Elijah E Sanches
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Eylem Cagiltay
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Istanbul, Uskudar, 34668, Turkey
| | - Rich Severin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Physical Therapy Program, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shane A Philips
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Integrative Physiologic Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Miller CT, Fraser SF, Selig SE, Rice T, Grima M, van den Hoek DJ, Ika Sari C, Lambert GW, Dixon JB. Fitness, Strength and Body Composition during Weight Loss in Women with Clinically Severe Obesity: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Obes Facts 2020; 13:307-321. [PMID: 32702706 PMCID: PMC7588734 DOI: 10.1159/000506643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine whether combined exercise training with an energy-restricted diet leads to improved physical fitness and body composition when compared to energy restriction alone in free-living premenopausal women with clinically severe obesity. METHODS Sixty premenopausal women (BMI of 40.4 ± 6.7) were randomised to energy restriction only (ER) or to exercise plus energy restriction (EXER) for 12 months. Body composition and fitness were measured at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS VO2 peak improved more for EXER compared to ER at 3 (mean difference ± SEM 2.5 ± 0.9 mL ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1, p = 0.006) and 6 (3.1 ± 1.2 mL ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1, p = 0.007) but not 12 months (2.3 ± 1.6 mL ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1, p = 0.15). Muscle strength improved more for EXER compared to ER at all time points. No differences between groups for lean mass were observed at 12 months. CONCLUSION Combining exercise training with an energy-restricted diet did not lead to greater aerobic power, total body mass, fat mass or limit lean body mass loss at 12 months when compared to energy restriction alone for premenopausal women with clinically severe obesity in free-living situations. Future research should aim to determine an effective lifestyle approach which can be applied in the community setting for this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Miller
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Steve F Fraser
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve E Selig
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toni Rice
- Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariee Grima
- Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J van den Hoek
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolina Ika Sari
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin W Lambert
- Human Neurotransmitters and Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Dixon
- Clinical Obesity Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute and School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zemková E, Kyselovičová O, Jeleň M, Kováčiková Z, Ollé G, Štefániková G, Vilman T, Baláž M, Kurdiová T, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Upper and Lower Body Muscle Power Increases After 3-Month Resistance Training in Overweight and Obese Men. Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:1728-1738. [PMID: 27530821 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316662878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of 3 months resistance and aerobic training on muscle strength and power in 17 male overweight and obese men. Subjects underwent either a resistance or aerobic training for a period of 3 months (three sessions per week). Peak isometric force, rate of force development, peak power and height of countermovement and squat jumps, reactive strength index, and mean power in the concentric phase of bench presses were all assessed prior to and after completing the training program. Results identified a significant increase of mean power during both countermovement bench presses at 30 kg (18.6%, p = .021), 40 kg (14.6%, p = .033), and 50 kg (13.1%, p = .042) and concentric-only bench presses at 30 kg (19.6%, p = .017) and 40 kg (13.9%, p = .037) after the resistance training. There was also a significant increase in the height of the jump (12.8%, p = .013), peak power (10.1%, p = .026), and peak velocity (9.7%, p = .037) during the countermovement jump and height of the jump (11.8%, p = .019), peak power (9.6%, p = .032), and peak velocity (9.5%, p = .040) during the squat jump. There were no significant changes in the reactive strength index, peak force, and the rate of force development after the resistance training. The aerobic group failed to show any significant improvements in these parameters. It may be concluded that 3 months of resistance training without caloric restriction enhances upper and lower body muscle power in overweight and obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oľga Kyselovičová
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Jeleň
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kováčiková
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gábor Ollé
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Štefániková
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Vilman
- 1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Baláž
- 2 Institue of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Timea Kurdiová
- 2 Institue of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- 2 Institue of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- 2 Institue of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,3 Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
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6
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Nicklas BJ, Chmelo E, Delbono O, Carr JJ, Lyles MF, Marsh AP. Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:991-9. [PMID: 25762810 PMCID: PMC4409692 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training (RT) improves muscle strength and overall physical function in older adults. RT may be particularly important in the obese elderly who have compromised muscle function. Whether caloric restriction (CR) acts synergistically with RT to enhance function is unknown. OBJECTIVE As the primary goal of the Improving Muscle for Functional Independence Trial (I'M FIT), we determined the effects of adding CR for weight loss on muscle and physical function responses to RT in older overweight and obese adults. DESIGN I'M FIT was a 5-mo trial in 126 older (65-79 y) overweight and obese men and women who were randomly assigned to a progressive, 3-d/wk, moderate-intensity RT intervention with a weight-loss intervention (RT+CR) or without a weight-loss intervention (RT). The primary outcome was maximal knee extensor strength; secondary outcomes were muscle power and quality, overall physical function, and total body and thigh compositions. RESULTS Body mass decreased in the RT+CR group but not in the RT group. Fat mass, percentage of fat, and all thigh fat volumes decreased in both groups, but only the RT+CR group lost lean mass. Adjusted postintervention body- and thigh-composition measures were all lower with RT+CR except intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Knee strength, power, and quality and the 4-m gait speed increased similarly in both groups. Adjusted postintervention means for a 400-m walk time and self-reported disability were better with RT+CR with no group differences in other functional measures, including knee strength. Participants with a lower percentage of fat and IMAT at baseline exhibited a greater improvement in the 400-m walk and knee strength and power. CONCLUSIONS RT improved body composition (including reducing IMAT) and muscle strength and physical function in obese elderly, but those with higher initial adiposity experienced less improvement. The addition of CR during RT improves mobility and does not compromise other functional adaptations to RT. These findings support the incorporation of RT into obesity treatments for this population regardless of whether CR is part of the treatment. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01049698.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Nicklas
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elizabeth Chmelo
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - J Jeffrey Carr
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mary F Lyles
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Anthony P Marsh
- From the Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (BJN, EC, OD, and MFL), the Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (JJC), and the Department of Health and, Exercise Science (BJN and APM), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
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Pouwels S, Wit M, Teijink JA, Nienhuijs SW. Aspects of Exercise before or after Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review. Obes Facts 2015; 8:132-46. [PMID: 25895670 PMCID: PMC5644796 DOI: 10.1159/000381201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery has a considerable effect on weight loss. A positive relation of exercise and weight loss has been described before. However, the mode of exercise and its timing pre- or postoperatively or a combination remains unclear. METHODS A multi-database search was conducted. Identified articles were reviewed on description of exercise, timing around a bariatric intervention, and outcome. Methodological quality of the included studies was rated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. A Cohen’s kappa score assessed the level of agreement. Outcome measurements were improvement of anthropometric and physical fitness variables, operation related complications, weight regain, and quality of life. RESULTS A total of 8 prospective studies were included. Four focused on training before and 4 on training after a bariatric procedure. Details of exercises varied from 45 min treadmill up to full descriptive programs. Supervision was frequently included. Significant improvement was encountered for biometric results physical fitness variables. CONCLUSION In the majority of reports on exercising in a (future) bariatric population, positive effects on anthropometrics, cardiovascular risk factors and physical fitness were described. However, the results were not unanimous, with a wide range of exercise programs and perioperative timing, therefore hampering adequate practical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjaak Pouwels
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon Wit
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joep A.W. Teijink
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Evidence suggests that the growing prevalence of obesity in the workforce has resulted in an increase in the incidence and cost of musculoskeletal injuries. Obesity can modify job demands and affect worker capacity in terms of anthropometry and occupational biomechanics, which may place workers at greater risk of injury. This paper presents a review of studies quantifying the work-relevant impacts of obesity, specifically related to work task demands, capacities, and their potential imbalance. The increased body fat that accompanies obesity leads to larger anthropometric dimensions and inertial parameters, particularly in the trunk and thigh areas. Consequently, individuals who are obese adjust their work postures and motions as an accommodation. These changes may affect the biomechanical demands on the joints and increase the burden on the musculoskeletal system. Independent of job demands, obesity-related differences also occur with respect to strength, fatigue, and task performance. Directions for future research are provided, focusing on the need for workplace redesign to account for changing workforce demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora A Cavuoto
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, 324 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14221, USA.
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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9
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Abstract
However quantified, obesity is a global health problem of significant magnitude. The condition is no longer limited to the developed world, with an increasing proportion of low-to-middle income countries burdened by obesity and its comorbidities. Specifically, obesity is a risk factor for a raft of psychosocial, physiological, cardiovascular, and metabolic problems. The carriage of excess body weight, including an unhealthy proportion of body fat, also has important implications for musculoskeletal health. To date, this important relationship has not received as much attention by the research community. Coincidentally, there has been a heightened interest in the role of physical activity and exercise across the lifespan in the prevention, treatment and management of obesity. This paper considers some of the more common musculoskeletal problems in children, adolescents and adults with implications for the overweight and obese and their meaningful engagement in physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Shultz
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, 63 Wallace Street, Mt Cook, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- Institute of Sport and Exercise, Bond University, Robina, Australia.
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.
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10
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Pescatello LS, Devaney JM, Hubal MJ, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP. Highlights from the functional single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human muscle size and strength or FAMuSS study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:643575. [PMID: 24455711 PMCID: PMC3885233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/643575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength study or FAMuSS was to identify genetic factors that dictated the response of health-related fitness phenotypes to resistance exercise training (RT). The phenotypes examined were baseline muscle strength and muscle, fat, and bone volume and their response to RT. FAMuSS participants were 1300 young (24 years), healthy men (42%) and women (58%) that were primarily of European-American descent. They were genotyped for ~500 polymorphisms and completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess energy expenditure and time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity habitual physical activity and sitting. Subjects then performed a 12-week progressive, unilateral RT program of the nondominant arm with the dominant arm used as a comparison. Before and after RT, muscle strength was measured with the maximum voluntary contraction and one repetition maximum, while MRI measured muscle, fat, and bone volume. We will discuss the history of how FAMuSS originated, provide a brief overview of the FAMuSS methods, and summarize our major findings regarding genotype associations with muscle strength and size, body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Performance Laboratory, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Gampel Pavilion Room 206, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Monica J. Hubal
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 85 Jefferson Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
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11
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Villareal DT, Smith GI, Sinacore DR, Shah K, Mittendorfer B. Regular multicomponent exercise increases physical fitness and muscle protein anabolism in frail, obese, older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:312-8. [PMID: 20489691 PMCID: PMC3069710 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in strength, endurance, balance, and mobility. Obesity worsens the age-related impairment in physical function and often leads to frailty. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends a multicomponent (strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance) exercise program to maintain physical fitness. However, the effect of such an exercise program on physical fitness in frail, obese older adults is not known. We therefore determined the effect of a 3-month long multicomponent exercise training program, on endurance (peak aerobic capacity (VO(2) peak)), muscle strength, muscle mass, and the rate of muscle protein synthesis (basal rate and anabolic response to feeding) in nine 65- to 80-year-old, moderately frail, obese older adults. After 3 months of training, fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) whereas fat-free mass (FFM), appendicular lean body mass, strength, and VO(2) peak increased (all P < 0.05). Regular strength and endurance exercise increased the mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) but had no effect on the feeding-induced increase in muscle protein FSR (~0.02%/h increase from basal values both before and after exercise training; effect of feeding: P = 0.02; effect of training: P = 0.047; no interaction: P = 0.84). We conclude that: (i) a multicomponent exercise training program has beneficial effects on muscle mass and physical function and should therefore be recommended to frail, obese older adults, and (ii) regular multicomponent exercise increases the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis without affecting the magnitude of the muscle protein anabolic response to feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis T. Villareal
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon I. Smith
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David R. Sinacore
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krupa Shah
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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12
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Ciolac EG, Greve JMD. Exercise-induced improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate response to exercise are impaired in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:583-9. [PMID: 21655751 PMCID: PMC3093788 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the heart rate response to exercise and the exercise-induced improvements in muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate response between normal-weight and overweight/obese postmenopausal women. METHODS Sedentary women (n = 155) were divided into normal-weight (n = 79; BMI <25 kg/m(2); 58.3 ± 8.6 years) and overweight/obese (n = 76; BMI >25 kg/m(2); 58.3 ± 8.6 years) groups, and have their 1-repetition maximum strength (adjusted for body mass), cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate response to a graded exercise test compared before and after 12 months of a three times-per-week exercise-training program. RESULTS Overweight/obese women displayed decreased upper and lower extremity muscle strengths, decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, and lower peak and reserve heart rates compared to normal-weight women. After follow-up, both groups improved their upper (32.9% and 41.5% in normal-weight and overweight/obese women, respectively) and lower extremity(49.5% and 47.8% in normal-weight and overweight/obese women, respectively) muscle strength. However, only normal-weight women improved their cardiorespiratory fitness (6.6%) and recovery heart rate (5 bpm). Resting, reserve and peak heart rates did not change in either group. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obese women displayed impaired heart rate response to exercise. Both groups improved muscle strength, but only normal-weight women improved cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate response to exercise. These results suggest that exercise-induced improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate response to exercise may be impaired in overweight/obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gomes Ciolac
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Peterson MD, Liu D, Gordish-Dressman H, Hubal MJ, Pistilli E, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Seip RL, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Thompson PD, Devaney JM, Hoffman EP, Gordon PM. Adiposity attenuates muscle quality and the adaptive response to resistance exercise in non-obese, healthy adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:1095-103. [PMID: 21139562 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data have revealed a negative association between adiposity and muscle quality (MQ). There is a lack of research to examine this interaction among young, healthy individuals, and to evaluate the contribution of adiposity to adaptation after resistance exercise (RE). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) on muscle function among non-obese individuals before and after RE. DESIGN Analyses included 634 non-obese (body mass index <30 kg m(-2)) subjects (253 males, 381 females; age=23.3 ± 5.2 years). SAT and muscle mass (magnetic resonance imaging-derived SAT and biceps muscle volume), isometric and dynamic biceps strength, and MQ (strength/muscle volume), were analyzed at baseline and after 12 weeks of unilateral RE. RESULTS At baseline, SAT was independently associated with lower MQ for males (β=-0.55; P<0.01) and females (β=-0.45; P<0.01), controlling for body mass and age. Adaptation to RE revealed a significant negative association between SAT and changes for strength capacity (β=-0.13; p=0.03) and MQ (β=-0.14; P<0.01) among males. No attenuation was identified among females. Post-intervention SAT remained a negative predictor of MQ for males and females (β=-0.47; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that SAT is a negative predictor of MQ among non-obese, healthy adults, and that after 12 weeks of progressive RE this association was not ameliorated. Data suggest that SAT exerts a weak, negative influence on the adaptive response to strength and MQ among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Peterson
- Laboratory for Physical Activity and Exercise Intervention Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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14
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Stegen S, Derave W, Calders P, Van Laethem C, Pattyn P. Physical fitness in morbidly obese patients: effect of gastric bypass surgery and exercise training. Obes Surg 2009; 21:61-70. [PMID: 19997987 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that bariatric surgery is currently the most efficacious and long-term treatment for clinically severe obesity. However, it remains to be determined whether poor physical fitness, an important characteristic of these patients, improves as well. The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the effect of gastric bypass surgery on physical fitness and to determine if an exercise program in the first 4 months is beneficial. METHODS Fifteen morbidly obese patients (BMI 43.0 kg/m(2)) were tested before and 4 months after gastric bypass surgery. Eight of them followed a combined endurance and strength training program. Before and after 4 months the operation, anthropometrical characteristics were measured, and an extensive assessment of physical fitness (strength, aerobic, and functional capacity) was performed. RESULTS Large-scale weight loss through gastric bypass surgery results in a decrease in dynamic and static muscle strength and no improvement of aerobic capacity. In contrast, an intensive exercise program could prevent the decrease and even induced an increase in strength of most muscle groups. Together with an improvement in aerobic capacity, functional capacity increased significantly. Both groups evolved equally with regard to body composition (decrease in fat mass and fat-free mass). CONCLUSIONS An exercise training program in the first 4 months after bariatric surgery is effective and should be promoted, considering the fact that physical fitness does not improve by weight loss only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Stegen
- Department Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Orkunoglu-Suer FE, Gordish-Dressman H, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Harmon B, Seip RL, Hoffman EP, Devaney JM. INSIG2 gene polymorphism is associated with increased subcutaneous fat in women and poor response to resistance training in men. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:117. [PMID: 19105843 PMCID: PMC2646703 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background A common SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605 (g.-10,1025G>C, Chr2:118,552,255, NT_022135.15), was reported to be associated with obesity (Body Mass Index, [BMI]) in a genome-wide association scan using the Framingham Heart Study but has not been reproduced in other cohorts. As BMI is a relatively insensitive measure of adiposity that is subject to many confounding variables, we sought to determine the relationship between the INSIG2 SNP and subcutaneous fat volumes measured by MRI in a young adult population. Methods We genotyped the INSIG2 SNP rs7566605 in college-aged population enrolled in a controlled resistance-training program, (the Functional Polymorphism Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength, FAMuSS cohort, n = 752 volunteers 18–40 yrs). In this longitudinal study, we examined the effect of the INSIG2 polymorphism on subcutaneous fat and muscle volumes of the upper arm measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after 12 wks of resistance training. Gene/phenotype associations were tested using an analysis of covariance model with age and weight as covariates. Further, the % variation in each phenotype attributable to genotype was determined using hierarchical models and tested with a likelihood ratio test. Results Women with a copy of the C allele had higher levels of baseline subcutaneous fat (GG: n = 139; 243473 ± 5713 mm3 vs. GC/CC: n = 181; 268521 ± 5003 mm3; p = 0.0011); but men did not show any such association. Men homozygous for the G ancestral allele showed a loss of subcutaneous fat, while those with one or two copies of the C allele gained a greater percentage of subcutaneous fat with resistance training (GG: n = 103; 1.02% ± 1.74% vs. GC/CC: n = 93; 6.39% ± 1.82%; p = 0.035). Conclusion Our results show that the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism underlies variation in subcutaneous adiposity in young adult women and suppresses the positive effects of resistance training on men. This supports and extends the original finding that there is an association between measures of obesity and INSIG2 rs7566605 and further implicates this polymorphism in fat regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda E Orkunoglu-Suer
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Allometric scaling of isometric biceps strength in adult females and the effect of body mass index. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:701-10. [PMID: 18648848 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to (1) derive and test allometric scaling models of biceps isometric strength using body mass (BM) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) as the scaling variables, (2) assess the influence of body mass index (BMI) by separating the cohort by BMI (normal <25 kg/m(2) vs. overweight/obese > or =25 kg/m(2)) and repeating step 1, and (3) assess the effect of BMI on isometric strength allometrically adjusted for differences in CSA by comparing scaled strength between normal weight versus overweight/obese women. The participants were 183 women (18-39 years old) who reported no strength training in the prior year. Isometric strength and CSA of the biceps were assessed on the non-dominant arm. The CSA allometric model met all statistical criteria and produced a scaling exponent of 0.44. The BM model did not meet these criteria until the entire cohort was separated by BMI. The scaling exponents for normal weight and overweight/obese women were 1.48 and 0.35, respectively. These data suggest that BMI exerted an influence on the relationship between BM and allometrically scaled isometric strength and may be explained by previous studies demonstrating greater contribution of fat mass (FM) versus fat-free mass (FFM) to BMI in overweight/obese women. As such, allometric scaling models of isometric strength, especially in populations that are heterogeneous with regard to body composition, must be carefully tested and examined across the range of BMI. Isometric strength relative to CSA was not significantly different between groups. However, allometrically scaled strength, using CSA as the criterion variable, was significantly greater in overweight/obese women compared to those of normal weight. These data suggest that isometric strength in women is not completely determined by CSA and other factors such as intramuscular fat and muscle fiber type may be confounding or contributing factors.
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