1
|
Sivanathan D, Bizumic B, Li W, Chen J. The Unified Narcissism Scale-Revised: Expanding Measurement and Understanding of Narcissism Across Cultures. Assessment 2024; 31:839-854. [PMID: 37551610 PMCID: PMC11092293 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231191435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of narcissism has been hindered by conceptual, theoretical, and measurement in-consistencies. In this article, we report two studies that tested a novel unified conceptualization and theoretical approach to narcissism using the Unified Narcissism Scale-Revised. Study 1 revised the recently developed Unified Narcissism Scale to construct a preliminary 40-item measure in a sample of 395 American participants (Mage = 41). We confirmed the five-factor first-order model, the two-factor second-order model, and the one-factor third-order model. Study 2 considered the cross-cultural performance of the revised scale in the Chinese language in China (N = 326, Mage = 25.5 years) and in the English language in Sri Lanka (N = 354 Mage = 28.7 years) and constructed a final 35-item measure. In conducting these studies, we have demonstrated the cross-cultural importance of entitlement and self-esteem to the conceptualization of narcissism and suggest that the negative relationship between narcissism and agreeableness may be culture-specific to Western samples (as evidenced by the absence of this relationship in non-Western samples). In this article, we have constructed a measure of narcissism that has refined our understanding of the construct and created a tool to capture this understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danushika Sivanathan
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Boris Bizumic
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Wangtianxi Li
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Junwen Chen
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hildebrandt MK, Noack J, Wuellhorst R, Endrass T, Jauk E. Impulsivity mediates the association between narcissism and substance-related problems beyond the degree of substance use: a longitudinal observational study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:280. [PMID: 38622531 PMCID: PMC11017556 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narcissism has been implied as a putative risk factor for substance use disorders (SUDs). However, previous research did not disentangle the degree of substance use from substance-related problems, the symptoms of SUDs. This preregistered study addressed the open question whether grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and their constituent traits convey specific SUD risk, that is, explain substance-related problems beyond the degree of use. Furthermore, we tested whether impulsivity or substance use motives linked to narcissistic self-regulation mediate this association. METHODS Narcissism, impulsivity, substance use motives, past-year substance use, and substance-related problems were assessed in 139 (poly-)substance users, 121 of whom completed a one-year follow-up. For significant longitudinal associations between narcissism factors and substance-related problems controlled for the degree of use, we tested impulsivity and substance use motives as mediators. RESULTS Grandiose narcissism (r =.24, p =.007) and its constituent factors antagonistic (r =.27, p =.003) and agentic narcissism (r =.18, p =.050), but not vulnerable narcissism, prospectively predicted substance-related problems beyond the degree of substance use. Associations of grandiose narcissism and antagonistic narcissism with substance-related problems were fully mediated by impulsivity, but not substance use motives. Impulsivity explained roughly one third of the association of both grandiose (P̂M = 0.30) and antagonistic narcissism (P̂M = 0.26) with substance-related problems. DISCUSSION We demonstrate that grandiose narcissism- particularly antagonistic but also agentic narcissism- is specifically linked to substance-related problems beyond the degree of substance use. The mediating effect of impulsivity but not substance use motives suggests that impulsivity may be a more important mechanism than narcissistic self-regulation in promoting SUD in narcissism. However, future studies may use more targeted measures than substance use motives to further probe the role of self-regulation. Similar result patterns for alcohol compared to all substances together indicate that mechanisms may be alike across substances. In conclusion, narcissistic individuals may not use substances more but have a higher SUD risk, informing prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin K Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Chair of Addiction Research, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Josepha Noack
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Chair of Addiction Research, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Raoul Wuellhorst
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Chair of Addiction Research, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tanja Endrass
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Chair of Addiction Research, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 3, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Chair of Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46a, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Du TV, Lane SP, Miller JD, Lynam DR. Momentary assessment of the relations between narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression. J Pers 2024; 92:405-420. [PMID: 36942531 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explores the associations among narcissistic traits, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression using repeated, situation-based measurement. We examine narcissism's relations with aggression across three levels of its theorized hierarchy (level 1: narcissism; level 2: grandiose vs. vulnerable narcissism; level 3: antagonism, agentic extraversion, and narcissistic neuroticism). METHODS Using an experience-sampling approach, the current study examined the effects of narcissism and its finer-grained components on daily affective experiences and aggressive behaviors in the context of interpersonal interactions. Data were collected from 477 undergraduate students who were instructed to complete four prompts a day for ten consecutive days. RESULTS Narcissism at the global construct level positively predicted multiple indices of episodic aggression (i.e., aggressive temper, aggressive urge, verbal aggression). At the dual-dimension level, grandiose narcissism specifically predicted aggression, and then at the trifurcated level, interpersonal antagonism predicted aggression by itself and in interaction with event-level negative affect. Negative affect consistently exhibited both within- and between-person effects on aggression. CONCLUSION In real-life social interactions, narcissism dimensions differentially affect the way individuals experience social interactions and process negative affect, and thus in both research and clinical practice, narcissism is best assessed as a heterogeneous, multidimensional construct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei V Du
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Packer West M, Miller JD, Lynam DR. Comparing Brief Measures of Narcissism-Internal Consistency, Validity, and Coverage. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:83-99. [PMID: 36919411 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2183863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Many measures, varying in breadth and length, have been constructed to measure narcissism. In recent years, super-short forms have become popular in research settings. Although brief measures hold some advantages, their brevity can come at psychometric costs. Participants recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 473) completed long and brief narcissism measures and criterion measures in a randomized order. Short forms were examined and compared to long forms in terms of their completion times and psychometric properties. Generally, the short forms demonstrated adequate internal consistency, variable convergence with each other, mostly moderate to strong convergence with long forms, and appropriate convergence with external criteria. These findings suggest that some short forms may be used when efficiency of survey administration is particularly important without significant psychometric cost. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the brief measures and make recommendations for which to use depending on the priorities of a given study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Packer West
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haas BW, Campbell WK, Lou X, Xia RJ. All You Nonconformists Are (Not) All Alike: Dissociable Social Stereotypes of Mavericks and Contrarians. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231217630. [PMID: 38142442 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231217630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
While some people easily align themselves with others, others find themselves less aligned with sociocultural norms (e.g., nonconformists). Though people outside the mainstream tend to capture societies' attention, very little is known regarding how nonconformists are construed. In these studies, we investigated how different types of nonconformists are stereotyped. We sought to elucidate common and dissociable social stereotypes of two types of nonconformity; mavericks and contrarians, driven toward independence versus being different, respectively. We found that mavericks are construed as highly competent and conscientious, well suited for leadership roles, and more likely to be male, older, and satisfied with their life. Contrarians are construed as highly social, low in warmth and agreeableness, highly neurotic, well suited for roles involving creativity and self-expression, and more likely to be female, younger, and less satisfied with their lives. We situate these findings within models linking cultural context with conformity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J, Fatfouta R. Does narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38014712 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the preference for solitude. BACKGROUND Preference for solitude may be impacted by various characteristics. Narcissism may be one such characteristic given its association with specific motivations for engagement with other individuals (e.g., status attainment). METHOD We examined whether the associations that narcissism had with the preference for solitude were moderated by perceived attainment of status or instability of status. RESULTS Across three studies (N = 627/479/675), extraverted narcissism had the expected aversion to solitude. Antagonistic narcissism and neurotic narcissism did not have consistent associations with the preference for solitude across these studies, nor did the perceived attainment of status consistently moderate the links between narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude. However, perceived instability of status moderated the associations that extraverted narcissism and antagonistic narcissism had with the preference for solitude. More specifically, the more stable status was perceived to be, the greater the aversion to solitude for those high in extraverted narcissism and the greater the preference for solitude for those high in antagonistic narcissism. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results suggests that the motivations underlying preferences for solitude differ depending on particular narcissistic traits that predict whether one is more concerned with maintaining, gaining, or losing status. These results build upon what is known about the connections that narcissism has with the preference for solitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Vonk
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Ramzi Fatfouta
- Department of Psychology, University of Applied Sciences for Media, Communication and Management, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Postigo Á, García-Fernández J, Cuesta M, Recio P, Barría-González J, Lozano LM. Giving Meaning to the Dark Triad: Comparison of Different Factor Structures of the Dirty Dozen Through Eight Regions of the World. Assessment 2023:10731911231209282. [PMID: 37960852 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231209282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The traits of the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) capture the individual differences in the aversive personality. The dark triad has shown significant relations with behaviors that affect people's lives. One of the best-known instruments to assess the dark triad is the Dirty Dozen. However, controversy continues over the use of one general dark triad score or, conversely, three different scores. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Dirty Dozen across eight global regions. There were 11,477 participants in 49 countries grouped into eight regions. Different factor structures were studied using confirmatory factor analyses. Both the three-dimensional models and the bifactor models (symmetrical or traditional and non-symmetrical or bifactor-[S - 1]) showed a good fit to the data. The bifactor-(S - 1) models (with psychopathy or Machiavellianism as the reference factors) show adequate fit to the data, supported by the coherence of the factorial loadings and the bifactor indices. Regarding measurement invariance for both models, configural, metric, and scalar invariance were satisfied. The results indicate that it is not clear whether a psychopathy or Machiavellianism reference factor predominates in the Dirty Dozen. For both models, templates are provided to obtain standardized scores for applied researchers in the eight studied world regions until future studies offer a greater amount of validity evidence for this instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patricia Recio
- Department of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Barría-González
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis Manuel Lozano
- Department of Methodology for Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szymczak P, Talbot D, Gritti ES, Jonason PK. Narcissus' belief about his body: Aspects of narcissism, body image, and eating disorder symptoms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293578. [PMID: 37943826 PMCID: PMC10635534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Narcissism may play a role in shaping body image concerns. Here we examined the relationships between narcissism (i.e., agentic extraversion, antagonism, narcissistic neuroticism, leadership/authority, exhibitionism/entitlement) and body image concerns and disturbances (i.e., drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, eating disorder symptoms, body mass index, current/desired fat, and current/desired muscularity). METHODS Mechanical Turk workers from the USA (N = 430; 64% male) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Drive for Thinness Scale, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-Short, and the Sex-Specific Somatomorphic Matrixes. RESULTS All narcissistic factors were associated with a greater drive for thinness (except for leadership/authority) and for muscularity, more eating disorder symptoms, a greater desired body fat (except for leadership/authority), and a greater current muscularity. Greater agentic extraversion and exhibitionism/entitlement were associated with lower levels of current body fat, and greater antagonism was associated with a greater desired muscularity. DISCUSSION Notably, individual differences in narcissism appeared to be important in understanding body image concerns, broadly speaking. We found that narcissism may be associated with body image concerns among both sexes differently, and especially that drive for thinness was more related to narcissism in men. Our results emphasize the importance of narcissism in formulating and treating body image-related disorders for both men and women. Ultimately, narcissistic features of personality may be risk factors for developing and perpetuating body image concerns, and therefore should be considered in assessment, formulation, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczak
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | | | - Peter K. Jonason
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Czarna AZ, Mauersberger H, Kastendieck T, Zdunek RR, Sedikides C, Hess U. Narcissism predicts noise perception but not signal decoding in emotion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14457. [PMID: 37660069 PMCID: PMC10475012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Grandiose narcissists claim that they have better-than-average emotion recognition abilities, but many objective tests do not support this claim. We sought to clarify the relation between grandiose (both agentic and communal) narcissism and emotion recognition by taking a closer look at the components of emotion recognition. In two studies (N1 = 147, N2 = 520), using culturally distinct samples and different stimulus materials, we investigated the relation between grandiose narcissism and signal decoding (accurate view of the intended emotion displayed in an expression) as well as noise perception (inaccurate deciphering of secondary emotions that are not part of the emotional message). Narcissism was inconsistently related to signal decoding, but consistently and positively related to noise perception. High grandiose (agentic and communal) narcissists are not necessarily better at signal decoding, but are more susceptible to noise perception. We discuss implications for narcissists' social interactions and interpersonal relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Czarna
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | - Roksana R Zdunek
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ursula Hess
- Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fontana A, Cianfanelli B, Verbaro R, Cuzzocrea G, Benzi IMA, Sideli L. Two-Wave Stability of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism During Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Empathy. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:696-703. [PMID: 37399578 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Literature suggests that narcissistic traits may affect socio-affective development from early adolescence. Two interrelated narcissistic domains have been identified, i.e. , narcissistic grandiosity (NG) and narcissistic vulnerability (NV). This study aims to prospectively assess NG and NV during adolescence and to investigate the mediating role of empathy on the stability of narcissistic traits. One-hundred fifty-six adolescents (47.5% females) participated in a longitudinal prospective study. NG, NV, and empathy were assessed at baseline and 24-month follow-up. Compared with NG traits, NV showed a mean-level increasing pattern, albeit with a small effect size. Different empathy domains mediated the developmental trajectories of NG and NV. Specifically, the "fantasy" empathy domain partially mediated the stability of NG, whereas the "personal distress" domain partially mediated the mild increase of NV. The findings suggest that grandiose fantasies and negative activation to others' distress are crucial factors in shaping developmental trajectories of narcissistic traits during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gaia Cuzzocrea
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Sideli
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harjunen VJ, Krusemark E, Stigzelius S, Halmesvaara OW, Annala M, Henttonen P, Määttänen I, Silfver M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Ravaja N. Under the thin skin of narcissus: Facial muscle activity reveals amplified emotional responses to negative social evaluation in individuals with grandiose narcissistic traits. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14315. [PMID: 37186319 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with grandiose narcissism exhibit enhanced antagonism and a defensive pattern of discordance between their emotional and physiological reactions to self-threatening evaluations. Although theoretical perspectives link narcissistic defensiveness to negative emotions, empirical evidence linking grandiose narcissism to emotional reactivity remains mixed. The current study used self-reported affect, electrocardiography, and facial electromyography (fEMG) to examine whether people scoring high in grandiose narcissism show amplified physiological and self-reported emotional reactivity to negative social evaluation. Following two challenging cognitive tasks, participants received negative and neutral feedback in a face-to-face evaluation situation. Receiving negative feedback decreased self-reported positive affect and dominance, slowed heart rate, and amplified fEMG activity related to frowning and eye constriction. Although self-reported emotional reactions were unrelated to grandiose narcissism, fEMG activity associated with negative affect was significantly enhanced by grandiose narcissism. In conclusion, individuals with higher levels of grandiose narcissism may not be willing to report overt emotional reactivity to self-threatening feedback, but physiological responses "beneath their thin skin" reveal amplified threat-related facial muscle activity suggestive of a negative emotional state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville J Harjunen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth Krusemark
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Saskia Stigzelius
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto W Halmesvaara
- Social Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Annala
- Social Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti Henttonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Määttänen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Silfver
- Social Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Niklas Ravaja
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Besser A, Morse T, Zeigler-Hill V. Who Wants to (Digitally) Live Forever? The Connections That Narcissism Has with Motives for Digital Immortality and the Desire for Digital Avatars. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6632. [PMID: 37681772 PMCID: PMC10487871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role that death anxiety (for self and others) and motivation for digital immortality played in the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the desire for digital avatars (of self and others) in a sample of Israeli community members (N = 1041). We distinguished between four forms of narcissism: extraverted narcissism (characterized by assertive self-enhancement), antagonistic narcissism (characterized by defensiveness and hostility), neurotic narcissism (characterized by emotional distress), and communal narcissism (characterized by attempts to emphasize superiority over others by exaggerating communal characteristics such as being extraordinarily helpful). Our sequential parallel mediation analyses showed that narcissistic personality traits were associated with fear of death and the desire for symbolic immortality (having a digital avatar for self and others), with mainly indirect associations via fear of death and the motivation for eternal life and to be there for others. Discussion is focused on the role that fear of death and specific "defensive control" motives for having digital avatars (e.g., motivation for eternal life and to be there for others) may play in the desire for digital immortality reported by individuals with narcissistic personality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avi Besser
- Department of Communication Disorders, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem 91010, Israel
| | - Tal Morse
- Department of Photographic Communication and The Centre for Death and Society, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Di Pierro R, Costantini G, Fanti E, Di Sarno M, Preti E, Madeddu F, Clarkin JF, Caligor E, De Panfilis C. Measurement Invariance of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory and Multimethod Examination of Narcissistic Presentations in Community and Clinical Samples. Assessment 2023; 30:1391-1406. [PMID: 35699415 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) is extensively used in recent empirical literature on pathological narcissism. However, most studies using the PNI are community-based, and no studies have used the PNI to investigate narcissistic presentations in personality disordered patients. This study investigates measurement invariance of the PNI in community participants and patients with personality disorders, and examines differences of narcissistic presentations in these samples through a multimethod approach. Results show that the PNI can be used reliably to measure and compare traits of pathological narcissism in community participants and patients with personality disorders. Personality disordered patients show higher traits reflecting vulnerable narcissism and overt manifestations of grandiose narcissism, compared with controls. Finally, network analysis indicates that traits of grandiose fantasies and entitlement rage have a central role in defining manifestations of PNI pathological narcissism, regardless of the presence of an underlying personality disorder. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Pierro
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Preti
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Madeddu
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Personality Disorders Lab, Parma-Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Furian L, March E. Trolling, the Dark Tetrad, and the four-facet spectrum of narcissism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
15
|
Bertrams A, Krispenz A. Dark-ego-vehicle principle: Narcissism as a predictor of anti-sexual assault activism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this preregistered study, we tested the dark-ego-vehicle principle. This principle states that individuals with dark personalities, such as high narcissistic traits, are inclined to become involved in certain kinds of ideologies and political activism. We argue that narcissistic individuals can be attracted to anti-sexual assault activism because this form of activism may provide them with opportunities to obtain positive self-presentation (e.g., virtue signaling), gain status, dominate others, and engage in social conflicts to get their thrills. A diverse US sample (N = 313) completed online measures of narcissistic traits and involvement in anti-sexual assault activism. In addition, relevant covariates were assessed (i.e., age, gender, adult sexual assault history, sexual harassment myth acceptance, and altruism), and the interaction between narcissistic traits and gender was considered. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that higher narcissistic traits predicted an individual’s higher involvement in anti-sexual assault activism over and above the covariates. However, this relationship was evident only for the women in this sample. Notably, a higher level of altruism in an individual was also substantially associated with higher involvement in anti-sexual assault activism. We discuss how the narcissism-by-gender interaction may be in line with the dark-ego-vehicle principle.
Collapse
|
16
|
Velji J, Kowalski CM, Schermer JA. Are there narcissistic career choices? An investigation of narcissistic traits and vocational interests. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
17
|
Krispenz A, Bertrams A. Understanding left-wing authoritarianism: Relations to the dark personality traits, altruism, and social justice commitment. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn two pre-registered studies, we investigated the relationship of left-wing authoritarianism with the ego-focused trait of narcissism. Based on existing research, we expected individuals with higher levels of left-wing authoritarianism to also report higher levels of narcissism. Further, as individuals with leftist political attitudes can be assumed to be striving for social equality, we expected left-wing authoritarianism to also be positively related to prosocial traits, but narcissism to remain a significant predictor of left-wing authoritarianism above and beyond those prosocial dispositions. We investigated our hypotheses in two studies using cross-sectional correlational designs. Two nearly representative US samples (Study 1: N = 391; Study 2: N = 377) completed online measures of left-wing authoritarianism, the Dark Triad personality traits, and two variables with a prosocial focus (i.e., altruism and social justice commitment). In addition, we assessed relevant covariates (i.e., age, gender, socially desirable responding, and virtue signaling). The results of multiple regression analyses showed that a strong ideological view, according to which a violent revolution against existing societal structures is legitimate (i.e., anti-hierarchical aggression), was associated with antagonistic narcissism (Study 1) and psychopathy (Study 2). However, neither dispositional altruism nor social justice commitment was related to left-wing anti-hierarchical aggression. Considering these results, we assume that some leftist political activists do not actually strive for social justice and equality but rather use political activism to endorse or exercise violence against others to satisfy their own ego-focused needs. We discuss these results in relation to the dark-ego-vehicle principle.
Collapse
|
18
|
Narcissism and the perception of failure - evidence from the error-related negativity and the error positivity. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6:e2. [PMID: 36843659 PMCID: PMC9947629 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature on narcissism suggests two contradictory ways how highly narcissistic individuals deal with their failures: They might avoid consciously recognising their failures to protect their ego or they might vigilantly turn towards their failures to process cues that are important for maintaining their grandiosity. We tried to dissolve these contradictory positions by studying event-related potential components of error processing and their variations with narcissism. With a speeded go/no-go task, we examined how the error-related negativity (Ne; reflecting an early, automatic processing stage) and the error positivity (Pe; associated with conscious error detection) vary with Admiration and Rivalry, two narcissism dimensions, under ego-threatening conditions. Using multilevel models, we showed that participants with high Rivalry displayed higher Ne amplitudes suggesting a heightened trait of defensive reactivity. We did not find variations of either narcissism dimension with the Pe, which would have pointed to weaker error awareness. Thus, our results only supported the second position: a heightened vigilance to errors in narcissism at early, rather automatic processing stages.
Collapse
|
19
|
Giacomin M, Johnston EE, Legge ELG. Exploring narcissism and human- and animal-centered empathy in pet owners. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1087049. [PMID: 37063531 PMCID: PMC10098159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Having empathy for others is typically generalized to having empathy for animals. However, empathy for humans and for animals are only weakly correlated. Thus, some individuals may have low human-centered empathy but have high animal-centered empathy. Here, we explore whether pet owners who are high in narcissism display empathy towards animals despite their low human-centered empathy. We assessed pet owners' (N = 259) three components of trait narcissism (Agentic Extraversion, Antagonism, and Narcissistic Neuroticism), human- and animal-centered empathy, attitudes towards animals, and their pet attachment. We found that Agentic Extraversion was unrelated to both human- and animal-centered empathy. We also found that Antagonism was related to less empathy for both humans and animals, as well as more negative attitudes towards animals. Lastly, we found that Narcissistic Neuroticism was unrelated to human-centered empathy and positively related to animal-centered empathy and attitudes towards animals. This research furthers our understanding of the relation between empathy towards humans and animals and provides insight into whether animal-assisted approaches may be useful for empathy training in those with narcissistic characteristics.
Collapse
|
20
|
Andrews D, Zeigler-Hill V, Mercer S, Besser A. Narcissistic personality features across the life span. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
21
|
Meehan MK, Zeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK. Dark personality traits and anti-natalist beliefs: The mediating roles of primal world beliefs. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2022.2151887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
22
|
Ivanova MY, Achenbach TM, Turner LV. Associations of Parental Depression with Children’s Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: Meta-Analyses of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Effects. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 51:827-849. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2127104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Somma A, Gialdi G, Bersellini G, Morgante E, Piacentini C, Fossati A. Characterizing vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy in community-dwelling adult women: The role of cognitive styles, dispositional aggression and deviance, and personality traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Engyel M, de Ruiter NM, Urbán R. Momentarily narcissistic? Development of a short, state version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory applicable in momentary assessment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992271. [PMID: 36389445 PMCID: PMC9644189 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Narcissism viewed as a personality process rather than a stable trait explains narcissistic functioning as a tool for maintaining a positive self-view. Studying narcissism therefore needs adequate momentary measures for collecting higher frequency longitudinal data in experience sampling method (ESM) studies. In this study, a shorter version of the Pathological Narcisissm Inventory is offered to measure vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic states, applicable in momentary assessment. Methods The measurement tool was tested in three samples. First, we assessed the factor structure and associations with other contemporary measures of narcissism in a cross-sectional design on one English speaking (n = 319) and one Hungarian sample (n = 236). Second, we conducted a five-day long experience sampling method study with a total of 15 measurement points (n = 123). Results Based on structural equation modelling and multilevel analyses, the results suggest that the measure has adequate psychometric properties in both the within and between subject levels as well as acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions The Pathological Narcissism Inventory – State Version (PNI-S) can be a useful tool in momentary data collection enabling the examination of personality processes behind narcissistic functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márton Engyel
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Márton Engyel,
| | | | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schyns B, Lagowska U, Braun S. Me, Me, Me. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study tests the relationships between grandiose narcissism and affective, calculative, social-normative motivation to lead (MTL), avoidance to lead, and between vulnerable narcissism and affective MTL and avoidance to lead. Further, we assess the moderating effect of narcissistic organizational identification (NOI). As expected, grandiose narcissism correlated positively with three dimensions of MTL, though the relationship with social-normative MTL disappeared when controlling for NOI and the interaction. Vulnerable narcissism was positively related to avoidance to lead, but not too affective MTL. Subsequent regression analysis revealed that vulnerable narcissism related negatively to affective MTL for individuals with low or moderate (but not high) NOI. Our study contributes to the integration of narcissism and leadership research by examining a differentiated conceptualization of narcissism, explaining why some individuals may actively approach while others actively avoid leadership, and one of the boundary conditions which may facilitate narcissists’ MTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schyns
- Department People and Management, Area of Excellence Future of Work, Subarea Leadership, Neoma Business School, Campus Reims, France
| | - Urszula Lagowska
- Department People and Management, Area of Excellence Future of Work, Subarea Leadership, Neoma Business School, Campus Reims, France
| | - Susanne Braun
- Department of Management and Marketing, International Centre for Leadership and Followership, Durham University Business School, Durham University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jauk E, Ulbrich L, Jorschick P, Höfler M, Kaufman SB, Kanske P. The nonlinear association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: An individual data meta-analysis. J Pers 2022; 90:703-726. [PMID: 34860434 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Narcissism can manifest in grandiose and vulnerable patterns of experience and behavior. While largely unrelated in the general population, individuals with clinically relevant narcissism are thought to display both. Our previous studies showed that trait measures of grandiosity and vulnerability were unrelated at low-to-moderate levels of grandiose narcissism, but related at high levels. METHOD We replicate and extend these findings in a preregistered individual data meta-analysis ("mega-analysis") using data from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)/Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS; N = 10,519, k = 28) and the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI; N = 7,738, k = 17). RESULTS There was strong evidence for the hypothesis in the FFNI (βGrandiose < 1 SD = .08, βGrandiose > 1 SD = .36, βGrandiose > 2 SD = .53), and weaker evidence in the NPI/HSNS (βGrandiose < 1 SD = .00, βGrandiose > 1 SD = .12, βGrandiose > 2 SD = .32). Nonlinearity increased with age but was invariant across other moderators. Higher vulnerability was predicted by elevated antagonistic and low agentic narcissism at subfactor level. CONCLUSION Narcissistic vulnerability increases at high levels of grandiosity. Interpreted along Whole Trait Theory, the effects are thought to reflect state changes echoing in trait measures and can help to link personality and clinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Jauk
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Ulbrich
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Jorschick
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Höfler
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pavanello Decaro S, Anzani A, Di Sarno M, Di Pierro R, Prunas A. Men’s sexual distress: the role of body image and vulnerable narcissistic traits. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2022.2124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Anzani
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Di Sarno
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Prunas
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Du TV, Thomas KM, Miller JD, Lynam DR. Differentiations in Interpersonal Functioning Across Narcissism Dimensions. J Pers Disord 2022; 36:455-475. [PMID: 35913765 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2022.36.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Narcissism can be conceived hierarchically at three levels: as a global construct (Level 1), as two dimensions (Level 2; grandiosity and vulnerability), and as a trifurcated model with three underlying dimensions: interpersonal antagonism, narcissistic neuroticism, and agentic extraversion (Level 3). The aim of the study was to examine how narcissism dimensions across the three levels differ in their associations with various forms of interpersonal functioning. The authors assessed multiple domains of interpersonal functioning using data collected from 447 MTurk workers, 606 students, and 365 informants. Each narcissism dimension showed unique interpersonal profiles. The profile of interpersonal antagonism largely resembles grandiose and total narcissism in its interpersonal characteristics, narcissistic neuroticism largely resembles vulnerable narcissism, and agentic extraversion does not differ much from the traditional conceptualization of extraversion in its interpersonal qualities (e.g., high communion). Future studies may benefit from studying narcissism and how it relates to other psychological constructs using the trifurcated model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei V Du
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zeigler-Hill V, Vrabel JK. Narcissistic personality features and contingencies of self-worth: What are the foundations of narcissistic self-esteem? SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Antagonism and narcissism as a conditional relationship: The role of social-engagement traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
Which aspects of narcissism are related to Social Networking Sites addiction? The role of self-enhancement and self-protection. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
32
|
Kay CS, Arrow H. Taking an elemental approach to the conceptualization and measurement of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Kay
- Department of Psychology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Holly Arrow
- Department of Psychology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jauk E, Olaru G, Schürch E, Back MD, Morf CC. Validation of the German Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory and Construction of a Brief Form Using Ant Colony Optimization. Assessment 2022; 30:969-997. [PMID: 35176900 PMCID: PMC10149890 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221075761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Narcissism is a multifaceted construct commonly conceptualized as comprising grandiose and vulnerable aspects in a two-factor model. While the manifold correlates of these aspects imposed a challenge for research on the structure of narcissism, recent models converge in a three-factor structure of agentic-extraverted, antagonistic, and neurotic aspects, capturing variance in different conceptualizations and correlates of narcissism. We construct and validate a German adaptation of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI), a measure assessing these aspects based on the Five-Factor Model. In eight samples (N = 2,921), we found the German FFNI to align with both, two- and three-factor models. The factors display good criterion validity with other narcissism measures, (non-)clinical personality dimensions, interpersonal styles, and (mal-)adaptive adjustment. Neurotic and antagonistic narcissism discriminated between individuals with/without mental disorder diagnoses, and displayed a characteristic profile in incarcerated offenders. Since the FFNI is comprehensive but long, we constructed a 30-item brief form (FFNI-BF) optimizing the internal structure and external validity using ant colony optimization. The FFNI-BF displayed good psychometric characteristics and similar, in certain aspects even advantageous criterion validity. We conclude that the German FFNI validly measures key aspects of narcissism, and the FFNI-BF captures these in a concise manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Jauk
- Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kay CS. Animal House: The Dark Tetrad traits and membership in sororities and fraternities. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 222:103473. [PMID: 34915340 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the relationship between antagonistic personality traits and membership in Greek-letter organizations (GLOs). The present study (N = 2191) examined the association between the Dark Tetrad traits-Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, psychopathy, and everyday sadism-and membership in sororities and fraternities. Participants who were high in grandiose narcissism were more likely to be in sororities and fraternities, whereas participants who were high in Machiavellianism and everyday sadism were less likely to be in these organizations. Psychopathy was not significantly associated with membership in GLOs. Taken together, the present results suggest that members of GLOs are not necessarily more manipulative, cold-hearted, or cruel than their non-GLO counterparts, but they may be more entitled, domineering, and status-seeking.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rogoza R, Cieciuch J, Strus W. Vulnerable Isolation and Enmity Concept: Disentangling the blue and dark face of vulnerable narcissism. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
36
|
Zeigler-Hill V. A Homeostatic Perspective on Narcissistic Personality Dynamics. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2007700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Moral grandstanding, narcissism, and self-reported responses to the COVID-19 crisis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022; 97:104187. [PMID: 35039697 PMCID: PMC8756259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to understand how status-oriented individual differences such as narcissistic antagonism, narcissistic extraversion, and moral grandstanding motivations may have longitudinally predicted both behavioral and social media responses during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Via YouGov, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults was recruited in August of 2019 (N = 2,519; Mage = 47.5, SD = 17.8; 51.4% women) and resampled in May of 2020, (N = 1,533). Results indicated that baseline levels of narcissistic antagonism were associated with lower levels of social distancing and lower compliance with public health recommended behaviors. Similarly, dominance oriented moral grandstanding motivations predicted greater conflict with others over COVID-19, greater engagement in status-oriented social media behaviors about COVID-19, and lower levels of social distancing.
Collapse
|
38
|
Narcissism and personal values: Investigation into agentic, antagonistic, communal and neurotic facets of narcissism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
LIU W, ZHU Y, BAI Y, WANG H, HAN Y. Indulge in self-admiration or offer help to others? The influence of employee narcissism on prosocial behavior. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Koepernik T, Jauk E, Kanske P. Lay theories of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 41:8862-8875. [PMID: 36471815 PMCID: PMC9715512 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In public discourse, narcissism is often portrayed one-sidedly and overly negative, rendering a picture of narcissistic individuals as "toxic people" or "evil characters". Beyond these salient associations, psychological theories point to a more complex phenomenon, and different developmental mechanisms are being discussed in relation to it. We investigated the prevalence of different implicit theories on narcissism including beliefs about its developmental antecedents. We put forward the question whether grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic behaviors are regarded as congruent or incongruent expressions of underlying feelings and motives, that is whether grandiose behavior is attributed to underlying grandiosity or underlying vulnerability, and vice versa. Results of an online survey (N = 177) show higher agreement with congruent rather than incongruent theories (i.e., grandiose narcissism is attributed to feelings of superiority rather than inferiority, vulnerable narcissism is attributed to inferiority rather than superiority). In line with this, participants displayed predominant beliefs in parental overvaluation as a developmental antecedent of grandiose narcissism/parental coldness as an antecedent of vulnerable narcissism. With higher self-reported prior knowledge of narcissism, endorsement of theories assuming incongruencies increased. The likability of narcissism was not associated with endorsement of the different implicit theories, but instead with perceivers' own narcissism levels. Results suggest that laypeople employ an "it is what it seems" - heuristic facing both grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic behaviors and are less likely to attribute grandiose or vulnerable behavior to incongruent motivational states. Findings might help to better understand the public image of narcissism and its social consequences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-020-01296-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Koepernik
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuel Jauk
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Horsten LK, Moshagen M, Zettler I, Hilbig BE. Theoretical and empirical dissociations between the Dark Factor of Personality and low Honesty-Humility. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Fatfouta R, Sawicki A, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M. Are individualistic societies really more narcissistic than collectivistic ones? A five-world region cross-cultural re-examination of narcissism and its facets. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
43
|
Asadi Z, Mazinani Z, Entezami M, Shakiba S. The Realm of Romantic Relational Functioning in Five-Factor Narcissism. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
44
|
Czarna AZ, Zajenkowski M, Maciantowicz O, Szymaniak K. The relationship of narcissism with tendency to react with anger and hostility: The roles of neuroticism and emotion regulation ability. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study examined the relationship of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism with dispositional anger and hostility. We investigated the roles of neuroticism, emotional intelligence, and gender in this relationship, using a sample of 405 participants. The results indicated that vulnerable narcissism was associated with a higher tendency toward anger and hostility, and that neuroticism accounted for a large part of this association. Poor emotion managing, known as strategic emotion regulation ability, also played a role in hostility related to vulnerable narcissism, especially among men. When emotional stability was controlled for, grandiose narcissism showed links to anger and hostility. We concluded that high neuroticism and poor emotion regulation abilities among vulnerable narcissists contribute to increased anger/hostility, whereas emotional stability likely protects grandiose narcissists against these internal aspects of aggression. The significant relationships between both forms of narcissism with aggression, remaining after neuroticism and emotion regulation were accounted for, suggest that there is another underlying source of this link. Finally, we found that controlling for interindividual differences in neuroticism significantly increased the relationship between vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, suggesting the existence of the common core of narcissism.
Collapse
|
45
|
Macenczak L, Campbell S, Henley A. Moderating impact of narcissism on the link between contextual variables and perceptions of fairness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
46
|
Härtel TM, Leckelt M, Grosz MP, Küfner ACP, Geukes K, Back MD. Pathways From Narcissism to Leadership Emergence in Social Groups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211046266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Narcissists successfully emerge as leaders. However, the processes by which this occurs are mostly unknown. Following a dual-pathway approach and differentiating between agentic (narcissistic admiration) and antagonistic (narcissistic rivalry) narcissism, we investigated the behavioral processes underlying narcissists’ leadership emergence in social groups. We applied data from a multimethodological laboratory study ( N = 311) comprising three groups of variables: personality traits, expressed interaction behaviors, and interpersonal perceptions. Prior to the laboratory sessions, participants provided self-reported answers to various narcissism measures. Interpersonal perceptions were obtained from round-robin ratings after participants completed the Lost on the Moon task in small groups. Participants’ behaviors during the group discussion were videotaped and coded by trained raters. Results supported the notion of a pathway from agentic narcissism to leadership (measured as target effects of being seen as a leader) determined by narcissistic admiration, dominant-expressive behavior, and being seen as assertive. To clarify narcissism’s relationship to leadership emergence, the effects were (a) contrasted with narcissism’s effects on popularity and (b) set in relation to process pathways leading from intelligence and physical attractiveness to leadership. The findings underscore the benefits of a behavioral pathway approach for unravelling the impact of narcissism on leadership emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Härtel
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- School of Business Administration and Economics, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marius Leckelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael P. Grosz
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht C. P. Küfner
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Geukes
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mitja D. Back
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pavanello Decaro S, Di Sarno M, Anzani A, Di Pierro R, Prunas A. Narcissistic Personality Traits and Sexual Dysfunction in Women: The Role of Body Image Self-Consciousness. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1891-1898. [PMID: 37057480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with narcissistic traits, specifically vulnerable ones, are more prone to experiencing concerns related to self-worth and physical appearance and to showing heightened sensitivity to appearance evaluation. Negative body image and body image self-consciousness may, in turn, undermine sexual functioning, especially when apprehension is related to body appearance in sexual contexts. METHODS We aimed to evaluate the associations between self-reported pathological narcissistic traits, both grandiose and vulnerable, and sexual functioning in a large sample of nonclinical women (N = 656). Furthermore, we tested the mediating role of body image self-consciousness in these associations. OUTCOMES Sexual functioning was measured through the Female Sexual Function Index. RESULTS The results highlight that vulnerable narcissistic traits are associated with lower sexual functioning, this association being mediated by higher levels of body image self-consciousness. Conversely, grandiose narcissistic traits are linked to lower body image self-consciousness and, consequently, higher levels of sexual functioning. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Considering the link between body image self-consciousness and sexuality is of utmost importance in clinical practice with women, as well as in promoting positive body appreciation. Clinicians working with individuals presenting with pathological personality traits should consider including an assessment of their sexual functioning. S Pavanello Decaro, M Di Sarno, A Anzani, et al. Narcissistic Personality Traits and Sexual Dysfunction in Women: The Role of Body Image Self-Consciousness. J Sex Med 2021;18:1891-1898.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello Decaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano - Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Di Sarno
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano - Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Anzani
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano - Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Pierro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano - Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Prunas
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano - Bicocca, Edificio U6, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rogoza R, Danieluk B. Linking adolescent and adult narcissism research: A contribution by the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
49
|
The targets of all treachery: Delusional ideation, paranoia, and the need for uniqueness as mediators between two forms of narcissism and conspiracy beliefs. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
50
|
Zajenkowski M, Rogoza R, Maciantowicz O, Witowska J, Jonason PK. Narcissus locked in the past: Vulnerable narcissism and the negative views of the past. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|