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Tóth B, Velősy PK, Kovács P, Háden GP, Polver S, Sziller I, Winkler I. Auditory learning of recurrent tone sequences is present in the newborn's brain. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120384. [PMID: 37739198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The seemingly effortless ability of our auditory system to rapidly detect new events in a dynamic environment is crucial for survival. Whether the underlying brain processes are innate is unknown. To answer this question, electroencephalography was recorded while regularly patterned (REG) versus random (RAND) tone sequences were presented to sleeping neonates. Regular relative to random sequences elicited differential neural responses after only a single repetition of the pattern indicating the existence of an innate capacity of the auditory system to detect auditory sequential regularities. We show that the newborn auditory system accumulates evidence only somewhat longer than the minimum amount determined by the ideal Bayesian observer model (the prediction from a variable-order Markov chain model) before detecting a repeating pattern. Thus, newborns can quickly form representations for regular features of the sound input, preparing the way for learning the contingencies of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Kristóf Velősy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Kovács
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Peter Háden
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Polver
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Istvan Sziller
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DBC - Szent Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Fields EC. The P300, the LPP, context updating, and memory: What is the functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential? Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:43-52. [PMID: 37586592 PMCID: PMC10838602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The emotion-related late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related potential (ERP) has been the topic of many studies over the previous two decades, but the function of this component (the cognitive process that it reflects) is very much an open question. In this paper, I build on frameworks that suggest a close relationship between the LPP and the P300 component of the ERP to argue that the classic context updating account of the P300 may provide insights into the function of the LPP. I then review broader connections between the LPP and memory, and I connect the LPP to research and theory in the area of emotional memory. I argue that while a relationship between the LPP and attention has been widely noted in the literature, connections to memory have been overlooked and that a memory-related process should be considered as one candidate for the function of the LPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Fields
- Department of Psychology, Westminster College, 319 South Market Street, New Wilmington, PA 16172, United States of America.
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Zhang X, Pan X, Yang X, Yang Y. Conventionality determines the time course of indirect replies comprehension: An ERP study. Brain Lang 2023; 239:105253. [PMID: 37001318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Indirect language comprehension requires decoding both the literal meaning and the intended meaning of an utterance, in which pragmatic inference is involved. This study tests the role of conventionality in the time course of indirect reply processing by comparing conventional and non-conventional indirect replies with direct reply, respectively. We constructed discourses which consist of a context and a dialogue with one question (e.g., May I buy a necklace for you) and one reply (e.g., I really have too many). The reply utterance was segmented into three phrases and presented orderly for EEG recording, e.g., with the subject as the first phrase (e.g., I), the adverbial as the second phrase (e.g., really), and the predicate as the third phrase (e.g., have too many). Our results showed that for conventional indirect replies, the second phrase elicited a larger anterior negativity, and the third phrase elicited a larger anterior N400 compared with those in direct replies. By contrast, for the non-conventional indirect reply, only the third phrase elicited a larger late negativity than the direct replies. These findings suggest that conventionality determines the time course of the pragmatic inferences for the most relevant interpretation during indirect replies comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zhang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxi Pan
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Language Ability, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Yufang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China.
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4
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Mück M, Mattes A, Porth E, Stahl J. Narcissism and the perception of failure - evidence from the error-related negativity and the error positivity. Personal Neurosci 2023; 6:e2. [PMID: 36843659 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2022.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature on narcissism suggests two contradictory ways how highly narcissistic individuals deal with their failures: They might avoid consciously recognising their failures to protect their ego or they might vigilantly turn towards their failures to process cues that are important for maintaining their grandiosity. We tried to dissolve these contradictory positions by studying event-related potential components of error processing and their variations with narcissism. With a speeded go/no-go task, we examined how the error-related negativity (Ne; reflecting an early, automatic processing stage) and the error positivity (Pe; associated with conscious error detection) vary with Admiration and Rivalry, two narcissism dimensions, under ego-threatening conditions. Using multilevel models, we showed that participants with high Rivalry displayed higher Ne amplitudes suggesting a heightened trait of defensive reactivity. We did not find variations of either narcissism dimension with the Pe, which would have pointed to weaker error awareness. Thus, our results only supported the second position: a heightened vigilance to errors in narcissism at early, rather automatic processing stages.
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Vilà-Balló A, De la Cruz-Puebla M, López-Barroso D, Miró J, Sala-Padró J, Cucurell D, Falip M, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Reward-based decision-making in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis pre- and post-surgery. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103251. [PMID: 36510413 PMCID: PMC9668642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct functioning of the reward processing system is critical for optimizing decision-making as well as preventing the development of addictions and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, and anhedonia. Consequently, patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-UHS) represent an excellent opportunity to study the brain networks involved in this system. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate decision-making and the electrophysiological correlates of feedback processing in a sample of mTLE-UHS patients, compared to healthy controls. In addition, we assessed the impact of mesial temporal lobe surgical resection on these processes, as well as general, neuropsychological functioning. METHOD 17 mTLE-UHS patients and 17 matched healthy controls completed: [1] a computerized version of the Game of Dice Task, [2] a Standard Iowa Gambling Task, and [3] a modified ERP version of a probabilistic gambling task coupled with multichannel electroencephalography. Neuropsychological scores were also obtained both pre- and post-surgery. RESULTS Behavioral analyses showed a pattern of increased risk for the mTLE-UHS group in decision-making under ambiguity compared to the control group. A decrease in the amplitude of the Feedback Related Negativity (FRN), a weaker effect of valence on delta power, and a general reduction of delta and theta power in the mTLE-UHS group, as compared to the control group, were also found. The beta-gamma activity associated with the delivery of positive reward was similar in both groups. Behavioral performance and electrophysiological measures did not worsen post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Patients with mTLE-UHS showed impairments in decision-making under ambiguity, particularly when they had to make decisions based on the outcomes of their choices, but not in decision-making under risk. No group differences were observed in decision-making when feedbacks were random. These results might be explained by the abnormal feedback processing seen in the EEG activity of patients with mTLE-UHS, and by concomitant impairments in working memory, and memory. These impairments may be linked to the disruption of mesial temporal lobe networks. Finally, feedback processing and decision-making under ambiguity were already affected in mTLE-UHS patients pre-surgery and did not show evidence of clear worsening post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Vilà-Balló
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain,Corresponding authors.
| | - Myriam De la Cruz-Puebla
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Neurosciences Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Equity in Brain Health, Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Technical University of Ambato, Tungurahua, Ecuador,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Júlia Miró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Sala-Padró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Cucurell
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Falip
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Du YC, Li YZ, Qin L, Bi HY. The influence of temporal asynchrony on character-speech integration in Chinese children with and without dyslexia: An ERP study. Brain Lang 2022; 233:105175. [PMID: 36029751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexic readers have been reported to show abnormal temporal acuity and multisensory integration deficiency. Here, we investigated the influence of temporal intervals on Chinese character-speech integration in children with and without dyslexia. Visual characters were presented synchronously to the onset of speech sounds (AV0) or before speech sound by 300 ms (AV300). Event-related potentials (ERP) evoked by congruent condition (speech sounds presented with congruent Chinese characters) and by baseline condition (speech sounds presented with Korean characters) were compared. Typically developing (TD) children exhibited congruency effect in AV0 condition, whereas dyslexic children exhibited congruency effect in AV300 condition. Moreover, congruency effect in TD children was due to enhanced neural activation to congruent trials, congruency effect in dyslexic children was contributed by neural suppression for baseline trials. These results suggested that different underlying mechanisms were involved in character-speech integration for typical and dyslexic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Zhang Q, Luo C, Ngetich R, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. Visual Selective Attention P300 Source in Frontal-Parietal Lobe: ERP and fMRI Study. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:636-650. [PMID: 36178537 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual selective attention can be achieved into bottom-up and top-down attention. Different selective attention tasks involve different attention control ways. The pop-out task requires more bottom-up attention, whereas the search task involves more top-down attention. P300, which is the positive potential generated by the brain in the latency of 300 ~ 600 ms after stimulus, reflects the processing of attention. There is no consensus on the P300 source. The aim of present study is to study the source of P300 elicited by different visual selective attention. We collected thirteen participants' P300 elicited by pop-out and search tasks with event-related potentials (ERP). We collected twenty-six participants' activation brain regions in pop-out and search tasks with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). And we analyzed the sources of P300 using the ERP and fMRI integration with high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution. ERP results indicated that the pop-out task induced larger P300 than the search task. P300 induced by the two tasks distributed at frontal and parietal lobes, with P300 induced by the pop-out task mainly at the parietal lobe and that induced by the search task mainly at the frontal lobe. Further ERP and fMRI integration analysis showed that neural difference sources of P300 were the right precentral gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus (medial orbital), left middle temporal gyrus, left rolandic operculum, right postcentral gyrus, and left angular gyrus. Our study suggests that the frontal and parietal lobes contribute to the P300 component of visual selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhu Zhang
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Cimei Luo
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ronald Ngetich
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ling Li
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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8
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Fan M, Yu G, Zhang D, Sun N, Zheng X. The influence of social pain experience on empathic neural responses: the moderating role of gender. Exp Brain Res 2021. [PMID: 34854933 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Empathy for pain, the ability to share and understand the pain of others, plays an important role in the survival and development of individuals. Previous studies have found that social pain experience affects empathy for pain, but potential gender differences have not been considered. The stage of information processing during which gender is most likely to play a moderating role has yet to be clarified. In the current study, we set up two groups (social pain experience priming: social exclusion group; positive social interaction experience priming: social inclusion group) with a Cyberball game paradigm. We recorded the electrophysiological responses when participants were completing an empathy task. An early frontal P2 and N2 differentiation between painful stimuli and neutral stimuli was observed and females showed larger P2 amplitudes than males. At the P3 stage, in the social exclusion group, males showed similar parietal P3 amplitudes for painful and neutral stimuli, while females showed smaller P3 amplitudes for painful stimuli. At the central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) stage, females in the social inclusion group showed larger LPP amplitudes for painful stimuli than males. Our results suggest that gender plays a significant moderating role in how social pain experience affects empathy for pain during the late cognitive processing stage. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the cognitive mechanism behind the results for the P3 component in females and the results partially confirmed our speculation. This study provides a neurophysiological basis for the dynamic gender differences in the effects of social pain experience on empathy for pain.
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9
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Marriott Haresign I, Phillips E, Whitehorn M, Noreika V, Jones EJH, Leong V, Wass SV. Automatic classification of ICA components from infant EEG using MARA. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101024. [PMID: 34715619 PMCID: PMC8556604 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated systems for identifying and removing non-neural ICA components are growing in popularity among EEG researchers of adult populations. Infant EEG data differs in many ways from adult EEG data, but there exists almost no specific system for automated classification of source components from paediatric populations. Here, we adapt one of the most popular systems for adult ICA component classification for use with infant EEG data. Our adapted classifier significantly outperformed the original adult classifier on samples of naturalistic free play EEG data recorded from 10 to 12-month-old infants, achieving agreement rates with the manual classification of over 75% across two validation studies (n = 44, n = 25). Additionally, we examined both classifiers’ ability to remove stereotyped ocular artifact from a basic visual processing ERP dataset compared to manual ICA data cleaning. Here, the new classifier performed on level with expert manual cleaning and was again significantly better than the adult classifier at removing artifact whilst retaining a greater amount of genuine neural signal operationalised through comparing ERP activations in time and space. Our new system (iMARA) offers developmental EEG researchers a flexible tool for automatic identification and removal of artifactual ICA components. Currently, few tools are available for ICA based data correction that are designed around infant EEG. ICA correction is necessary for naturalistic paradigms when movement artifacts covary with cognitive processes. We present a system for automated ICA classification designed around infant EEG data. This system offers increased performance compared to systems of automatic ICA classification designed around adult EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Phillips
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - M Whitehorn
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - V Noreika
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - E J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - V Leong
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S V Wass
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
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10
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Beck AK, Berti S, Czernochowski D, Lachmann T. Do categorical representations modulate early automatic visual processing? A visual mismatch-negativity study. Biol Psychol 2021; 163:108139. [PMID: 34147566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual categorization is an important cognitive function. In the auditory domain, categorization already occurs within the first 200 ms of information processing, as indexed by the mismatch negativity. Here, we assessed the characteristics of the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) elicited during the categorization of previously unknown visual stimuli. To examine this, we used five-dot patterns with characteristics that allow for the formation of categories through rotation and reflection but not through other physical properties. To assess whether or not between-category and within-category vMMN differ in amplitude, the data was analyzed with the Bayesian approach. We observed that both between-category and within-category deviants elicited a vMMN, but that both vMMNs were comparable in magnitude. This finding suggests that abstract categorical representations are not always automatically processed at early visual stages and demonstrates limitations of generalization from the auditory domain to visual domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Beck
- Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Cognitive Science Unit, Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Stefan Berti
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Czernochowski
- Cognitive Science Unit, Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Lachmann
- Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain; University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Han N, Jack BN, Hughes G, Elijah RB, Whitford TJ. Sensory attenuation in the absence of movement: Differentiating motor action from sense of agency. Cortex 2021; 141:436-448. [PMID: 34146742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensory attenuation is the phenomenon that stimuli generated by willed motor actions elicit a smaller neurophysiological response than those generated by external sources. It has mostly been investigated in the auditory domain, by comparing ERPs evoked by self-initiated (active condition) and externally-generated (passive condition) sounds. The mechanistic basis of sensory attenuation has been argued to involve a duplicate of the motor command being used to predict sensory consequences of self-generated movements. An alternative possibility is that the effect is driven by between-condition differences in participants' sense of agency over the sound. In this paper, we disambiguated the effects of motor-action and sense of agency on sensory attenuation with a novel experimental paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants watched a moving, marked tickertape while EEG was recorded. In the active condition, participants chose whether to press a button by a certain mark on the tickertape. If a button-press had not occurred by the mark, then a tone would be played 1 s later. If the button was pressed prior to the mark, the tone was not played. In the passive condition, participants passively watched the animation, and were informed about whether a tone would be played on each trial. The design for Experiment 2 was identical, except that the contingencies were reversed (i.e., a button-press by the mark led to a tone). The results were consistent across the two experiments: while there were no differences in N1 amplitude between the active and passive conditions, the amplitude of the Tb component was suppressed in the active condition. The amplitude of the P2 component was enhanced in the active condition in both Experiments 1 and 2. These results suggest that motor-actions and sense of agency have differential effects on sensory attenuation to sounds and are indexed with different ERP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Han
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Bradley N Jack
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gethin Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Ruth B Elijah
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, Australia
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12
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Beck AK, Czernochowski D, Lachmann T, Berti S. Do categorical representations modulate early perceptual or later cognitive visual processing? An ERP study. Brain Cogn 2021; 150:105724. [PMID: 33819771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Encoding of perceptual categorical information has been observed in later cognitive processing like memory encoding and maintenance, starting around 300 ms after stimulus onset (P300). However, it remains open whether categorical information is also encoded in early perceptual processing steps (reflected in the mismatch negativity component; vMMN). The main goal of this study was to assess the influence of categorical information on both early perceptual (i.e., vMMN component) and later cognitive (i.e., P300 component) processing within one paradigm. Hence, we combined an oddball paradigm with a delayed memory task. We used five-dot patterns belonging to different categories even though categorical information is not mirrored in their physical characteristics. Distinct vMMNs were observed for patterns belonging to the same as compared to different categories, suggesting that abstract categorical information was encoded during early perceptual processing. However, inconsistent with prior studies, we observed no effect of categories on the P300, indicating no additional encoding of categorical information in later cognitive stages of processing. Our findings emphasize that the encoding of categorical information depends on specific task demands and hence is more flexible and dynamic than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Beck
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Lachmann
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva, Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain; University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Berti
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Sommer VR, Mount L, Weigelt S, Werkle-Bergner M, Sander MC. Memory specificity is linked to repetition effects in event-related potentials across the lifespan. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100926. [PMID: 33556880 PMCID: PMC7868631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity with which past experiences can be remembered varies across the lifespan, possibly due to differences in how precisely information is encoded. Memory formation can be investigated through repetition effects, the common finding that neural activity is altered when stimuli are repeated. However, whether differences in this indirect measure of memory formation relate to lifespan differences in memory specificity has not yet been established. In the present study, we examined repetition effects in event-related potentials and their relation to recognition. During incidental encoding, children (aged 7-9 years), young adults (18-30 years), and older adults (65-76 years) viewed repeated object images from different categories. During subsequent recognition, we distinguished memory for the specific items versus the general categories. We identified repetition suppression in all age groups, and repetition enhancement for adults. Furthermore, individual item recognition performance comprising lure discrimination was positively associated with the magnitude of the neural repetition effects, which did not differ between groups, indicating common neural mechanisms of memory formation. Our findings demonstrate that neural repetition effects reflect the formation of highly specific memory representations and highlight their significance as a neural indicator of individual differences in episodic memory encoding across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena R Sommer
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luzie Mount
- Department for Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Sarah Weigelt
- Department for Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam C Sander
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Zisk AH, Borgheai SB, McLinden J, Hosni SM, Deligani RJ, Shahriari Y. P300 latency jitter and its correlates in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:632-642. [PMID: 33279436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can benefit from brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, users with ALS may experience significant variations in BCI performance and event-related potential (ERP) characteristics. This study investigated latency jitter and its correlates in ALS. METHODS Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses were recorded from six people with ALS and nine neurotypical controls. ERP amplitudes and latencies were extracted. Classifier-based latency estimation was used to calculate latency jitter. ERP components and latency jitter were compared between groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Correlations between latency jitter and each of the clinical measures, ERP features, and performance measures were investigated using Spearman and repeated measures correlations. RESULTS Latency jitter was significantly increased in participants with ALS and significantly negatively correlated with BCI performance in both ALS and control participants. ERP amplitudes were significantly attenuated in ALS, and significant correlations between ERP features and latency jitter were observed. There was no significant correlation between latency jitter and clinical measures. CONCLUSIONS Latency jitter is increased in ALS and correlates with both BCI performance and ERP features. SIGNIFICANCE These results highlight the associations of latency jitter with BCI performance and ERP characteristics and could inform future BCI designs for people with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Hillary Zisk
- University of Rhode Island, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Kingston, RI, USA.
| | - Seyyed Bahram Borgheai
- University of Rhode Island, Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - John McLinden
- University of Rhode Island, Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sarah M Hosni
- University of Rhode Island, Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Roohollah Jafari Deligani
- University of Rhode Island, Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Yalda Shahriari
- University of Rhode Island, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Kingston, RI, USA; University of Rhode Island, Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Kingston, RI, USA.
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Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by tics, but most patients also experience bothersome sensory phenomena, in the form of premonitory urges and/or sensory hypersensitivity. Whereas premonitory urges are temporally paired with tics, sensory hypersensitivity is a constant, heightened awareness of external and/or internal stimuli. The intensity of sensory hypersensitivity does not strongly correlate with the severity of tics or premonitory urges, suggesting it is a dissociable clinical phenomenon. At least 80% of TS patients report subjectively enhanced perception of various sensory stimuli. These same patients demonstrate normal static detection thresholds. However, individuals with TS habituate abnormally to repetitive stimuli, indicating incapacity to appropriately filter redundant sensory input, i.e. impaired sensory gating. Physiologic support for this hypothesis is provided by abnormal pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and event-related potential (ERP) investigations. Preclinical data implicates parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneuron dysfunction in altered sensory gating in TS and other neurodevelopment disorders. Studies probing TS sensory hypersensitivity must methodically account for comorbid psychiatric conditions, namely obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as these entities appear to involve pathophysiologic processes shared with TS. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities in TS is associated with even more profound sensory processing dysfunction. A deepened understanding of TS sensory hypersensitivity will afford novel insights into disease mechanisms, clinical phenotype, and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Isaacs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-0118 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Heather Riordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, United States
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16
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Zahedi A, Stürmer B, Sommer W. Can posthypnotic suggestions boost updating in working memory? Behavioral and ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107632. [PMID: 32976853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Updating is an essential executive function (EF), responsible for storing, retrieving, and substituting information in working memory (WM). Here we investigated whether posthypnotic suggestions (PHS) given to high-hypnotizable participants can enhance updating in WM and measured neural correlates of the observed effects by recording event-related brain potentials (ERP). In a tone-monitoring task different syllables were presented in random order, requiring a response to every fourth presentation of a given syllable. Experiment 1 (n = 19) established the relationship between performance and several ERP components across updating load (different numbers of syllables). In Experiment 2 (n = 18), a no-hypnosis (NH) and a hypnosis-plus-PHS session were administrated in counterbalanced order. Task instructions, presented at the beginning of the sessions, emphasized a cognitive strategy, demanding imagination of visual counters, a strategy that was also emphasized during PHS. PHS additionally contained suggestions stimulating cognitive simulation of the task, where participants were advised to apply the suggested strategy. Relative to the NH session, PHS enhanced WM performance with medium to large effect sizes. In ERPs, PHS increased the P2 and P3 components, indicating the proactive recruitment of control-related attention and updating-related cognitive control processes, respectively. PHS also reduced updating load effects in the posterior recognition component, suggesting diminished demands on WM buffers. These ERP findings suggest that PHS enhanced updating in WM by strengthening proactive control, which may have diminished the necessity for reactive control. Hence, the present results suggest that our PHS had worked like mental practice helping participants to develop an efficient and context-dependent trigger-action contingency. Consequentially, the present study provides a new framework for employing PHSs, which may be used as a basis for developing new training regimes for modifying WM or other EFs.
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17
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Clark GM, McNeel C, Bigelow FJ, Enticott PG. The effect of empathy and context on face-processing ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107612. [PMID: 32882241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of emotional face processing has largely used faces devoid of context, and does not account for within-perceiver differences in empathy. The importance of context in face perception has become apparent in recent years. This study examined the interaction of the contextual factors of facial expression, knowledge of a person's character, and within-perceiver empathy levels on face processing event-related potentials (ERPs). Forty-two adult participants learned background information about six individuals' character. Three types of character were described, in which the character was depicted as deliberately causing harm to others, accidently causing harm to others, or undertaking neutral actions. Subsequently, EEG was recorded while participants viewed the characters' faces displaying neutral or emotional expressions. Participants' empathy was assessed using the Empathy Quotient survey. Results showed a significant interaction of character type and empathy on the early posterior negativity (EPN) ERP component. These results suggested that for those with either low or high empathy, more attention was paid to the face stimuli, with more distinction between the different characters. In contrast, those in the middle range of empathy tended to produce smaller EPN with less distinction between character types. Findings highlight the importance of trait empathy in accounting for how faces in context are perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Claire McNeel
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felicity J Bigelow
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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18
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Shen D, Fang K, Fan Y, Shen J, Yang J, Cui J, Tang Y, Fang G. Sex differences in vocalization are reflected by event-related potential components in the music frog. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:477-490. [PMID: 32016618 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in vocalization have been commonly found in vocal animals. It remains unclear, however, how animals perceive and discriminate these differences. The amplitudes and latencies of event-related potentials (ERP) components can reflect the auditory processing efficiency and time course. We investigated the neural mechanisms of auditory processing in the Emei music frog (Nidirana daunchina) using an Oddball paradigm with ERP. We recorded and analyzed eletroencephalogram (EEG) signals from the forebrain and midbrain when the subjects listened to white noise (WN) and conspecific sex-specific vocalizations. We found that (1) both amplitudes and latencies of some ERP components evoked by conspecific calls were significantly higher than those by WN, suggesting the music frogs can discriminate conspecific vocalizations from background noise; (2) both amplitudes and latencies of most ERP components evoked by female calls were significantly higher or longer than those by male calls, implying that the ERP components can reflect sex differences in vocalization; and (3) there were significant differences in ERP amplitudes between male and female subjects, suggesting a sexual dimorphism in auditory perception. Together, the present results indicate that the music frog could discriminate conspecific calls from noise, male's calls from female's ones, and sexual dimorphism of auditory perception existed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhu Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangyan Shen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhan Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Yong MH, Lim XL, Schaefer A. How do Asians perceive Caucasian eyes? Electrophysiological correlates of perceiving racial differences from the eyes region of the face. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134759. [PMID: 31952988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Past research has found that several brain event-related potentials (ERPs) were sensitive to the perception of ethnic differences displayed on human faces. This body of research suggests that the phenomenon of "race perception" involves a cascade of cognitive processes that includes both automatic and overt attentional mechanisms. However, most of these studies used stimuli depicting whole faces rather than stimuli depicting separate facial features. Therefore, it is still largely unknown if ERP responses to racial differences are the result of a holistic processing of the whole face, or whether they can be accounted for by the perception of single facial features. To address this issue, we examined whether a single facial feature, the eyes region, can provide sufficient information to trigger known ERP correlates of race perception such as the P2, the N400 and the Late Positive Complex (LPC). Specifically, we showed pictures depicting only the eyes region of Caucasian and Asian faces to a sample of Asian participants. We found that the P2 was larger for other-race (OR) compared to same-race (SR) eyes, and that the N400 was larger for SR compared to OR eyes. The effects on the P2 may suggest an enhanced vigilance response to OR eyes whereas the N400 effect could reflect a signal of familiarity triggered by SR eyes. These results indicate that a specific facial feature, the eyes region, can account for known effects of race perception on early brain potentials. Our findings also indicate that well-known early neural correlates of race perception can be triggered in the absence of a holistic processing of the whole face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hooi Yong
- Sunway University, Department of Psychology, 5 Jalan Universiti, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Xue Li Lim
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandre Schaefer
- Monash University, Malaysia Campus, Department of Psychology, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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20
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Nayak S, Salem HZ, Tarullo AR. Neural mechanisms of response-preparation and inhibition in bilingual and monolingual children: Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) during a nonverbal Stroop task. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 41:100740. [PMID: 31999562 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a core executive function (EF) skill, thought to involve cognitive ‘interference suppression’ and motor ‘response inhibition’ sub-processes. A few studies have shown that early bilingualism shapes interference suppression but not response inhibition skills, however current behavioral measures do not fully allow us to disentangle these subcomponents. Lateralized Readiness Potentials (LRPs) are centroparietal event-related potentials (ERPs) that track motor response-preparations between stimulus-presentation and behavioral responses. We examine LRPs elicited during successful inhibitory control on a nonverbal Stroop task, in 6–8 year-old bilingual (n = 44) and monolingual (n = 48) children from comparable socio-economic backgrounds. Relative to monolinguals, bilinguals showed longer and stronger incorrect-response preparations, and a more mature pattern of correct-response preparation (shorter peak-latencies), underlying correct responses on Stroop-interference trials. Neural markers of response-inhibition were comparable between groups and no behavioral differences were found between-groups on the Stroop task. Results suggest group differences in underlying mechanisms of centroparietal motor-response preparation mechanisms in this age group, contrary to what has been shown using behavioral tasks previously. We discuss neural results in the context of speed-accuracy trade-offs. This is the first study to examine neural markers of motor-responses in bilingual children.
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21
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Feng YC, Krahé C, Meeten F, Sumich A, Mok CLM, Hirsch CR. Impact of imagery-enhanced interpretation training on offline and online interpretations in worry. Behav Res Ther 2019; 124:103497. [PMID: 31759228 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Worry and rumination are forms of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) that are maintained by negative interpretations and a predominance of abstract, verbal thinking. Hence, facilitating more positive interpretations and imagery-based thinking in combination may reduce RNT. Study 1 administered interpretation training with and without enhanced imagery, and an active control condition (designed not to change interpretations), in individuals with high levels of RNT (worry and/or rumination). Combining interpretation training with sustained imagery resulted in the highest levels of positive interpretation bias using an offline test of interpretation bias (when individuals have time to reflect). Study 2 investigated whether imagery-enhanced interpretation training influences online interpretations when ambiguous information is first encountered, indexed by reaction times and amplitude of the N400 event-related potential, as well as enhances offline positive interpretations in high worriers. It also examined whether imagery-enhanced interpretation training reduces negative thought intrusions associated with worry. Both online (reaction time) and offline interpretations were more positive following imagery-enhanced interpretation training, and negative thoughts were reduced, compared to the active control. However, no differences emerged on neurophysiological markers during the online task. Hence, brief interpretation training encompassing sustained imagery modifies online and offline interpretations, but further training may be required to impact upon neurophysiological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Feng
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - Charlotte Krahé
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - Frances Meeten
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - Alexander Sumich
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK; Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C L Michelle Mok
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - Colette R Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK; Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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22
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Chronaki G, Benikos N, Soltesz F, Sonuga-Barke EJS. The reinforcing value of delay escape in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An electrophysiological study. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 23:101917. [PMID: 31491823 PMCID: PMC6614592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The delay aversion hypothesis argues that the tendency for impulsive choice (preference for smaller sooner over larger later rewards) is motivated by the escape of negative affective states associated with delay. This model predicts that individuals with ADHD find the imposition of delay before an outcome or event especially aversive and its escape reinforcing. Consistent with this, fMRI studies show that ADHD is associated with amygdala hyper-sensitivity to cues of delay. However, evidence that delay escape is reinforcing is lacking. Here we extend fMRI research by using electrophysiological methods to study the reinforcing properties of delay-escape in ADHD. Thirty controls and 25 adolescents with ADHD aged 10–15 years performed the Escape Delay Incentive (EDI) task- in which pre-target cues indicated three conditions: i) CERTAIN DELAY: delay would follow a response irrespective of response speed ii) CONDITIONAL DELAY: delay would only follow if the response was too slow and iii) NO DELAY: delay would follow the response whatever the speed. We focused on the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), a cue-evoked marker of motivated response preparation, across two time windows (CNV1 and CNV2). We took measures of parent, teacher and self-rated ADHD symptoms, task performance (RT) and self-rated delay aversion. We isolated CNV components and compared these between ADHD and controls. Adolescents with ADHD displayed a larger CNV2 to the CONDITIONAL DELAY than the CERTAIN DELAY cues compared to controls. However, this effect was not mirrored at the performance level and was unrelated to self-reported delay aversion. Our study provides the first ERP evidence that delay escape differentially reinforcers neural activation of attention preparation in ADHD cases. Future studies should examine the impact of varying cognitive load on task EDI performance. Individuals with ADHD find cues predicting the imposition of delay aversive but evidence that delay escape is reinforcing is lacking We used the Escape-Delay Incentive Task to isolate the CNV, reflecting motivated attention preparation to escape delay cues Adolescents with ADHD displayed larger CNV2 to cues signalling the possibility to escape delay Results provide the first ERP evidence of the reinforcing value of delay escape in ADHD
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Chronaki
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (DCN) Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK; Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, UK; Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Nicholas Benikos
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Fruzsina Soltesz
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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23
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Yuan J, Long Q, Li X, Deng Z, Ma B, Chen S, Yang J. Regulatory effect of implicit acceptance during outcome evaluation: The temporal dynamics in an event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 141:37-44. [PMID: 31071358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The acceptance of emotion is important for humans' wellbeing and social functioning. Despite its regulatory advantages, the temporal dynamics of acceptance for regulating decision-related emotion remains unclear. For this purpose, Event-related potentials were recorded for outcome presentation, when participants either in explicit or implicit acceptance condition performed a Gambling Task. Results showed that acceptance effectively regulated emotional experiences, irrespective of how it was realized (explicit/implicit). Compared to viewing condition, explicit acceptance increased overall amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN,180-240 ms) at the early stage and reduced P3 amplitude (240-440 ms) in general at the late stage, regardless of feedback valence or magnitude. By contrast, implicit acceptance did not influence the FRN amplitudes but increased the P3 amplitudes globally, an effect unaffected by feedback valence and magnitude. In addition, the P3 amplitude for explicit acceptance was negatively correlated with the ratio of risky choices, regardless of outcome valence. These results suggest that explicit acceptance is associated with cognitive conflict and resource depletion, while these adverse effects are not engendered during implicit acceptance. These regulatory effects are independent of specific feedback valence and magnitude. These findings highlight the role of implicit acceptance in cognitive demanding context, such as decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Yuan
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Quanshan Long
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhongyan Deng
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bin Ma
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shengdong Chen
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Wahl S, Marinović V, Träuble B. Gaze cues of isolated eyes facilitate the encoding and further processing of objects in 4-month-old infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100621. [PMID: 30716584 PMCID: PMC6969213 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated young infants' object encoding and processing in response to isolated eye gaze cues on the neural and behavioral level. In two experiments, 4-month-old infants watched a pair of isolated eyes gazing towards or away from novel objects. Subsequently, the same objects were presented alone (i.e., without eyes). We measured event-related potentials (ERP) in response to object-directed and object-averted eye gaze as well as to the subsequently presented isolated objects. Using eye-tracking methods, we additionally measured infants' looking behavior in reaction to the subsequently presented isolated objects. The ERP data revealed an enhanced slow wave positivity for object-directed eye gaze, indicating increased encoding of observed gaze cues. Regarding the objects, we found an enhanced Nc amplitude and increased looking times in response to previously uncued objects, indicating a novelty response on the neural and behavioral level. The results suggest that isolated eye gaze stimuli are sufficient to trigger object encoding and facilitate further object processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wahl
- University of Wuppertal, School of Education, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Vesna Marinović
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Träuble
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Cologne, Germany
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Zhou S, Xiong S, Cheng W, Wang Y. Flanker paradigm contains conflict and distraction factors with distinct neural mechanisms: an ERP analysis in a 2-1 mapping task. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:341-56. [PMID: 31354880 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies using the flanker 2-1 mapping task suggest that both stimulus and response conflicts contribute to flanker conflict effect. However, both are intertwined with distraction effect. Their underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We applied a perceptual flanker 2-1 mapping task to 24 healthy young adults, while the event-related potentials were recorded. The task included stimulus-incongruent (SI), response-incongruent (RI), congruent (CO) and neutral (NE) stimuli. Our reaction time data demonstrated conflict effect, distraction effect and their interaction. Furthermore, the conflict factor successively enhanced the frontal P2 (160-240 ms), the posterior N2pc (200-240 ms), the fronto-central and the right frontal N2b (240-420 ms), and the posterior N2c (320-420 ms). Only the frontal P2 was larger for RI than SI. The distraction factor increased the right N2pc and reduced the left parietal P3b (460-480 ms). Overall, our findings suggested that the flanker conflict involved an early attentional processing of task-relevant and distractive information, and a later processing of conflict evaluation and response inhibition.
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Shore DM, Ng R, Bellugi U, Mills DL. Abnormalities in early visual processes are linked to hypersociability and atypical evaluation of facial trustworthiness: An ERP study with Williams syndrome. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2017; 17:1002-17. [PMID: 28685402 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of trustworthiness is fundamental to successful and adaptive social behavior. Initially, people assess trustworthiness from facial appearance alone. These assessments then inform critical approach or avoid decisions. Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit a heightened social drive, especially toward strangers. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of facial trustworthiness evaluation in neurotypic adults (TD) and individuals with WS. We examined whether differences in neural activity during trustworthiness evaluation may explain increased approach motivation in WS compared to TD individuals. Event-related potentials were recorded while participants appraised faces previously rated as trustworthy or untrustworthy. TD participants showed increased sensitivity to untrustworthy faces within the first 65-90 ms, indexed by the negative-going rise of the P1 onset (oP1). The amplitude of the oP1 difference to untrustworthy minus trustworthy faces was correlated with lower approachability scores. In contrast, participants with WS showed increased N170 amplitudes to trustworthy faces. The N170 difference to low-high-trust faces was correlated with low approachability in TD and high approachability in WS. The findings suggest that hypersociability associated with WS may arise from abnormalities in the timing and organization of early visual brain activity during trustworthiness evaluation. More generally, the study provides support for the hypothesis that impairments in low-level perceptual processes can have a cascading effect on social cognition.
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Carrito ML, Bem-Haja P, Silva CF, Perrett DI, Santos IM. Event-related potentials modulated by the perception of sexual dimorphism: The influence of attractiveness and sex of faces. Biol Psychol 2018; 137:1-11. [PMID: 29913202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has been proposed as one of the facial traits to have evolved through sexual selection and to affect attractiveness perception. Even with numerous studies documenting its effect on attractiveness and mate choice, the neurophysiological correlates of the perception of sexual dimorphism are not yet fully understood. In the present study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during visualisation of faces that had been previously transformed in shape to appear more masculine or more feminine. The participants' task consisted of judging the attractiveness of half of the total number of faces, and performing a sex discrimination task on the other half. Both early and late potentials were modulated by the sex of faces, whereas the effect of the sexually dimorphic transform was mainly visible in the P2 (positive deflection around 200 ms after stimulus onset), EPN (early posterior negativity) and LPP (late positive potential) components. There was an effect of sexual dimorphism on P2 and EPN amplitudes when female participants visualised male faces, which may indicate that masculinity is particularly attended to when viewing opposite sex members. Also, ERP results seem to support the idea of sex differences in social categorisation decisions regarding faces, although differences were not evident on behavioural results. In general, these findings contribute to a better understanding of how humans perceive sexually dimorphic characteristics in other individuals' faces and how they affect attractiveness judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Carrito
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; ISPA - Instituto Universitário, William James Center for Research, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - P Bem-Haja
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C F Silva
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D I Perrett
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - I M Santos
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Hudac CM, DesChamps TD, Arnett AB, Cairney BE, Ma R, Webb SJ, Bernier RA. Early enhanced processing and delayed habituation to deviance sounds in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Cogn 2018; 123:110-119. [PMID: 29550506 PMCID: PMC5893357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit difficulties processing and encoding sensory information in daily life. Cognitive response to environmental change in control individuals is naturally dynamic, meaning it habituates or reduces over time as one becomes accustomed to the deviance. The origin of atypical response to deviance in ASD may relate to differences in this dynamic habituation. The current study of 133 children and young adults with and without ASD examined classic electrophysiological responses (MMN and P3a), as well as temporal patterns of habituation (i.e., N1 and P3a change over time) in response to a passive auditory oddball task. Individuals with ASD showed an overall heightened sensitivity to change as exhibited by greater P3a amplitude to novel sounds. Moreover, youth with ASD showed dynamic ERP differences, including slower attenuation of the N1 response to infrequent tones and the P3a response to novel sounds. Dynamic ERP responses were related to parent ratings of auditory sensory-seeking behaviors, but not general cognition. As the first large-scale study to characterize temporal dynamics of auditory ERPs in ASD, our results provide compelling evidence that heightened response to auditory deviance in ASD is largely driven by early sensitivity and prolonged processing of auditory deviance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Hudac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Trent D DesChamps
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anne B Arnett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brianna E Cairney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruqian Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sara Jane Webb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Disabilities, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 2001 8th Ave #400, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, CHDD Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Chronaki G, Soltesz F, Benikos N, Sonuga-Barke EJS. An electrophysiological investigation of reinforcement effects in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Dissociating cue sensitivity from down-stream effects on target engagement and performance. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 28:12-20. [PMID: 29080475 PMCID: PMC6987869 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Neural hypo-sensitivity to cues predicting positive reinforcement has been observed in ADHD using the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task. Here we report the first study using an electrophysiological analogue of this task to distinguish between (i) cue related anticipation of reinforcement and downstream effects on (ii) target engagement and (iii) performance in a clinical sample of adolescents with ADHD and controls. Methods Thirty-one controls and 32 adolescents with ADHD aged 10–16 years performed the electrophysiological (e)-MID task − in which preparatory cues signal whether a response to an upcoming target will be reinforced or not − under three conditions; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement (response cost) and no consequence (neutral). We extracted values for both cue-related potentials known to be, both, associated with response preparation and modulated by reinforcement (Cue P3 and Cue CNV) and target-related potentials (target P3) and compared these between ADHD and controls. Results ADHD and controls did not differ on cue-related components on neutral trials. Against expectation, adolescents with ADHD displayed Cue P3 and Cue CNV reinforcement-related enhancement (versus neutral trials) compared to controls. ADHD individuals displayed smaller target P3 amplitudes and slower and more variable performance − but effects were not modulated by reinforcement contingencies. When age, IQ and conduct problems were controlled effects were marginally significant but the pattern of results did not change. Discussion ADHD was associated with hypersensitivity to positive (and marginally negative) reinforcement reflected on components often thought to be associated with response preparation − however these did not translate into improved attention to targets. In the case of ADHD, upregulated CNV may be a specific marker of hyper-arousal rather than an enhancement of anticipatory attention to upcoming targets. Future studies should examine the effects of age, IQ and conduct problems on reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Chronaki
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (DCN) Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, UK; Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, UK; Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Fruzsina Soltesz
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Nicholas Benikos
- Department of Cognitive Science Australian Hearing Hub 16 University Avenue Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, UK
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK; Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Desatnik A, Bel-Bahar T, Nolte T, Crowley M, Fonagy P, Fearon P. Emotion regulation in adolescents: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:52-61. [PMID: 28803782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The use of emotion regulation strategies can reduce the intensity of negative emotional experiences. Event related potentials (ERPs), specifically the late positive potential (LPP), are known to be sensitive to this modulation in adults. This is the first study to explore the neural correlates of expressive suppression in adolescents. We sought to replicate previous findings from emotion regulation studies with adult populations, show that the LPP can be modulated by expressive suppression in healthy adolescents, and examine the influence of age on LPP changes. METHOD ERPs of 53 healthy adolescents (12-17 years old) performing an emotion regulation task (expressive suppression) were recorded. RESULTS Expressive suppression altered the LPP in adolescents with both increases and decreases noted depending on time window and recording site. The LPP during expressive suppression was decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 1) the LPP is an effective tool to study processes associated with emotion regulation in adolescents, and 2) expressive suppression, in terms of its neural indicators, seems to become more effective with age. The nature and utility of expressive suppression as a specific form of emotion regulation in adolescents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Desatnik
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tarik Bel-Bahar
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London & The Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
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Frey JD, Wendt M, Löw A, Möller S, Zölzer U, Jacobsen T. Changes in room acoustics elicit a Mismatch Negativity in the absence of overall interaural intensity differences. Neurosci Lett 2017; 640:13-20. [PMID: 28043833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in room acoustics provide important clues about the environment of sound source-perceiver systems, for example, by indicating changes in the reflecting characteristics of surrounding objects. To study the detection of auditory irregularities brought about by a change in room acoustics, a passive oddball protocol with participants watching a movie was applied in this study. Acoustic stimuli were presented via headphones. Standards and deviants were created by modelling rooms of different sizes, keeping the values of the basic acoustic dimensions (e.g., frequency, duration, sound pressure, and sound source location) as constant as possible. In the first experiment, each standard and deviant stimulus consisted of sequences of three short sounds derived from sinusoidal tones, resulting in three onsets during each stimulus. Deviant stimuli elicited a Mismatch Negativity (MMN) as well as two additional negative deflections corresponding to the three onset peaks. In the second experiment, only one sound was used; the stimuli were otherwise identical to the ones used in the first experiment. Again, an MMN was observed, followed by an additional negative deflection. These results provide further support for the hypothesis of automatic detection of unattended changes in room acoustics, extending previous work by demonstrating the elicitation of an MMN by changes in room acoustics.
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Sokka L, Leinikka M, Korpela J, Henelius A, Lukander J, Pakarinen S, Alho K, Huotilainen M. Shifting of attentional set is inadequate in severe burnout: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 112:70-79. [PMID: 27988179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with prolonged occupational stress often report difficulties in concentration. Work tasks often require the ability to switch back and forth between different contexts. Here, we studied the association between job burnout and task switching by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to stimulus onset during a task with simultaneous cue-target presentation and unpredictable switches in the task. Participants were currently working people with severe, mild, or no burnout symptoms. In all groups, task performance was substantially slower immediately after task switch than during task repetition. However, the error rates were higher in the severe burnout group than in the mild burnout and control groups. Electrophysiological data revealed an increased parietal P3 response for the switch trials relative to repetition trials. Notably, the response was smaller in amplitude in the severe burnout group than in the other groups. The results suggest that severe burnout is associated with inadequate processing when rapid shifting of attention between tasks is required resulting in less accurate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sokka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marianne Leinikka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Korpela
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Henelius
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Lukander
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Pakarinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 1-5, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Huotilainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00251 Helsinki, Finland; CICERO Learning Network, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Siltavuorenpenger 1-5, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Objectives Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are the most common causes of dementia; however, their overlapping clinical syndromes and involved brain regions make a differential diagnosis difficult. We aimed to identify the differences in the cognition and motor cortex excitability between AD and bvFTD patients. Methods Twenty-seven AD patients and 30 bvFTD patients were included in the study. Each participant received a neurological evaluation. Cognitive event-related potentials (P300) were recorded during an auditory oddball task. Next, the excitability of the motor cortex, including the resting, facilitated motor threshold (RMT and FMT) and cortical silent period (CSP), were assessed during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Results The bvFTD patients exhibited significantly longer P300 latencies compared with AD patients. There was a significant negative correlation between cognition and P300 latency in the bvFTD group. The AD patients showed significantly reduced RMT and FMT values compared to the bvFTD group; however, no significant correlation was found between AD severity and the excitability of the motor cortex. Conclusions Cognition and motor cortical functions are different between AD and bvFTD patients. Noninvasive electrophysiological examinations have the potential to identify unique pathophysiological features that can be used to differentially diagnose AD and bvFTD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, P.R. China
| | - Huihong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of electrophysiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, P.R. China
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Dai Q, Wei J, Shu X, Feng Z. Negativity bias for sad faces in depression: An event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3552-60. [PMID: 27833064 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negativity bias in depression has been previously confirmed. However, mainly during a valence category task, it remains unclear how happy or unhappy individuals perceive emotional materials. Moreover, cerebral alteration measurements during a valence judgment task is lacking. The present study aimed to explore a valence judgment of a valence rating task, combined with event-related potential (ERP) recording. METHODS Healthy controls, individuals with sub-clinical depression, and patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) were recruited. Twenty-four subjects in each group completed a valence rating task, during which the ERP amplitudes were recorded. RESULTS The MDD group had lower valence scores, faster responses, and greater N1 amplitudes for sad faces, whereas individuals with sub-clinical depression had faster responses and greater P1 amplitudes for all faces but lower valence scores and greater P2 amplitudes for happy faces. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest the tendency toward a negativity bias in valence ratings in patients with depression supported by behavioral and cerebral evidence, which is a latent trait of depression, possibly associated with the vulnerability of depression. SIGNIFICANCE The current study offers the first experimental evidence of cognitive and cerebral biomarkers of negativity bias in valence ratings in depression, which confirms Beck's cognitive theory and gives important direction for clinical therapy.
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Cheng J, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Bi Y, Bu L, Li Y, Shi S, Liu P, Lu X, Yu D, Yuan K. Electrophysiological mechanisms of biased response to smoking-related cues in young smokers. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:85-91. [PMID: 27373532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during young adult may result in serious health issues in later life. Hence, it is extremely necessary to study the smoking neurophysiological mechanisms in this critical transitional period. However, few studies revealed the electrophysiological mechanisms of cognitive processing biases in young adult smokers. In present study, nineteen young smokers with 12h abstinent and 19 matched nonsmokers were recruited. By employing event-related potentials (ERP) measurements during a smoking cue induced craving task, electrophysiological brain responses were compared between the young adult smokers and nonsmokers. The Slow Positive Wave (SPW) amplitude of smoking-related cues was enhanced in young adult smokers compared with nonsmokers. In addition, increased P300/SPW component of smoking-related cues relative to neutral cues were found in young adult smokers. Meanwhile, a positive correlation between Cigarette Per Day (CPD) and the amplitude of ERPs wave (P300/SPW) at anterior (Fz), central (Cz) were observed in young adult smokers. Our findings provided direct electrophysiological evidence for the cognitive processing bias of smoking cue and may shed new insights into the smoking behavior in young adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Bu
- Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangding Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Lu
- Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahua Yu
- Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Sokka L, Leinikka M, Korpela J, Henelius A, Ahonen L, Alain C, Alho K, Huotilainen M. Job burnout is associated with dysfunctions in brain mechanisms of voluntary and involuntary attention. Biol Psychol 2016; 117:56-66. [PMID: 26926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with job burnout symptoms often report having cognitive difficulties, but related electrophysiological studies are scarce. We assessed the impact of burnout on performing a visual task with varying memory loads, and on involuntary attention switch to distractor sounds using scalp recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs). Task performance was comparable between burnout and control groups. The distractor sounds elicited a P3a response, which was reduced in the burnout group. This suggests burnout-related deficits in processing novel and potentially important events during task performance. In the burnout group, we also observed a decrease in working-memory related P3b responses over posterior scalp and increase over frontal areas. These results suggest that burnout is associated with deficits in cognitive control needed to monitor and update information in working memory. Successful task performance in burnout might require additional recruitment of anterior regions to compensate the decrement in posterior activity.
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Cummings A, Seddoh A, Jallo B. Phonological code retrieval during picture naming: Influence of consonant class. Brain Res 2016; 1635:71-85. [PMID: 26801830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the time course of various stages of lexical processing have indicated either early or late onset of brain activation for phonological code retrieval. The basis of the differential findings is unclear, but factors related to segmental phonology appear to be part of it. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether phonological encoding is influenced by consonant type. Undergraduate students were presented pictures of common and familiar objects to name. Each picture label had an initial liquid (/l/, /ɹ/) or a stop (/b/, /d/) consonant. Accuracy of picture naming was high and comparable for the two stimulus sets. However, words beginning with liquids elicited larger N2 ERP responses than did those with initial stops. Cluster permutation analysis indicated that the ERP responses elicited by words in the two stimulus sets differed between 293 ms and 371 ms post picture onset. These findings point to a late onset of phonological code retrieval. They have implications for segmental phonology and/or motor planning and execution of speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Cummings
- University of North Dakota, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States.
| | - Amebu Seddoh
- University of North Dakota, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States
| | - Brianna Jallo
- University of North Dakota, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States
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McCane LM, Heckman SM, McFarland DJ, Townsend G, Mak JN, Sellers EW, Zeitlin D, Tenteromano LM, Wolpaw JR, Vaughan TM. P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) event-related potentials (ERPs): People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) vs. age-matched controls. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:2124-31. [PMID: 25703940 PMCID: PMC4529383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aimed at restoring communication to people with severe neuromuscular disabilities often use event-related potentials (ERPs) in scalp-recorded EEG activity. Up to the present, most research and development in this area has been done in the laboratory with young healthy control subjects. In order to facilitate the development of BCI most useful to people with disabilities, the present study set out to: (1) determine whether people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy, age-matched volunteers (HVs) differ in the speed and accuracy of their ERP-based BCI use; (2) compare the ERP characteristics of these two groups; and (3) identify ERP-related factors that might enable improvement in BCI performance for people with disabilities. METHODS Sixteen EEG channels were recorded while people with ALS or healthy age-matched volunteers (HVs) used a P300-based BCI. The subjects with ALS had little or no remaining useful motor control (mean ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised 9.4 (±9.5SD) (range 0-25)). Each subject attended to a target item as the items in a 6×6 visual matrix flashed. The BCI used a stepwise linear discriminant function (SWLDA) to determine the item the user wished to select (i.e., the target item). Offline analyses assessed the latencies, amplitudes, and locations of ERPs to the target and non-target items for people with ALS and age-matched control subjects. RESULTS BCI accuracy and communication rate did not differ significantly between ALS users and HVs. Although ERP morphology was similar for the two groups, their target ERPs differed significantly in the location and amplitude of the late positivity (P300), the amplitude of the early negativity (N200), and the latency of the late negativity (LN). CONCLUSIONS The differences in target ERP components between people with ALS and age-matched HVs are consistent with the growing recognition that ALS may affect cortical function. The development of BCIs for use by this population may begin with studies in HVs but also needs to include studies in people with ALS. Their differences in ERP components may affect the selection of electrode montages, and might also affect the selection of presentation parameters (e.g., matrix design, stimulation rate). SIGNIFICANCE P300-based BCI performance in people severely disabled by ALS is similar to that of age-matched control subjects. At the same time, their ERP components differ to some degree from those of controls. Attention to these differences could contribute to the development of BCIs useful to those with ALS and possibly to others with severe neuromuscular disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M McCane
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA.
| | - Susan M Heckman
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Dennis J McFarland
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - George Townsend
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Joseph N Mak
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Eric W Sellers
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Debra Zeitlin
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Laura M Tenteromano
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan R Wolpaw
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
| | - Theresa M Vaughan
- Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Helen Hayes Rehabilitation Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, NY, USA
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Abstract
Self-knowledge has been defined as the accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels, and behaves, and awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others. Previous research has noted that the introspection and the reflected appraisal processes are two main avenues for learning about the self and that self-knowledge might be fully realized through the use of reflected appraisal from close others. However, due to the methodological difficulty in linking people's ratings on a trait to their behaviors, accuracy research using a behavioral criterion is quite limited. The current work examined the main source of learning about one's self-knowledge by investigating the time course of attention deployment both in the process of introspection and that of reflected appraisal. Twenty-five college students were first asked to rate their impressions of their classmates as well as a familiar other using personality-trait adjectives. Their electrophysiological data were then collected using the event-related potential (ERP) technology while they judged to which extent (1) an adjective can describe the self, (2) an adjective can describe a familiar other, (3) they agree with an adjective that their classmates believe can describe the self, and (4) they agree with an adjective that their classmates believe can describe a familiar other. Our electrophysiological data showed that classmates' positive evaluation of one's own trait elicited larger P2 than the positive self-evaluation of one's own trait. Further, classmates' negative evaluation of one's own trait elicited larger late positive component (LPC) than the negative self-evaluation of one's own trait. Results suggest that people allocate more attention to the process of reflected appraisal compared to the process of introspection, which further suggests that the reflected appraisal process might be the main source in learning about one's self-knowledge of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Martín Del Campo Ríos J, Fuggetta G, Maltby J. Beliefs in being unlucky and deficits in executive functioning: an ERP study. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1007. [PMID: 26131373 PMCID: PMC4485241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been initial evidence to support the Dysexecutive Luck hypothesis, which proposes that beliefs in being unlucky are associated with deficits in executive functioning (Maltby et al., 2013). The present study tested the Dysexecutive Luck hypothesis by examining whether deficits in the early stage of top down attentional control led to an increase of neural activity in later stages of response related selection process among those who thought themselves to be unlucky. Individuals with these beliefs were compared to a control group using an Event-Related Potential (ERP) measure assessing underlying neural activity of semantic inhibition while completing a Stroop test. Results showed stronger main interference effects in the former group, via greater reaction times and a more negative distributed scalp late ERP component during incongruent trials in the time window of 450–780 ms post stimulus onset. Further, less efficient maintenance of task set among the former group was associated with greater late ERP response-related activation to compensate for the lack of top-down attentional control. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence to support the Dysexecutive Luck hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martín Del Campo Ríos
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Fuggetta
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - John Maltby
- College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
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Abstract
A number studies have shown that the auditory N1 event-related potential (ERP) is attenuated when elicited by self-induced or self-generated sounds. Because N1 is a correlate of auditory feature- and event-detection, it was generally assumed that N1-attenuation reflected the cancellation of auditory re-afference, enabled by the internal forward modeling of the predictable sensory consequences of the given action. Focusing on paradigms utilizing non-speech actions, the present review summarizes recent progress on action-related auditory attenuation. Following a critical analysis of the most widely used, contingent paradigm, two further hypotheses on the possible causes of action-related auditory ERP attenuation are presented. The attention hypotheses suggest that auditory ERP attenuation is brought about by a temporary division of attention between the action and the auditory stimulation. The pre-activation hypothesis suggests that the attenuation is caused by the activation of a sensory template during the initiation of the action, which interferes with the incoming stimulation. Although each hypothesis can account for a number of findings, none of them can accommodate the whole spectrum of results. It is suggested that a better understanding of auditory ERP attenuation phenomena could be achieved by systematic investigations of the types of actions, the degree of action-effect contingency, and the temporal characteristics of action-effect contingency representation-buildup and -deactivation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Prediction and Attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Horváth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HAS, P.O.B. 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary.
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Guan L, Qi M, Li H, Hitchman G, Yang J, Liu Y. Priming with threatening faces modulates the self-face advantage by enhancing the other-face processing rather than suppressing the self-face processing. Brain Res 2015; 1608:97-107. [PMID: 25765156 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Social emotional information influences self-processing in everyday activities, but few researchers have investigated this process. The current ERP study adopted a prime paradigm to investigate how socially threatening faces impact on the self-face processing advantage. After being primed with emotional faces (happy, angry or neutral), participants judged whether the target face (self, friend, and stranger) was familiar or unfamiliar. Results showed an interaction effect between the prime face and the target face at posterior P3, suggesting that after priming with happy and neutral faces, self-faces elicited larger P3 amplitudes than friend-faces and stranger-faces; however, after priming with angry faces, the P3 amplitudes were not significantly different between self-face and friend-face. Moreover, the P3 amplitudes of self-faces did not differ between priming with angry and neutral faces; however, the P3 amplitude of both friend-faces and stranger-faces showed enhanced responses after priming with angry faces compared to priming with neutral faces. We suggest that the self-face processing advantage (self vs. friend) could be weakened by priming with threatening faces, through enhancement of the other-faces processing rather than suppression of self-faces processing in angry vs. neutral face prime.
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Frey JD, Wendt M, Jacobsen T. Automatic detection of unattended changes in room acoustics. Neurosci Lett 2014; 584:162-7. [PMID: 25301567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that the human auditory system continuously monitors its acoustic environment, detecting a variety of irregularities (e.g., deviance from prior stimulation regularity in pitch, loudness, duration, and (perceived) sound source location). Detection of irregularities can be inferred from a component of the event-related brain potential (ERP), referred to as the mismatch negativity (MMN), even in conditions in which participants are instructed to ignore the auditory stimulation. The current study extends previous findings by demonstrating that auditory irregularities brought about by a change in room acoustics elicit a MMN in a passive oddball protocol (acoustic stimuli with differing room acoustics, that were otherwise identical, were employed as standard and deviant stimuli), in which participants watched a fiction movie (silent with subtitles). While the majority of participants reported no awareness for any changes in the auditory stimulation, only one out of 14 participants reported to have become aware of changing room acoustics or sound source location. Together, these findings suggest automatic monitoring of room acoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Daniel Frey
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Wendt
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobsen
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany
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Virtala P, Huotilainen M, Partanen E, Tervaniemi M. Musicianship facilitates the processing of Western music chords--an ERP and behavioral study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:247-58. [PMID: 24992584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study addressed the effects of musicianship on neural and behavioral discrimination of Western music chords. In abstract oddball paradigms, minor chords and inverted major chords were presented in the context of major chords to musician and non-musician participants in a passive listening task (with EEG recordings) and in an active discrimination task. Both sinusoidal sounds and harmonically rich piano sounds were used. Musicians outperformed non-musicians in the discrimination task. Change-related mismatch negativity (MMN) was evoked to minor and inverted major chords in musicians only, and N1 amplitude was larger in musicians than non-musicians. While MMN was absent in non-musicians, both groups showed decreased N1 in response to minor compared to major chords. The results indicate that processing of complex musical stimuli is enhanced in musicians both behaviorally and neurally, but that major-minor chord categorization is present to some extent also in the absence of music training.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Virtala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - M Huotilainen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Partanen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - M Tervaniemi
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Nasseroleslami B, Lakany H, Conway BA. EEG signatures of arm isometric exertions in preparation, planning and execution. Neuroimage 2013; 90:1-14. [PMID: 24355482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalographic (EEG) activity patterns in humans during motor behaviour provide insight into normal motor control processes and for diagnostic and rehabilitation applications. While the patterns preceding brisk voluntary movements, and especially movement execution, are well described, there are few EEG studies that address the cortical activation patterns seen in isometric exertions and their planning. In this paper, we report on time and time-frequency EEG signatures in experiments in normal subjects (n=8), using multichannel EEG during motor preparation, planning and execution of directional centre-out arm isometric exertions performed at the wrist in the horizontal plane, in response to instruction-delay visual cues. Our observations suggest that isometric force exertions are accompanied by transient and sustained event-related potentials (ERP) and event-related (de-)synchronisations (ERD/ERS), comparable to those of a movement task. Furthermore, the ERPs and ERD/ERS are also observed during preparation and planning of the isometric task. Comparison of ear-lobe-referenced and surface Laplacian ERPs indicates the contribution of superficial sources in supplementary and pre-motor (FC(z)), parietal (CP(z)) and primary motor cortical areas (C₁ and FC₁) to ERPs (primarily negative peaks in frontal and positive peaks in parietal areas), but contribution of deep sources to sustained time-domain potentials (negativity in planning and positivity in execution). Transient and sustained ERD patterns in μ and β frequency bands of ear-lobe-referenced and surface Laplacian EEG indicate the contribution of both superficial and deep sources to ERD/ERS. As no physical displacement happens during the task, we can infer that the underlying mechanisms of motor-related ERPs and ERD/ERS patterns do not only depend on change in limb coordinate or muscle-length-dependent ascending sensory information and are primary generated by motor preparation, direction-dependent planning and execution of isometric motor tasks. The results contribute to our understanding of the functions of different brain regions during voluntary motor tasks and their activity signatures in EEG can shed light on the relationships between large-scale recordings such as EEG and other recordings such as single unit activity and fMRI in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Nasseroleslami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW Scotland, UK.
| | - Heba Lakany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW Scotland, UK.
| | - Bernard A Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW Scotland, UK.
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Chen JC, Hämmerer D, Strigaro G, Liou LM, Tsai CH, Rothwell JC, Edwards MJ. Domain-specific suppression of auditory mismatch negativity with transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:585-92. [PMID: 24051072 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on auditory mismatch negativity (MMN). METHODS MMN is an event related potential calculated by subtracting the amplitude of the evoked potentials in response to a "standard" stimulus from the evoked potentials produced by a rare "oddball" stimulus. Here we assessed the influence of anodal tDCS, cathodal tDCS or sham stimulation delivered over the right inferior frontal cortex on MMN in response to duration and frequency auditory deviants in 10 healthy subjects. RESULTS MMN to frequency deviants was significantly reduced after anodal tDCS compared with sham or cathodal stimulation which did not change MMN to frequency deviants. Neither anodal nor cathodal tDCS had any effect on MMN to duration deviants. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive brain stimulation with tDCS can influence MMN. The differing networks known to be activated by duration and frequency deviants could account for the differential effect of tDCS on duration and frequency MMN. SIGNIFICANCE Non-invasive brain stimulation could be a useful method to manipulate MMN for experimental purposes.
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Kayser J, Tenke CE, Kroppmann CJ, Alschuler DM, Ben-David S, Fekri S, Bruder GE, Corcoran CM. Olfaction in the psychosis prodrome: electrophysiological and behavioral measures of odor detection. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:190-206. [PMID: 23856353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Smell identification deficits (SIDs) are relatively specific to schizophrenia and its negative symptoms, and may predict transition to psychosis in clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals. Moreover, event-related potentials (ERPs) to odors are reduced in schizophrenia. This study examined whether CHR patients show SIDs and abnormal olfactory N1 and P2 potentials. ERPs (49 channels) were recorded from 21 CHR and 20 healthy participants (13 males/group; ages 13-27 years) during an odor detection task using three concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or blank air presented unilaterally by a constant-flow olfactometer. Neuronal generator patterns underlying olfactory ERPs were identified and measured by principal components analysis (unrestricted Varimax) of reference-free current source densities (CSD). Replicating previous findings, CSD waveforms to H2S stimuli were characterized by an early N1 sink (345 ms, lateral-temporal) and a late P2 source (600 ms, mid-frontocentroparietal). N1 and P2 varied monotonically with odor intensity (strong > medium > weak) and did not differ across groups. Patients and controls also showed comparable odor detection and had normal odor identification and thresholds (Sniffin' Sticks). However, olfactory ERPs strongly reflected differences in odor intensity and detection in controls, but these associations were substantially weaker in patients. Moreover, severity of negative symptoms in patients was associated with reduced olfactory ERPs and poorer odor detection, identification and thresholds. Three patients who developed psychosis had poorer odor detection and thresholds, and marked reductions of N1 and P2. Thus, despite the lack of overall group differences, olfactory measures may be of utility in predicting transition to psychosis among CHR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Partanen E, Pakarinen S, Kujala T, Huotilainen M. Infants' brain responses for speech sound changes in fast multifeature MMN paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1578-85. [PMID: 23523115 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether newborn speech-sound discrimination can be studied in 40 min using fast multifeature mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm and do the results differ from those obtained with the traditional oddball paradigm. METHODS Newborns' MMN responses to five types of changes (consonant identity, F0, intensity, vowel duration and vowel identity) were recorded in the multifeature group (N=15) and vowel duration and vowel identity changes in the oddball group (N=13), after which the MMNs from both groups were compared with each others. RESULTS Statistically significant MMNs in the 190-600 ms time range from the stimulus onset were found for most change types in both paradigms. Newborn MMN responses were predominantly positive but a small number of participants elicited negative MMNs instead. MMN amplitudes did not differ between the multifeature and oddball groups. CONCLUSIONS Newborn speech-sound discrimination can be assessed in a short recording time using the fast multifeature paradigm. SIGNIFICANCE The paradigm presented here can be used to record extensive auditory discrimination profiles in newborns and assess development of speech-sound discrimination and its difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eino Partanen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Cognitive Science, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Knolle F, Schröger E, Kotz SA. Cerebellar contribution to the prediction of self-initiated sounds. Cortex 2012; 49:2449-61. [PMID: 23318086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life we frequently make the fundamental distinction between sensory input resulting from our own actions and sensory input that is externally-produced. It has been speculated that making this distinction involves the use of an internal forward-model, which enables the brain to adjust its response to self-produced sensory input. In the auditory domain, this idea has been supported by event-related potential and evoked-magnetic field studies revealing that self-initiated sounds elicit a suppressed N100/M100 brain response compared to externally-produced sounds. Moreover, a recent study reveals that patients with cerebellar lesions do not show a significant N100-suppression effect. This result supports the theory that the cerebellum is essential for generating internal forward predictions. However, all except one study compared self-initiated and externally-produced auditory stimuli in separate conditions. Such a setup prevents an unambiguous interpretation of the N100-suppression effect when distinguishing self- and externally-produced sensory stimuli: the N100-suppression can also be explained by differences in the allocation of attention in different conditions. In the current electroencephalography (EEG)-study we investigated the N100-suppression effect in an altered design comparing (i) self-initiated sounds to externally-produced sounds that occurred intermixed with these self-initiated sounds (i.e., both sound types occurred in the same condition) or (ii) self-initiated sounds to externally-produced sounds that occurred in separate conditions. Results reveal that the cerebellum generates selective predictions in response to self-initiated sounds independent of condition type: cerebellar patients, in contrast to healthy controls, do not display an N100-suppression effect in response to self-initiated sounds when intermixed with externally-produced sounds. Furthermore, the effect is not influenced by the temporal proximity of externally-produced sounds to self-produced sounds. Controls and patients showed a P200-reduction in response to self-initiated sounds. This suggests the existence of an additional and probably more conscious mechanism for identifying self-generated sounds that does not functionally depend on the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Knolle
- Research Group "Subcortical Contributions to Comprehension", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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