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Behl T, Kumar S, Althafar ZM, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Badavath VN, Yadav S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Almoshari Y, Almikhlafi MA, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4257-4273. [PMID: 35505049 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have discovered that a group of apparently unrelated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, have remarkable cellular and molecular biology similarities. Protein misfolding and aggregation are involved in all of the neurodegenerative conditions; as a result, inclusion bodies aggregation starts in the cells. Chaperone proteins and ubiquitin (26S proteasome's proteolysis signal), which aid in refolding misfolded proteins, are frequently found in these aggregates. The discovery of disease-causing gene alterations that code for multiple ubiquitin-proteasome pathway proteins in Parkinson's disease has strengthened the relationship between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and neurodegeneration. The specific molecular linkages between these systems and pathogenesis, on the other hand, are unknown and controversial. We outline the current level of knowledge in this article, focusing on important unanswered problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ziyad M Althafar
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Shivam Yadav
- Yashraj Institute of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad A Almikhlafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibha University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Toyofuku T, Okamoto Y, Ishikawa T, Sasawatari S, Kumanogoh A. LRRK2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial tethering through the PERK-mediated ubiquitination pathway. EMBO J 2020; 39:e100875. [PMID: 31821596 PMCID: PMC6960452 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Impaired mitochondrial function is suspected to play a major role in PD. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism by which impaired LRRK2 activity contributes to PD pathology remains unclear. Here, we identified the role of LRRK2 in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial tethering, which is essential for mitochondrial bioenergetics. LRRK2 regulated the activities of E3 ubiquitin ligases MARCH5, MULAN, and Parkin via kinase-dependent protein-protein interactions. Kinase-active LRRK2(G2019S) dissociated from these ligases, leading to their PERK-mediated phosphorylation and activation, thereby increasing ubiquitin-mediated degradation of ER-mitochondrial tethering proteins. By contrast, kinase-dead LRRK2(D1994A)-bound ligases blocked PERK-mediated phosphorylation and activation of E3 ligases, thereby increasing the levels of ER-mitochondrial tethering proteins. Thus, the role of LRRK2 in the ER-mitochondrial interaction represents an important control point for cell fate and pathogenesis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Toyofuku
- Department of Immunology and Molecular MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Yuki Okamoto
- Department of Immunology and Molecular MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Takako Ishikawa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Shigemi Sasawatari
- Department of Immunology and Molecular MedicineGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
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3
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Activation mechanisms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Biochem J 2017; 474:3075-3086. [PMID: 28860335 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monogenetic, familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) only account for 5-10% of the total number of PD cases, but analysis of the genes involved therein is invaluable to understanding PD-associated neurodegenerative signaling. One such gene, parkin, encodes a 465 amino acid E3 ubiquitin ligase. Of late, there has been considerable interest in the role of parkin signaling in PD and in identifying its putative substrates, as well as the elucidation of the mechanisms through which parkin itself is activated. Its dysfunction underlies both inherited and idiopathic PD-associated neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent literature that provides a model of activation of parkin in the setting of mitochondrial damage that involves PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase-1) and phosphoubiquitin. We note that neuronal parkin is primarily a cytosolic protein (with various non-mitochondrial functions), and discuss potential cytosolic parkin activation mechanisms.
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Mouton-Liger F, Jacoupy M, Corvol JC, Corti O. PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitochondrial Surveillance: From Pleiotropy to Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:120. [PMID: 28507507 PMCID: PMC5410576 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disease caused by the preferential, progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. PD is characterized by a multifaceted pathological process involving protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and metabolism deregulation. The molecular mechanisms governing the complex interplay between the different facets of this process are still unknown. PARK2/Parkin and PARK6/PINK1, two genes responsible for familial forms of PD, act as a ubiquitous core signaling pathway, coupling mitochondrial stress to mitochondrial surveillance, by regulating mitochondrial dynamics, the removal of damaged mitochondrial components by mitochondria-derived vesicles, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Over the last decade, PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitochondrial quality control emerged as a pleiotropic regulatory pathway. Loss of its function impinges on a number of physiological processes suspected to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Its role in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory processes stands out, providing compelling support to the contribution of non-cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in PD. In this review, we illustrate the central role of this multifunctional pathway at the crossroads between mitochondrial stress, neuroinflammation and metabolism. We discuss how its dysfunction may contribute to PD pathogenesis and pinpoint major unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Mouton-Liger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
| | - Maxime Jacoupy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France.,Department of Neurology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC-1422, Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreParis, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1127Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICMParis, France
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Krist DT, Park S, Boneh GH, Rice SE, Statsyuk AV. UbFluor: A Mechanism-Based Probe for HECT E3 Ligases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5587-5595. [PMID: 27482366 PMCID: PMC4965700 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous to E6AP Carboxyl Terminus E3 ubiquitin ligases (HECT, ~28 known) are genetically implicated in cancer, neurological, hypertensive, and autoimmune disorders, and are potential drug targets to treat these diseases. The major bottleneck in the field of HECT E3s is a lack of simple assays to quantify the enzymatic activity of these enzymes in the presence of small molecules. Typical assays require E1, E2, HECT E3, ubiquitin (Ub), ATP and additional reagents to detect the resulting free poly-ubiquitin chains. To address this need, we developed UbFluor, a fluorescent thioester conjugate between the C-terminus of Ub and fluorescein-thiol (Fluor-SH). UbFluor is a mechanism-based probe that undergoes a direct transthiolation reaction with the catalytic cysteine of the model HECT E3 ligase Rsp5, producing the catalytically active Rsp5~Ub (~ indicates thioester) accompanied by release of Fluor-SH. The kinetics of this two-component reaction can be easily monitored with real-time fluorescence polarization (FP) assays. Importantly, UbFluor eliminates the need to use SDS-PAGE, ATP, E1, E2 enzymes, and extra poly-ubiquitin chain detection reagents. Although the developed system lacks ATP, E1 and E2 enzymes, we show that UbFluor can recapitulate the native ubiquitination reaction by detecting and quantifying defects in transthiolation and isopeptide ligation of Rsp5 HECT E3 alanine mutants. Based on our findings, we show that UbFluor can be utilized to conduct high-throughput screens (HTS) of small molecules against HECT ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Krist
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Galyah H Boneh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Sarah E Rice
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Alexander V Statsyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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