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Lacy SM, Taubitz RJ, Urban ND, Turowski SN, Smith ED, Helms AS, Michele DE, Truttmann MC. FICD deficiency protects mice from hypertrophy-induced heart failure via BiP-mediated activation of the UPR ER and ER-phagy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596287. [PMID: 38853840 PMCID: PMC11160590 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes require the HSP70 chaperone BiP to maintain proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) following cardiac stress. The adenylyl transferase (AMPylase) FICD is increasingly recognized to regulate BiP activity through the post-translational addition of an adenosine monophosphate moiety to BiP surface residues. However, the physiological impact of FICD-mediated BiP regulation in the context of cardiovascular health is unknown. Here, we find that FICD deficiency prevents pressure overload-associated heart failure, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, and that FICD knockout mice maintain normal cardiac function after cardiac pressure overload. At a cellular level, we observe that FICD-mediated BiP AMPylation blunts the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR ER ) and impairs BiP interaction with FAM134B, an ER-phagy receptor, thus limiting ER-phagy induction under stress. In contrast, FICD loss significantly increases BiP-dependent UPR ER induction and ER-phagy in stressed cardiomyocytes. We also uncover cell type-specific consequences of FICD activity in response to ER stress, positioning FICD as a critical proteostasis regulator in cardiac tissue. Our results highlight a novel regulatory paradigm controlling stress resilience in cardiomyocytes and offer a rationale to consider FICD as a therapeutic target to treat cardiac hypertrophy.
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2
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Fatima N, Best OG, Belov L, Christopherson RI. The effect of HYPE knock-out on the AMPylome of human OSU-CLL leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:242-249. [PMID: 37933638 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2275530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In humans, AMPylation of cellular proteins is carried out by Huntingtin yeast-interacting protein E (HYPE), activated under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, such as in cancer cells. Extracts of the human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell line, OSU-CLL, were fractionated using immuno-precipitation with antibodies against adenosine-phosphate and then AMP-Tyr. The proteins isolated were modified with AMP, the 'AMPylome.' AMP-labelled peptides isolated from HYPE wild-type (WT) and HYPE knock-out (KO) cells were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 213 proteins were identified from WT cell extracts, while only 23 of these were pulled down from KO cells, consistent with the presence of another AMPylator, besides HYPE. The KO cells were more sensitive to fludarabine nucleoside (2-FaraA) than WT cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the AMPylated proteins identified in WT cells clustered actin binding proteins of the cytoskeleton, and proteins of the RHO GTPase pathway that would jointly stimulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Fatima
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Larissa Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Rosani U, De Felice S, Frizzo R, Kawato S, Wegner KM. FicD genes in invertebrates: A tale of transposons, pathogenic and integrated viruses. Gene 2024; 893:147895. [PMID: 37832807 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Many gene families are shared across the tree of life between distantly related species because of horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). However, the frequency of HGTs varies strongly between gene families and biotic realms suggesting differential selection pressures and functional bias. One gene family with a wide distribution are FIC-domain containing enzymes (FicDs). FicDs catalyze AMPylation, a post-translational protein modification consisting in the addition of adenosine monophosphate to accessible residues of target proteins. Beside the well-known conservation of FicDs in deuterostomes, we report the presence of a conserved FicD gene ortholog in a large number of protostomes and microbial eukaryotes. We also reported additional FicD gene copies in the genomes of some rotifers, parasitic worms and bivalves. A few dsDNA viruses of these invertebrates, including White spot syndrome virus, Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus, Ostreid herpesvirus-1 and the beetle nudivirus, carry copies of FicDs, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting a common origin of these FicD copies and the duplicated FicDs of their invertebrate hosts. HGTs and gene duplications possibly mediated by endogenous viruses or genetic mobile elements seem to have contributed to the transfer of AMPylation ability from bacteria and eukaryotes to pathogenic viruses, where this pathway could have been hijacked to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Sofia De Felice
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Satoshi Kawato
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Waddensea Station Sylt, 25992 List, Germany
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4
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Gulen B, Kinch LN, Servage KA, Blevins A, Stewart NM, Gray HF, Casey AK, Orth K. FicD Sensitizes Cellular Response to Glucose Fluctuations in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576705. [PMID: 38328056 PMCID: PMC10849547 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
During homeostasis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintains productive transmembrane and secretory protein folding that is vital for proper cellular function. The ER-resident HSP70 chaperone, BiP, plays a pivotal role in sensing ER stress to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). BiP function is regulated by the bifunctional enzyme FicD that mediates AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP in response to changes in ER stress. AMPylated BiP acts as a molecular rheostat to regulate UPR signaling, yet little is known about the molecular consequences of FicD loss. In this study, we investigate the role of FicD in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) response to pharmacologically and metabolically induced ER stress. We find differential BiP AMPylation signatures when comparing robust chemical ER stress inducers to physiological glucose starvation stress and recovery. Wildtype MEFs respond to pharmacological ER stress by downregulating BiP AMPylation. Conversely, BiP AMPylation in wildtype MEFs increases upon metabolic stress induced by glucose starvation. Deletion of FicD results in widespread gene expression changes under baseline growth conditions. In addition, FicD null MEFs exhibit dampened UPR signaling, altered cell stress recovery response, and unconstrained protein secretion. Taken together, our findings indicate that FicD is important for tampering UPR signaling, stress recovery, and the maintenance of secretory protein homeostasis. Significance Statement The chaperone BiP plays a key quality control role in the endoplasmic reticulum, the cellular location for the production, folding, and transport of secreted proteins. The enzyme FicD regulates BiP's activity through AMPylation and deAMPylation. Our study unveils the importance of FicD in regulating BiP and the unfolded protein response (UPR) during stress. We identify distinct BiP AMPylation signatures for different stressors, highlighting FicD's nuanced control. Deletion of FicD causes widespread gene expression changes, disrupts UPR signaling, alters stress recovery, and perturbs protein secretion in cells. These observations underscore the pivotal contribution of FicD for preserving secretory protein homeostasis. Our findings deepen the understanding of FicD's role in maintaining cellular resilience and open avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting UPR-associated diseases.
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Höpfner D, Cichy A, Pogenberg V, Krisp C, Mezouar S, Bach NC, Grotheer J, Zarza SM, Martinez E, Bonazzi M, Feige MJ, Sieber SA, Schlüter H, Itzen A. The DNA-binding induced (de)AMPylation activity of a Coxiella burnetii Fic enzyme targets Histone H3. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1124. [PMID: 37932372 PMCID: PMC10628234 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii evades the host response by secreting effector proteins that aid in establishing a replication-friendly niche. Bacterial filamentation induced by cyclic AMP (Fic) enzymes can act as effectors by covalently modifying target proteins with the posttranslational AMPylation by transferring adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a hydroxyl-containing side chain. Here we identify the gene product of C. burnetii CBU_0822, termed C. burnetii Fic 2 (CbFic2), to AMPylate host cell histone H3 at serine 10 and serine 28. We show that CbFic2 acts as a bifunctional enzyme, both capable of AMPylation as well as deAMPylation, and is regulated by the binding of DNA via a C-terminal helix-turn-helix domain. We propose that CbFic2 performs AMPylation in its monomeric state, switching to a deAMPylating dimer upon DNA binding. This study unveils reversible histone modification by a specific enzyme of a pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Höpfner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Cichy
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department Chemistry, Group of Proteinchemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Vivian Pogenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour la Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nina C Bach
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Grotheer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Madariaga Zarza
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour la Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Martinez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Bacterial Infections, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, UMR 9004 - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology of Bacterial Infections, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, UMR 9004 - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthias J Feige
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Perera LA, Hattersley AT, Harding HP, Wakeling MN, Flanagan SE, Mohsina I, Raza J, Gardham A, Ron D, De Franco E. Infancy-onset diabetes caused by de-regulated AMPylation of the human endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16491. [PMID: 36704923 PMCID: PMC9994480 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in insulin-producing beta cells results in cell loss and diabetes mellitus. Here we report on five individuals from three different consanguineous families with infancy-onset diabetes mellitus and severe neurodevelopmental delay caused by a homozygous p.(Arg371Ser) mutation in FICD. The FICD gene encodes a bifunctional Fic domain-containing enzyme that regulates the ER Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, via catalysis of two antagonistic reactions: inhibitory AMPylation and stimulatory deAMPylation of BiP. Arg371 is a conserved residue in the Fic domain active site. The FICDR371S mutation partially compromises BiP AMPylation in vitro but eliminates all detectable deAMPylation activity. Overexpression of FICDR371S or knock-in of the mutation at the FICD locus of stressed CHO cells results in inappropriately elevated levels of AMPylated BiP and compromised secretion. These findings, guided by human genetics, highlight the destructive consequences of de-regulated BiP AMPylation and raise the prospect of tuning FICD's antagonistic activities towards therapeutic ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Perera
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Heather P Harding
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Matthew N Wakeling
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Ibrahim Mohsina
- Department of Endocrine and DiabetesNational Institute of Child HealthKarachiPakistan
| | - Jamal Raza
- Department of Endocrine and DiabetesNational Institute of Child HealthKarachiPakistan
| | | | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Elisa De Franco
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and HealthUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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7
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Frese M, Saumer P, Yuan Y, Herzog D, Höpfner D, Itzen A, Marx A. The Alarmone Diadenosine Tetraphosphate as a Cosubstrate for Protein AMPylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213279. [PMID: 36524454 PMCID: PMC10107192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diadenosine polyphosphates (Apn As) are non-canonical nucleotides whose cellular concentrations increase during stress and are therefore termed alarmones, signaling homeostatic imbalance. Their cellular role is poorly understood. In this work, we assessed Apn As for their usage as cosubstrates for protein AMPylation, a post-translational modification in which adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is transferred to proteins. In humans, AMPylation mediated by the AMPylator FICD with ATP as a cosubstrate is a response to ER stress. Herein, we demonstrate that Ap4 A is proficiently consumed for AMPylation by FICD. By chemical proteomics using a new chemical probe, we identified new potential AMPylation targets. Interestingly, we found that AMPylation targets of FICD may differ depending on the nucleotide cosubstrate. These results may suggest that signaling at elevated Ap4 A levels during cellular stress differs from when Ap4 A is present at low concentrations, allowing response to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Frese
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Philip Saumer
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yizhi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Doreen Herzog
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dorothea Höpfner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Melnyk A, Lang S, Sicking M, Zimmermann R, Jung M. Co-chaperones of the Human Endoplasmic Reticulum: An Update. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:247-291. [PMID: 36520310 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays central roles in the biogenesis of extracellular plus organellar proteins and in various signal transduction pathways. For these reasons, the ER comprises molecular chaperones, which are involved in import, folding, assembly, export, plus degradation of polypeptides, and signal transduction components, such as calcium channels, calcium pumps, and UPR transducers plus adenine nucleotide carriers/exchangers in the ER membrane. The calcium- and ATP-dependent ER lumenal Hsp70, termed immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein or BiP, is the central player in all these activities and involves up to nine different Hsp40-type co-chaperones, i.e., ER membrane integrated as well as ER lumenal J-domain proteins, termed ERj or ERdj proteins, two nucleotide exchange factors or NEFs (Grp170 and Sil1), and NEF-antagonists, such as MANF. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the ER-resident BiP/ERj chaperone network and focus on the interaction of BiP with the polypeptide-conducting and calcium-permeable Sec61 channel of the ER membrane as an example for BiP action and how its functional cycle is linked to ER protein import and various calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Melnyk
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Lang
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sicking
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Jung
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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9
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Rebelo AP, Ruiz A, Dohrn MF, Wayand M, Farooq A, Danzi MC, Beijer D, Aaron B, Vandrovcova J, Houlden H, Matalonga L, Abreu L, Rouleau G, Estiar MA, Van de Vondel L, Gan-Or Z, Baets J, Schüle R, Zuchner S. BiP inactivation due to loss of the deAMPylation function of FICD causes a motor neuron disease. Genet Med 2022; 24:2487-2500. [PMID: 36136088 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The chaperone protein BiP is the master regulator of the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. BiP chaperone activity is regulated by the post-translational modification AMPylation, exclusively provided by FICD. We investigated whether FICD variants identified in patients with motor neuron disease could interfere with BiP activity regulation. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed to identify causative pathogenic variants associated with motor neuron diseases. Functional studies were conducted on fibroblasts from patients to explore the molecular mechanism of the disease. RESULTS We identified biallelic variants in FICD causing a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons. Affected individuals harbor a specific missense variant, Arg374His, positioned in the catalytic motif of the enzyme and important for adenosine triphosphate binding. The mutated residue abolishes intramolecular interaction with the regulatory residue Glu234, essential to inhibit AMPylation and to promote de-AMPylation by FICD. Consequently, fibroblasts from patients with FICD variants have abnormally increased levels of AMPylated and thus inactivated BiP. CONCLUSION Loss of BiP chaperone activity in patients likely results in a chronic impairment of the protein quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings will guide the development of therapeutic strategies for motoneuron and related diseases linked to proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Rebelo
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ariel Ruiz
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie Wayand
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amjad Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Matt C Danzi
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Danique Beijer
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Brooke Aaron
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Matalonga
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Abreu
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehrdad A Estiar
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liedewei Van de Vondel
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Neuromuscular Reference Center, Antwerp University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
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10
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Hernandez-Lima MA, Champion M, Mattiola Z, Truttmann MC. The AMPylase FIC-1 modulates TGF-β signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912734. [PMID: 36504677 PMCID: PMC9730714 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational protein modifications are essential for the spatio-temporal regulation of protein function. In this study, we examine how the activity of the Caenorhabditis elegans AMPylase FIC-1 modulates physiological processes in vivo. We find that over-expression (OE) of the constitutive AMPylase FIC-1(E274G) impairs C. elegans development, fertility, and stress resilience. We also show that FIC-1(E274G) OE inhibits pathogen avoidance behavior by selectively suppressing production of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) ligands DAF-7 and DBL-1 in ASI sensory neurons. Finally, we demonstrate that FIC-1 contributes to the regulation of adult body growth, cholinergic neuron function, and larval entry into dauer stage; all processes controlled by TGF-β signaling. Together, our results suggest a role for FIC-1 in regulating TGF-β signaling in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella A. Hernandez-Lima
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Margaret Champion
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zachary Mattiola
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthias C. Truttmann
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Matthias C. Truttmann,
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11
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Virolainen MS, Søltoft CL, Pedersen PA, Ellgaard L. Production of an Active, Human Membrane Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Full-Length FICD. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052458. [PMID: 35269596 PMCID: PMC8910494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Fic domain-containing protein (FICD) is a type II endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that is important for the maintenance of ER proteostasis. Structural and in vitro biochemical characterisation of FICD AMPylase and deAMPylase activity have been restricted to the soluble ER-luminal domain produced in Escherichia coli. Information about potentially important features, such as structural motifs, modulator binding sites or other regulatory elements, is therefore missing for the approximately 100 N-terminal residues including the transmembrane region of FICD. Expressing and purifying the required quantity and quality of membrane proteins is demanding because of the low yields and poor stability often observed. Here, we produce full-length FICD by combining a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based platform with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging to optimise the conditions for expression, solubilisation and purification. We subsequently employ these conditions to purify milligram quantities of His-tagged FICD per litre of culture, and show that the purified, detergent-solubilised membrane protein is an active deAMPylating enzyme. Our work provides a straightforward methodology for producing not only full-length FICD, but also other membrane proteins in S. cerevisiae for structural and biochemical characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minttu S. Virolainen
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
| | - Cecilie L. Søltoft
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
| | - Per A. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (P.A.P.); (L.E.)
| | - Lars Ellgaard
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.P.); (L.E.)
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12
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Fromm K, Dehio C. The Impact of Bartonella VirB/VirD4 Type IV Secretion System Effectors on Eukaryotic Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:762582. [PMID: 34975788 PMCID: PMC8714903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.762582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts including humans. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system (T4SS) is a key virulence factor utilized to translocate Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) into host cells in order to subvert their functions. Crucial for effector translocation is the C-terminal Bep intracellular delivery (BID) domain that together with a positively charged tail sequence forms a bipartite translocation signal. Multiple BID domains also evolved secondary effector functions within host cells. The majority of Beps possess an N-terminal filamentation induced by cAMP (FIC) domain and a central connecting oligonucleotide binding (OB) fold. FIC domains typically mediate AMPylation or related post-translational modifications of target proteins. Some Beps harbor other functional modules, such as tandem-repeated tyrosine-phosphorylation (EPIYA-related) motifs. Within host cells the EPIYA-related motifs are phosphorylated, which facilitates the interaction with host signaling proteins. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge on the molecular functions of the different domains present in Beps and highlight examples of Bep-dependent host cell modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Fromm
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Gulen B, Itzen A. Revisiting AMPylation through the lens of Fic enzymes. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:350-363. [PMID: 34531089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AMPylation, a post-translational modification (PTM) first discovered in the late 1960s, is catalyzed by adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-transferring enzymes. The observation that filamentation-induced-by-cyclic-AMP (fic) enzymes are associated with this unique PTM revealed that AMPylation plays a major role in hijacking of host signaling by pathogenic bacteria during infection. Studies over the past decade showed that AMPylation is conserved across all kingdoms of life and, outside their role in infection, also modulates cellular functions. Many aspects of AMPylation are yet to be uncovered. In this review we present the advancement in research on AMPylation and Fic enzymes as well as other distinct classes of enzymes that catalyze AMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gulen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Deletion of mFICD AMPylase alters cytokine secretion and affects visual short-term learning in vivo. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100991. [PMID: 34419450 PMCID: PMC8441161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fic domain-containing AMP transferases (fic AMPylases) are conserved enzymes that catalyze the covalent transfer of AMP to proteins. This posttranslational modification regulates the function of several proteins, including the ER-resident chaperone Grp78/BiP. Here we introduce a mouse FICD (mFICD) AMPylase knockout mouse model to study fic AMPylase function in vertebrates. We find that mFICD deficiency is well tolerated in unstressed mice. We also show that mFICD-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts are depleted of AMPylated proteins. mFICD deletion alters protein synthesis and secretion in splenocytes, including that of IgM, an antibody secreted early during infections, and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, without affecting the unfolded protein response. Finally, we demonstrate that visual nonspatial short-term learning is stronger in old mFICD−/− mice than in wild-type controls while other measures of cognition, memory, and learning are unaffected. Together, our results suggest a role for mFICD in adaptive immunity and neuronal plasticity in vivo.
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15
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Structures of a deAMPylation complex rationalise the switch between antagonistic catalytic activities of FICD. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5004. [PMID: 34408154 PMCID: PMC8373988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Hsp70 chaperone BiP is regulated by AMPylation, a reversible inactivating post-translational modification. Both BiP AMPylation and deAMPylation are catalysed by a single ER-localised enzyme, FICD. Here we present crystallographic and solution structures of a deAMPylation Michaelis complex formed between mammalian AMPylated BiP and FICD. The latter, via its tetratricopeptide repeat domain, binds a surface that is specific to ATP-state Hsp70 chaperones, explaining the exquisite selectivity of FICD for BiP’s ATP-bound conformation both when AMPylating and deAMPylating Thr518. The eukaryotic deAMPylation mechanism thus revealed, rationalises the role of the conserved Fic domain Glu234 as a gatekeeper residue that both inhibits AMPylation and facilitates hydrolytic deAMPylation catalysed by dimeric FICD. These findings point to a monomerisation-induced increase in Glu234 flexibility as the basis of an oligomeric state-dependent switch between FICD’s antagonistic activities, despite a similar mode of engagement of its two substrates — unmodified and AMPylated BiP. The ER chaperone BiP is regulated by FICD-mediated AMPylation and deAMPylation. Here, the authors characterise the structure of mammalian AMPylated BiP bound to FICD, by X-ray crystallography and neutron scattering, providing insights into the mechanism of BiP AMPylation and deAMPylation.
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16
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Evolutionary Diversification of Host-Targeted Bartonella Effectors Proteins Derived from a Conserved FicTA Toxin-Antitoxin Module. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081645. [PMID: 34442725 PMCID: PMC8401265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing a FIC domain catalyze AMPylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs). In bacteria, they are typically part of FicTA toxin-antitoxin modules that control conserved biochemical processes such as topoisomerase activity, but they have also repeatedly diversified into host-targeted virulence factors. Among these, Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) comprise a particularly diverse ensemble of FIC domains that subvert various host cellular functions. However, no comprehensive comparative analysis has been performed to infer molecular mechanisms underlying the biochemical and functional diversification of FIC domains in the vast Bep family. Here, we used X-ray crystallography, structural modelling, and phylogenetic analyses to unravel the expansion and diversification of Bep repertoires that evolved in parallel in three Bartonella lineages from a single ancestral FicTA toxin-antitoxin module. Our analysis is based on 99 non-redundant Bep sequences and nine crystal structures. Inferred from the conservation of the FIC signature motif that comprises the catalytic histidine and residues involved in substrate binding, about half of them represent AMP transferases. A quarter of Beps show a glutamate in a strategic position in the putative substrate binding pocket that would interfere with triphosphate-nucleotide binding but may allow binding of an AMPylated target for deAMPylation or another substrate to catalyze a distinct PTM. The β-hairpin flap that registers the modifiable target segment to the active site exhibits remarkable structural variability. The corresponding sequences form few well-defined groups that may recognize distinct target proteins. The binding of Beps to promiscuous FicA antitoxins is well conserved, indicating a role of the antitoxin to inhibit enzymatic activity or to serve as a chaperone for the FIC domain before translocation of the Bep into host cells. Taken together, our analysis indicates a remarkable functional plasticity of Beps that is mostly brought about by structural changes in the substrate pocket and the target dock. These findings may guide future structure–function analyses of the highly versatile FIC domains.
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17
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Sanyal A, Zbornik EA, Watson BG, Christoffer C, Ma J, Kihara D, Mattoo S. Kinetic and structural parameters governing Fic-mediated adenylylation/AMPylation of the Hsp70 chaperone, BiP/GRP78. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:639-656. [PMID: 33942205 PMCID: PMC8275707 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) proteins regulate diverse cell signaling events by post-translationally modifying their protein targets, predominantly by the addition of an AMP (adenosine monophosphate). This modification is called Fic-mediated adenylylation or AMPylation. We previously reported that the human Fic protein, HYPE/FicD, is a novel regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that maintains homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to stress from misfolded proteins. Specifically, HYPE regulates UPR by adenylylating the ER chaperone, BiP/GRP78, which serves as a sentinel for UPR activation. Maintaining ER homeostasis is critical for determining cell fate, thus highlighting the importance of the HYPE-BiP interaction. Here, we study the kinetic and structural parameters that determine the HYPE-BiP interaction. By measuring the binding and kinetic efficiencies of HYPE in its activated (Adenylylation-competent) and wild type (de-AMPylation-competent) forms for BiP in its wild type and ATP-bound conformations, we determine that HYPE displays a nearly identical preference for the wild type and ATP-bound forms of BiP in vitro and preferentially de-AMPylates the wild type form of adenylylated BiP. We also show that AMPylation at BiP's Thr366 versus Thr518 sites differentially affect its ATPase activity, and that HYPE does not adenylylate UPR accessory proteins like J-protein ERdJ6. Using molecular docking models, we explain how HYPE is able to adenylylate Thr366 and Thr518 sites in vitro. While a physiological role for AMPylation at both the Thr366 and Thr518 sites has been reported, our molecular docking model supports Thr518 as the structurally preferred modification site. This is the first such analysis of the HYPE-BiP interaction and offers critical insights into substrate specificity and target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erica A Zbornik
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ben G Watson
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Charles Christoffer
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jia Ma
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Seema Mattoo
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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18
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Champion M, Truttmann MC. Over-expression of the constitutive AMPylase FIC-1(E274G) does not deplete cellular ATP pools in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34189425 PMCID: PMC8233689 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein AMPylation has emerged as a posttranslational protein modification regulating cellular proteostasis. AMPylation is conferred by Fic AMPylases, which catalyze the covalent attachment of AMP to target proteins at the expense of ATP. Over-expression of constitutive-active Fic AMPylases is toxic. Here, we test the hypothesis that excessive Fic AMPylase activity could deplete cellular ATP pools, leading to cell death. We find that increased/decreased Fic AMPylase activity only alters cellular ATP concentrations by approximately 15%. This suggests that hyper-AMPylation-mediated cell death is likely not the consequence of cellular ATP depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Champion
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI
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19
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Chatterjee BK, Truttmann MC. Fic and non-Fic AMPylases: protein AMPylation in metazoans. Open Biol 2021; 11:210009. [PMID: 33947243 PMCID: PMC8097203 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein AMPylation refers to the covalent attachment of an AMP moiety to the amino acid side chains of target proteins using ATP as nucleotide donor. This process is catalysed by dedicated AMP transferases, called AMPylases. Since this initial discovery, several research groups have identified AMPylation as a critical post-translational modification relevant to normal and pathological cell signalling in both bacteria and metazoans. Bacterial AMPylases are abundant enzymes that either regulate the function of endogenous bacterial proteins or are translocated into host cells to hijack host cell signalling processes. By contrast, only two classes of metazoan AMPylases have been identified so far: enzymes containing a conserved filamentation induced by cAMP (Fic) domain (Fic AMPylases), which primarily modify the ER-resident chaperone BiP, and SelO, a mitochondrial AMPylase involved in redox signalling. In this review, we compare and contrast bacterial and metazoan Fic and non-Fic AMPylases, and summarize recent technological and conceptual developments in the emerging field of AMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar K Chatterjee
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Specificity of AMPylation of the human chaperone BiP is mediated by TPR motifs of FICD. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2426. [PMID: 33893288 PMCID: PMC8065156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To adapt to fluctuating protein folding loads in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Hsp70 chaperone BiP is reversibly modified with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by the ER-resident Fic-enzyme FICD/HYPE. The structural basis for BiP binding and AMPylation by FICD has remained elusive due to the transient nature of the enzyme-substrate-complex. Here, we use thiol-reactive derivatives of the cosubstrate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to covalently stabilize the transient FICD:BiP complex and determine its crystal structure. The complex reveals that the TPR-motifs of FICD bind specifically to the conserved hydrophobic linker of BiP and thus mediate specificity for the domain-docked conformation of BiP. Furthermore, we show that both AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP are not directly regulated by the presence of unfolded proteins. Together, combining chemical biology, crystallography and biochemistry, our study provides structural insights into a key regulatory mechanism that safeguards ER homeostasis.
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21
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Lemichez E, Popoff MR, Satchell KJF. Cellular microbiology: Bacterial toxin interference drives understanding of eukaryotic cell function. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13178. [PMID: 32185903 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intimate interactions between the armament of pathogens and their host dictate tissue and host susceptibility to infection also forging specific pathophysiological outcomes. Studying these interactions at the molecular level has provided an invaluable source of knowledge on cellular processes, as ambitioned by the Cellular Microbiology discipline when it emerged in early 90s. Bacterial toxins act on key cell regulators or membranes to produce major diseases and therefore constitute a remarkable toolbox for dissecting basic biological processes. Here, we review selected examples of recent studies on bacterial toxins illustrating how fruitful the discipline of cellular microbiology is in shaping our understanding of eukaryote processes. This ever-renewing discipline unveils new virulence factor biochemical activities shared by eukaryotic enzymes and hidden rules of cell proteome homeostasis, a particularly promising field to interrogate the impact of proteostasis breaching in late onset human diseases. It is integrating new concepts from the physics of soft matter to capture biomechanical determinants forging cells and tissues architecture. The success of this discipline is also grounded by the development of therapeutic tools and new strategies to treat both infectious and noncommunicable human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Lemichez
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, CNRS ERL6002, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Protein Folding and Quality Control. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:27-50. [PMID: 34050861 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones assist the folding of nascent chains in the cell. Chaperones also aid in quality control decisions as persistent chaperone binding can help to sort terminal misfolded proteins for degradation. There are two major molecular chaperone families in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that assist proteins in reaching their native structure and evaluating the fidelity of the maturation process. The ER Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, supports adenine nucleotide-regulated binding to non-native proteins that possess exposed hydrophobic regions. In contrast, the carbohydrate-dependent chaperone system involving the membrane protein calnexin and its soluble paralogue calreticulin recognize a specific glycoform of an exposed hydrophilic protein modification for which the composition is controlled by a series of glycosidases and transferases. Here, we compare and contrast the properties, mechanisms of action and functions of these different chaperones systems that work in parallel, as well as together, to assist a large variety of substrates that traverse the eukaryotic secretory pathway.
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23
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Ninagawa S, George G, Mori K. Mechanisms of productive folding and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of glycoproteins and non-glycoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129812. [PMID: 33316349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of proteins destined for the secretory pathway is ensured by two distinct mechanisms in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): productive folding of newly synthesized proteins, which is assisted by ER-localized molecular chaperones and in most cases also by disulfide bond formation and transfer of an oligosaccharide unit; and ER-associated degradation (ERAD), in which proteins unfolded or misfolded in the ER are recognized and processed for delivery to the ER membrane complex, retrotranslocated through the complex with simultaneous ubiquitination, extracted by AAA-ATPase to the cytosol, and finally degraded by the proteasome. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the mechanisms of productive folding and ERAD, with particular attention to glycoproteins versus non-glycoproteins, and to yeast versus mammalian systems. MAJOR CONCLUSION Molecular mechanisms of the productive folding of glycoproteins and non-glycoproteins mediated by molecular chaperones and protein disulfide isomerases are well conserved from yeast to mammals. Additionally, mammals have gained an oligosaccharide structure-dependent folding cycle for glycoproteins. The molecular mechanisms of ERAD are also well conserved from yeast to mammals, but redundant expression of yeast orthologues in mammals has been encountered, particularly for components involved in recognition and processing of glycoproteins and components of the ER membrane complex involved in retrotranslocation and simultaneous ubiquitination of glycoproteins and non-glycoproteins. This may reflect an evolutionary consequence of increasing quantity or quality needs toward mammals. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The introduction of innovative genome editing technology into analysis of the mechanisms of mammalian ERAD, as exemplified here, will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ninagawa
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Ginto George
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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24
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Preissler S, Rato C, Yan Y, Perera LA, Czako A, Ron D. Calcium depletion challenges endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis by destabilising BiP-substrate complexes. eLife 2020; 9:62601. [PMID: 33295873 PMCID: PMC7758071 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metazoan endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves both as a hub for maturation of secreted proteins and as an intracellular calcium storage compartment, facilitating calcium-release-dependent cellular processes. ER calcium depletion robustly activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, it is unclear how fluctuations in ER calcium impact organellar proteostasis. Here, we report that calcium selectively affects the dynamics of the abundant metazoan ER Hsp70 chaperone BiP, by enhancing its affinity for ADP. In the calcium-replete ER, ADP rebinding to post-ATP hydrolysis BiP-substrate complexes competes with ATP binding during both spontaneous and co-chaperone-assisted nucleotide exchange, favouring substrate retention. Conversely, in the calcium-depleted ER, relative acceleration of ADP-to-ATP exchange favours substrate release. These findings explain the rapid dissociation of certain substrates from BiP observed in the calcium-depleted ER and suggest a mechanism for tuning ER quality control and coupling UPR activity to signals that mobilise ER calcium in secretory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Preissler
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yahui Yan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Perera
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Czako
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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25
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Wright MT, Plate L. Revealing functional insights into ER proteostasis through proteomics and interactomics. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112417. [PMID: 33301765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), responsible for processing approximately one-third of the human proteome including most secreted and membrane proteins, plays a pivotal role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Dysregulation of ER proteostasis has been implicated in a number of disease states. As such, continued efforts are directed at elucidating mechanisms of ER protein quality control which are mediated by transient and dynamic protein-protein interactions with molecular chaperones, co-chaperones, protein folding and trafficking factors that take place in and around the ER. Technological advances in mass spectrometry have played a pivotal role in characterizing and understanding these protein-protein interactions that dictate protein quality control mechanisms. Here, we highlight the recent progress from mass spectrometry-based investigation of ER protein quality control in revealing the topological arrangement of the proteostasis network, stress response mechanisms that adjust the ER proteostasis capacity, and disease specific changes in proteostasis network engagement. We close by providing a brief outlook on underexplored areas of ER proteostasis where mass spectrometry is a tool uniquely primed to further expand our understanding of the regulation and coordination of protein quality control processes in diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison T Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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26
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Camara A, George A, Hebner E, Mahmood A, Paluru J, Mattoo S. A Fluorescence Polarization-Based High-Throughput Screen to Identify the First Small-Molecule Modulators of the Human Adenylyltransferase HYPE/FICD. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7128. [PMID: 32992526 PMCID: PMC7582957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent transfer of the AMP portion of ATP onto a target protein-termed adenylylation or AMPylation-by the human Fic protein HYPE/FICD has recently garnered attention as a key regulatory mechanism in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis. As a central player in such critical cellular events, high-throughput screening (HTS) efforts targeting HYPE-mediated AMPylation warrant investigation. Herein, we present a dual HTS assay for the simultaneous identification of small-molecule activators and inhibitors of HYPE AMPylation. Employing the fluorescence polarization of an ATP analog fluorophore-Fl-ATP-we developed and optimized an efficient, robust assay that monitors HYPE autoAMPylation and is amenable to automated, high-throughput processing of diverse chemical libraries. Challenging our pilot screen with compounds from the LOPAC, Spectrum, MEGx, and NATx libraries yielded 0.3% and 1% hit rates for HYPE activators and inhibitors, respectively. Further, these hits were assessed for dose-dependency and validated via orthogonal biochemical AMPylation assays. We thus present a high-quality HTS assay suitable for tracking HYPE's enzymatic activity, and the resultant first small-molecule manipulators of HYPE-promoted autoAMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Camara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.); (A.G.); (E.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Alyssa George
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.); (A.G.); (E.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Evan Hebner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.); (A.G.); (E.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Anika Mahmood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.); (A.G.); (E.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Jashun Paluru
- William Henry Harrison High School, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Seema Mattoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.C.); (A.G.); (E.H.); (A.M.)
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Lu CH, McCloskey A, Chen FR, Nakayasu ES, Zhang LQ, Luo ZQ. Fic Proteins Inhibit the Activity of Topoisomerase IV by AMPylation in Diverse Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2084. [PMID: 32983060 PMCID: PMC7479194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fic (filamentation induced by cyclic AMP) domain is a widely distributed motif with a conserved sequence of HPFx[D/E]GN[G/K]R, some of which regulate cellular activity by catalyzing the transfer of the AMP moiety from ATP to protein substrates. Some Fic proteins, including Fic-1 from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2P24, have been shown to inhibit bacterial DNA replication by AMPylating the subunit B of DNA gyrase (GyrB), but the biochemical activity and cellular target of most Fic proteins remain unknown. Here, we report that Fic-2, which is another Fic protein from strain 2P24 and Fic-1 AMPylate the topoisomerase IV ParE at Tyr109. We also examined Fic proteins from several phylogenetically diverse bacteria and found that those from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus AMPylate ParE and GrlB, the counterpart of ParE in Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Modification by Fic-1 of P. fluorescens and FicY of Y. pseudotuberculosis inhibits the relaxation activity of topoisomerase IV. Consistent with the inhibition of ParE activity, ectopic expression of these Fic proteins causes cell filamentation akin to the canonical par phenotype in which nucleoids are assembled in the center of elongated cells, a process accompanied by the induction of the SOS response. Our results establish that Fic proteins from diverse bacterial species regulate chromosome division and cell separation in bacteria by targeting ParE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agriculture Science, Kunming, China.,Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alix McCloskey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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28
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Nitika, Porter CM, Truman AW, Truttmann MC. Post-translational modifications of Hsp70 family proteins: Expanding the chaperone code. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10689-10708. [PMID: 32518165 PMCID: PMC7397107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must be able to cope with the challenge of folding newly synthesized proteins and refolding those that have become misfolded in the context of a crowded cytosol. One such coping mechanism that has appeared during evolution is the expression of well-conserved molecular chaperones, such as those that are part of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of proteins that bind and fold a large proportion of the proteome. Although Hsp70 family chaperones have been extensively examined for the last 50 years, most studies have focused on regulation of Hsp70 activities by altered transcription, co-chaperone "helper" proteins, and ATP binding and hydrolysis. The rise of modern proteomics has uncovered a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 family proteins that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, AMPylation, and ADP-ribosylation. Similarly to the pattern of histone modifications, the histone code, this complex pattern of chaperone PTMs is now known as the "chaperone code." In this review, we discuss the history of the Hsp70 chaperone code, its currently understood regulation and functions, and thoughts on what the future of research into the chaperone code may entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corey M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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29
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Catalytic activity regulation through post-translational modification: the expanding universe of protein diversity. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 122:97-125. [PMID: 32951817 PMCID: PMC7320668 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein composition is restricted by the genetic code to a relatively small number of natural amino acids. Similarly, the known three-dimensional structures adopt a limited number of protein folds. However, proteins exert a large variety of functions and show a remarkable ability for regulation and immediate response to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. To some degree, the wide variability of protein function can be attributed to the post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications have been observed in all kingdoms of life and give to proteins a significant degree of chemical and consequently functional and structural diversity. Their importance is partly reflected in the large number of genes dedicated to their regulation. So far, hundreds of post-translational modifications have been observed while it is believed that many more are to be discovered along with the technological advances in sequencing, proteomics, mass spectrometry and structural biology. Indeed, the number of studies which report novel post translational modifications is getting larger supporting the notion that their space is still largely unexplored. In this review we explore the impact of post-translational modifications on protein structure and function with emphasis on catalytic activity regulation. We present examples of proteins and protein families whose catalytic activity is substantially affected by the presence of post translational modifications and we describe the molecular basis which underlies the regulation of the protein function through these modifications. When available, we also summarize the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms which introduce these modifications to protein sites.
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Sieber SA, Cappello S, Kielkowski P. From Young to Old: AMPylation Hits the Brain. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:773-779. [PMID: 32521229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are implicated in numerous physiological processes and significantly contribute to complex regulatory networks of protein functions. Recently, a protein PTM called AMPylation was found to play a role in modulation of neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Combination of biochemical and chemical proteomic studies has uncovered the prevalence of this PTM in regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. In metazoans, thus far two protein AMP transferases have been identified to introduce AMPylation: FICD and SELO. These two proteins were found to be involved in unfolded protein response and redox homeostasis on the cellular level and in the case of FICD to adjust the development of glial cells and neurons in Drosophila and cerebral organoids, respectively. Together with findings on AMPylation and its association with toxic protein aggregation, we summarize in this Perspective the knowledge and putative future directions of protein AMPylation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Pavel Kielkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.
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31
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Perera LA, Rato C, Yan Y, Neidhardt L, McLaughlin SH, Read RJ, Preissler S, Ron D. An oligomeric state-dependent switch in the ER enzyme FICD regulates AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102177. [PMID: 31531998 PMCID: PMC6826200 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPylation is an inactivating modification that alters the activity of the major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP to match the burden of unfolded proteins. A single ER-localised Fic protein, FICD (HYPE), catalyses both AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP. However, the basis for the switch in FICD's activity is unknown. We report on the transition of FICD from a dimeric enzyme, that deAMPylates BiP, to a monomer with potent AMPylation activity. Mutations in the dimer interface, or of residues along an inhibitory pathway linking the dimer interface to the enzyme's active site, favour BiP AMPylation in vitro and in cells. Mechanistically, monomerisation relieves a repressive effect allosterically propagated from the dimer interface to the inhibitory Glu234, thereby permitting AMPylation-competent binding of MgATP. Moreover, a reciprocal signal, propagated from the nucleotide-binding site, provides a mechanism for coupling the oligomeric state and enzymatic activity of FICD to the energy status of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Perera
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Claudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Yahui Yan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lisa Neidhardt
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Steffen Preissler
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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