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Rosani U, De Felice S, Frizzo R, Kawato S, Wegner KM. FicD genes in invertebrates: A tale of transposons, pathogenic and integrated viruses. Gene 2024; 893:147895. [PMID: 37832807 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Many gene families are shared across the tree of life between distantly related species because of horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). However, the frequency of HGTs varies strongly between gene families and biotic realms suggesting differential selection pressures and functional bias. One gene family with a wide distribution are FIC-domain containing enzymes (FicDs). FicDs catalyze AMPylation, a post-translational protein modification consisting in the addition of adenosine monophosphate to accessible residues of target proteins. Beside the well-known conservation of FicDs in deuterostomes, we report the presence of a conserved FicD gene ortholog in a large number of protostomes and microbial eukaryotes. We also reported additional FicD gene copies in the genomes of some rotifers, parasitic worms and bivalves. A few dsDNA viruses of these invertebrates, including White spot syndrome virus, Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus, Ostreid herpesvirus-1 and the beetle nudivirus, carry copies of FicDs, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting a common origin of these FicD copies and the duplicated FicDs of their invertebrate hosts. HGTs and gene duplications possibly mediated by endogenous viruses or genetic mobile elements seem to have contributed to the transfer of AMPylation ability from bacteria and eukaryotes to pathogenic viruses, where this pathway could have been hijacked to promote viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Sofia De Felice
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Satoshi Kawato
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Waddensea Station Sylt, 25992 List, Germany
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2
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Pon A, Osinski A, Sreelatha A. Redefining pseudokinases: A look at the untapped enzymatic potential of pseudokinases. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:370-376. [PMID: 36602414 PMCID: PMC10050101 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically inactive kinases, known as pseudokinases, are conserved in all three domains of life. Due to the lack of catalytic residues, pseudokinases are considered to act as allosteric regulators and scaffolding proteins with no enzymatic function. However, since these "dead" kinases are conserved along with their active counterparts, a role for pseudokinases may have been overlooked. In this review, we will discuss the recently characterized pseudokinases Selenoprotein O, Legionella effector SidJ, and the SARS-CoV2 protein nsp12 which catalyze AMPylation, glutamylation, and RNAylation, respectively. These studies provide structural and mechanistic insight into the versatility and diversity of the kinase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pon
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Adam Osinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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3
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Gulen B, Casey A, Orth K. AMPylation of small GTPases by Fic enzymes. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:883-891. [PMID: 36239538 PMCID: PMC10050140 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases orchestrate numerous cellular pathways, acting as molecular switches and regulatory hubs to transmit molecular signals and because of this, they are often the target of pathogens. During infection, pathogens manipulate host cellular networks using post-translational modifications (PTMs). AMPylation, the modification of proteins with AMP, has been identified as a common PTM utilized by pathogens to hijack GTPase signalling during infection. AMPylation is primarily carried out by enzymes with a filamentation induced by cyclic-AMP (Fic) domain. Modification of small GTPases by AMP renders GTPases impervious to upstream regulatory inputs, resulting in unregulated downstream effector outputs for host cellular processes. Here, we overview Fic-mediated AMPylation of small GTPases by pathogens and other related PTMs catalysed by Fic enzymes on GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Casey
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Frese M, Saumer P, Yuan Y, Herzog D, Höpfner D, Itzen A, Marx A. The Alarmone Diadenosine Tetraphosphate as a Cosubstrate for Protein AMPylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213279. [PMID: 36524454 PMCID: PMC10107192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diadenosine polyphosphates (Apn As) are non-canonical nucleotides whose cellular concentrations increase during stress and are therefore termed alarmones, signaling homeostatic imbalance. Their cellular role is poorly understood. In this work, we assessed Apn As for their usage as cosubstrates for protein AMPylation, a post-translational modification in which adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is transferred to proteins. In humans, AMPylation mediated by the AMPylator FICD with ATP as a cosubstrate is a response to ER stress. Herein, we demonstrate that Ap4 A is proficiently consumed for AMPylation by FICD. By chemical proteomics using a new chemical probe, we identified new potential AMPylation targets. Interestingly, we found that AMPylation targets of FICD may differ depending on the nucleotide cosubstrate. These results may suggest that signaling at elevated Ap4 A levels during cellular stress differs from when Ap4 A is present at low concentrations, allowing response to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Frese
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Philip Saumer
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yizhi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Doreen Herzog
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dorothea Höpfner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Casey AK, Gray HF, Chimalapati S, Hernandez G, Moehlman AT, Stewart N, Fields HA, Gulen B, Servage KA, Stefanius K, Blevins A, Evers BM, Krämer H, Orth K. Fic-mediated AMPylation tempers the unfolded protein response during physiological stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208317119. [PMID: 35914137 PMCID: PMC9371680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208317119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper balance of synthesis, folding, modification, and degradation of proteins, also known as protein homeostasis, is vital to cellular health and function. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated when the mechanisms maintaining protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum become overwhelmed. However, prolonged or strong UPR responses can result in elevated inflammation and cellular damage. Previously, we discovered that the enzyme filamentation induced by cyclic-AMP (Fic) can modulate the UPR response via posttranslational modification of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) by AMPylation during homeostasis and deAMPylation during stress. Loss of fic in Drosophila leads to vision defects and altered UPR activation in the fly eye. To investigate the importance of Fic-mediated AMPylation in a mammalian system, we generated a conditional null allele of Fic in mice and characterized the effect of Fic loss on the exocrine pancreas. Compared to controls, Fic-/- mice exhibit elevated serum markers for pancreatic dysfunction and display enhanced UPR signaling in the exocrine pancreas in response to physiological and pharmacological stress. In addition, both fic-/- flies and Fic-/- mice show reduced capacity to recover from damage by stress that triggers the UPR. These findings show that Fic-mediated AMPylation acts as a molecular rheostat that is required to temper the UPR response in the mammalian pancreas during physiological stress. Based on these findings, we propose that repeated physiological stress in differentiated tissues requires this rheostat for tissue resilience and continued function over the lifetime of an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Casey
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hillery F. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Suneeta Chimalapati
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Genaro Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Andrew T. Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nathan Stewart
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hazel A. Fields
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Burak Gulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kelly A. Servage
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Karoliina Stefanius
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aubrie Blevins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bret M. Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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6
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Virolainen MS, Søltoft CL, Pedersen PA, Ellgaard L. Production of an Active, Human Membrane Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Full-Length FICD. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052458. [PMID: 35269596 PMCID: PMC8910494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Fic domain-containing protein (FICD) is a type II endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that is important for the maintenance of ER proteostasis. Structural and in vitro biochemical characterisation of FICD AMPylase and deAMPylase activity have been restricted to the soluble ER-luminal domain produced in Escherichia coli. Information about potentially important features, such as structural motifs, modulator binding sites or other regulatory elements, is therefore missing for the approximately 100 N-terminal residues including the transmembrane region of FICD. Expressing and purifying the required quantity and quality of membrane proteins is demanding because of the low yields and poor stability often observed. Here, we produce full-length FICD by combining a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based platform with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging to optimise the conditions for expression, solubilisation and purification. We subsequently employ these conditions to purify milligram quantities of His-tagged FICD per litre of culture, and show that the purified, detergent-solubilised membrane protein is an active deAMPylating enzyme. Our work provides a straightforward methodology for producing not only full-length FICD, but also other membrane proteins in S. cerevisiae for structural and biochemical characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minttu S. Virolainen
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
| | - Cecilie L. Søltoft
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
| | - Per A. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (P.A.P.); (L.E.)
| | - Lars Ellgaard
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.V.); (C.L.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.P.); (L.E.)
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7
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Makarov D, Telek A, Becker T, von Wrisberg MK, Schneider S, Kielkowski P. Clickable report tags for identification of modified peptides by mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2022; 57:e4812. [PMID: 35156258 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of modified peptides are critical for the functional characterization of post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) to elucidate their biological function. Nowadays, quantitative mass spectrometry coupled with various bioinformatic pipelines has been successfully used for the determination of a wide range of PTMs. However, direct characterization of low abundant protein PTMs in bottom-up proteomic workflow remains challenging. Here, we present the synthesis and evaluation of tandem mass spectrometry tags (TMT) which are introduced via click-chemistry into peptides bearing alkyne handles. The fragmentation properties of the two mass tags were validated and used for screening in a model system and analysis of AMPylated proteins. The presented tags provide a valuable tool for diagnostic peak generation to increase confidence in the identification of modified peptides and potentially for direct peptide-PTM quantification from various experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - András Telek
- Department of Chemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobias Becker
- Department of Chemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Selenoprotein O is one of 25 human selenoproteins that incorporate the 21st amino acid selenocysteine. Recent studies have revealed a previously undocumented mechanism of redox regulation by which SelO protects cells from oxidative damage. SelO catalyzes the covalent addition of AMP from ATP to the hydroxyl side chain of protein substrates in a post translational modification known as AMPylation. Although AMPylation was discovered over 50 years ago, methods to detect and enrich substrates are limited. Here, we describe protocols to clone, purify, and identify the substrates of bacterial SelO using a biotinylated ATP analog. Identification of SelO substrates and the functional consequences of AMPylation will illuminate the significance of this evolutionarily conserved selenoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghomukta Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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9
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Gulen B, Itzen A. Revisiting AMPylation through the lens of Fic enzymes. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:350-363. [PMID: 34531089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AMPylation, a post-translational modification (PTM) first discovered in the late 1960s, is catalyzed by adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-transferring enzymes. The observation that filamentation-induced-by-cyclic-AMP (fic) enzymes are associated with this unique PTM revealed that AMPylation plays a major role in hijacking of host signaling by pathogenic bacteria during infection. Studies over the past decade showed that AMPylation is conserved across all kingdoms of life and, outside their role in infection, also modulates cellular functions. Many aspects of AMPylation are yet to be uncovered. In this review we present the advancement in research on AMPylation and Fic enzymes as well as other distinct classes of enzymes that catalyze AMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gulen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Dietz N, Huber M, Sorg I, Goepfert A, Harms A, Schirmer T, Dehio C. Structural basis for selective AMPylation of Rac-subfamily GTPases by Bartonella effector protein 1 (Bep1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023245118. [PMID: 33723071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023245118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells regulate diverse cellular processes in response to extracellular cues. Small GTPases of the Rho family act as molecular switches to rapidly regulate discrete cellular activities, such as cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and innate immune responses. Numerous bacterial virulence factors modulate the function of Rho-family GTPases and thereby manipulate intracellular signaling. For many of these virulence factors we have gained detailed understanding how they covalently modify individual Rho-family GTPases to reprogram their activities; however, their mechanisms of selective targeting of distinct subsets of Rho-family GTPases remained elusive. Using a combination of structural biology and biochemistry, we demonstrate for the effector protein Bep1 exclusive specificity for Rac-subfamily GTPases and propose the underlying mechanism of target selectivity. Small GTPases of the Ras-homology (Rho) family are conserved molecular switches that control fundamental cellular activities in eukaryotic cells. As such, they are targeted by numerous bacterial toxins and effector proteins, which have been intensively investigated regarding their biochemical activities and discrete target spectra; however, the molecular mechanism of target selectivity has remained largely elusive. Here we report a bacterial effector protein that selectively targets members of the Rac subfamily in the Rho family of small GTPases but none in the closely related Cdc42 or RhoA subfamilies. This exquisite target selectivity of the FIC domain AMP-transferase Bep1 from Bartonella rochalimae is based on electrostatic interactions with a subfamily-specific pair of residues in the nucleotide-binding G4 motif and the Rho insert helix. Residue substitutions at the identified positions in Cdc42 enable modification by Bep1, while corresponding Cdc42-like substitutions in Rac1 greatly diminish modification. Our study establishes a structural understanding of target selectivity toward Rac-subfamily GTPases and provides a highly selective tool for their functional analysis.
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11
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McCaul N, Porter CM, Becker A, Tang CA, Wijne C, Chatterjee B, Bousbaine D, Bilate A, Hu CA, Ploegh H, Truttmann MC. Deletion of mFICD AMPylase alters cytokine secretion and affects visual short-term learning in vivo. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100991. [PMID: 34419450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fic domain-containing AMP transferases (fic AMPylases) are conserved enzymes that catalyze the covalent transfer of AMP to proteins. This posttranslational modification regulates the function of several proteins, including the ER-resident chaperone Grp78/BiP. Here we introduce a mouse FICD (mFICD) AMPylase knockout mouse model to study fic AMPylase function in vertebrates. We find that mFICD deficiency is well tolerated in unstressed mice. We also show that mFICD-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts are depleted of AMPylated proteins. mFICD deletion alters protein synthesis and secretion in splenocytes, including that of IgM, an antibody secreted early during infections, and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, without affecting the unfolded protein response. Finally, we demonstrate that visual nonspatial short-term learning is stronger in old mFICD−/− mice than in wild-type controls while other measures of cognition, memory, and learning are unaffected. Together, our results suggest a role for mFICD in adaptive immunity and neuronal plasticity in vivo.
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12
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Schirmer T, de Beer TAP, Tamegger S, Harms A, Dietz N, Dranow DM, Edwards TE, Myler PJ, Phan I, Dehio C. Evolutionary Diversification of Host-Targeted Bartonella Effectors Proteins Derived from a Conserved FicTA Toxin-Antitoxin Module. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1645. [PMID: 34442725 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing a FIC domain catalyze AMPylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs). In bacteria, they are typically part of FicTA toxin-antitoxin modules that control conserved biochemical processes such as topoisomerase activity, but they have also repeatedly diversified into host-targeted virulence factors. Among these, Bartonella effector proteins (Beps) comprise a particularly diverse ensemble of FIC domains that subvert various host cellular functions. However, no comprehensive comparative analysis has been performed to infer molecular mechanisms underlying the biochemical and functional diversification of FIC domains in the vast Bep family. Here, we used X-ray crystallography, structural modelling, and phylogenetic analyses to unravel the expansion and diversification of Bep repertoires that evolved in parallel in three Bartonella lineages from a single ancestral FicTA toxin-antitoxin module. Our analysis is based on 99 non-redundant Bep sequences and nine crystal structures. Inferred from the conservation of the FIC signature motif that comprises the catalytic histidine and residues involved in substrate binding, about half of them represent AMP transferases. A quarter of Beps show a glutamate in a strategic position in the putative substrate binding pocket that would interfere with triphosphate-nucleotide binding but may allow binding of an AMPylated target for deAMPylation or another substrate to catalyze a distinct PTM. The β-hairpin flap that registers the modifiable target segment to the active site exhibits remarkable structural variability. The corresponding sequences form few well-defined groups that may recognize distinct target proteins. The binding of Beps to promiscuous FicA antitoxins is well conserved, indicating a role of the antitoxin to inhibit enzymatic activity or to serve as a chaperone for the FIC domain before translocation of the Bep into host cells. Taken together, our analysis indicates a remarkable functional plasticity of Beps that is mostly brought about by structural changes in the substrate pocket and the target dock. These findings may guide future structure–function analyses of the highly versatile FIC domains.
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Sanyal A, Zbornik EA, Watson BG, Christoffer C, Ma J, Kihara D, Mattoo S. Kinetic and structural parameters governing Fic-mediated adenylylation/ AMPylation of the Hsp70 chaperone, BiP/GRP78. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:639-656. [PMID: 33942205 PMCID: PMC8275707 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) proteins regulate diverse cell signaling events by post-translationally modifying their protein targets, predominantly by the addition of an AMP (adenosine monophosphate). This modification is called Fic-mediated adenylylation or AMPylation. We previously reported that the human Fic protein, HYPE/FicD, is a novel regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that maintains homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to stress from misfolded proteins. Specifically, HYPE regulates UPR by adenylylating the ER chaperone, BiP/GRP78, which serves as a sentinel for UPR activation. Maintaining ER homeostasis is critical for determining cell fate, thus highlighting the importance of the HYPE-BiP interaction. Here, we study the kinetic and structural parameters that determine the HYPE-BiP interaction. By measuring the binding and kinetic efficiencies of HYPE in its activated (Adenylylation-competent) and wild type (de-AMPylation-competent) forms for BiP in its wild type and ATP-bound conformations, we determine that HYPE displays a nearly identical preference for the wild type and ATP-bound forms of BiP in vitro and preferentially de-AMPylates the wild type form of adenylylated BiP. We also show that AMPylation at BiP's Thr366 versus Thr518 sites differentially affect its ATPase activity, and that HYPE does not adenylylate UPR accessory proteins like J-protein ERdJ6. Using molecular docking models, we explain how HYPE is able to adenylylate Thr366 and Thr518 sites in vitro. While a physiological role for AMPylation at both the Thr366 and Thr518 sites has been reported, our molecular docking model supports Thr518 as the structurally preferred modification site. This is the first such analysis of the HYPE-BiP interaction and offers critical insights into substrate specificity and target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erica A Zbornik
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ben G Watson
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Charles Christoffer
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jia Ma
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Seema Mattoo
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., LILY G-227, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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14
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Liu M, Huai Z, Tan H, Chen G. Investigation of the Detailed AMPylated Reaction Mechanism for the Huntingtin Yeast-Interacting Protein E Enzyme HYPE. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6999. [PMID: 34209803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that involves the addition of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to proteins. Exactly how Huntingtin-associated yeast-interacting protein E (HYPE), as the first human protein, is involved in the transformation of the AMP moiety to its substrate target protein (the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone binding to immunoglobulin protein (BiP)) is still an open question. Additionally, a conserved glutamine plays a vital key role in the AMPylation reaction in most filamentation processes induced by the cAMP (Fic) protein. In the present work, the detailed catalytic AMPylation mechanisms in HYPE were determined based on the density functional theory (DFT) method. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were further used to investigate the exact role of the inhibitory glutamate. The metal center, Mg2+, in HYPE has been examined in various coordination configurations, including 4-coordrinated, 5-coordinated and 6-coordinated. DFT calculations revealed that the transformation of the AMP moiety of HYPE with BiP followed a sequential pathway. The model with a 4-coordinated metal center had a barrier of 14.7 kcal/mol, which was consistent with the experimental value and lower than the 38.7 kcal/mol barrier of the model with a 6-coordinated metal center and the 31.1 kcal/mol barrier of the model with a 5-coordinated metal center. Furthermore, DFT results indicated that Thr518 residue oxygen directly attacks the phosphorus, while the His363 residue acts as H-bond acceptor. At the same time, an MD study indicated that Glu234 played an inhibitory role in the α-inhibition helix by regulating the hydrogen bond interaction between Arg374 and the Pγ of the ATP molecule. The revealed sequential pathway and the inhibitory role of Glu234 in HYPE were inspirational for understanding the catalytic and inhibitory mechanisms of Fic-mediated AMP transfer, paving the way for further studies on the physiological role of Fic enzymes.
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15
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Yang Y, Yue Y, Song N, Li C, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Ma Y, Li H, Zhang F, Wang W, Jia H, Li P, Li X, Wang Q, Ding Z, Dong H, Gu L, Li B. The YdiU Domain Modulates Bacterial Stress Signaling through Mn 2+-Dependent UMPylation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108161. [PMID: 32966796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing stressful conditions and adjusting the cellular metabolism to adapt to the environment are essential activities for bacteria to survive in variable situations. Here, we describe a stress-related protein, YdiU, and characterize YdiU as an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of uridine-5'-monophosphate to a protein tyrosine/histidine residue, an unusual modification defined as UMPylation. Mn2+ serves as an essential co-factor for YdiU-mediated UMPylation. UTP and Mn2+ binding converts YdiU to an aggregate-prone state facilitating the recruitment of chaperones. The UMPylation of chaperones prevents them from binding co-factors or clients, thereby impairing their function. Consistent with the recent finding that YdiU acts as an AMPylator, we further demonstrate that the self-AMPylation of YdiU padlocks its chaperone-UMPylation activity. A detailed mechanism is proposed based on the crystal structures of Apo-YdiU and YdiU-AMPNPP-Mn2+ and on molecular dynamics simulation models of YdiU-UTP-Mn2+ and YdiU-UTP-peptide. In vivo data demonstrate that YdiU effectively protects Salmonella from stress-induced ATP depletion through UMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Haihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Translational Medicine Core Facility, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hongjie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China.
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16
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Grau FC, Burkovski A, Muller YA. Crystal structures of adenylylated and unadenylylated P II protein GlnK from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:325-335. [PMID: 33645536 PMCID: PMC7919409 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PII proteins are ubiquitous signaling proteins that are involved in the regulation of the nitrogen/carbon balance in bacteria, archaea, and some plants and algae. Signal transduction via PII proteins is modulated by effector molecules and post-translational modifications in the PII T-loop. Whereas the binding of ADP, ATP and the concomitant binding of ATP and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) engender two distinct conformations of the T-loop that either favor or disfavor the interaction with partner proteins, the structural consequences of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, uridylylation and adenylylation are far less well understood. In the present study, crystal structures of the PII protein GlnK from Corynebacterium glutamicum have been determined, namely of adenylylated GlnK (adGlnK) and unmodified unadenylylated GlnK (unGlnK). AdGlnK has been proposed to act as an inducer of the transcription repressor AmtR, and the adenylylation of Tyr51 in GlnK has been proposed to be a prerequisite for this function. The structures of unGlnK and adGlnK allow the first atomic insights into the structural implications of the covalent attachment of an AMP moiety to the T-loop. The overall GlnK fold remains unaltered upon adenylylation, and T-loop adenylylation does not appear to interfere with the formation of the two major functionally important T-loop conformations, namely the extended T-loop in the canonical ADP-bound state and the compacted T-loop that is adopted upon the simultaneous binding of Mg-ATP and 2OG. Thus, the PII-typical conformational switching mechanism appears to be preserved in GlnK from C. glutamicum, while at the same time the functional repertoire becomes expanded through the accommodation of a peculiar post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C. Grau
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yves A. Muller
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Abstract
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Bacteria utilize versatile strategies
to propagate infections within
human cells, e.g., by the injection of effector proteins,
which alter crucial signaling pathways. One class of such virulence-associated
proteins is involved in the AMPylation of eukaryotic Rho GTPases with
devastating effects on viability. In order to get an inventory of
AMPylated proteins, several technologies have been developed. However,
as they were designed for the analysis of cell lysates, knowledge
about AMPylation targets in living cells is largely lacking. Here,
we implement a chemical-proteomic method for deciphering AMPylated
host proteins in situ during bacterial infection.
HeLa cells treated with a previously established cell permeable pronucleotide
probe (pro-N6pA) were infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and modified host proteins were identified upon probe enrichment
and LC-MS/MS analysis. Three already known targets of the AMPylator
VopS—Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42—could be confirmed, and several
other Rho GTPases were additionally identified. These hits were validated
in comparative studies with V. parahaemolyticus wild type and a mutant producing an inactive VopS (H348A). The method
further allowed to decipher the sites of modification and facilitated
a time-dependent analysis of AMPylation during infection. Overall,
the methodology provides a reliable detection of host AMPylation in situ and thus a versatile tool in monitoring infection
processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rauh
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sophie Brameyer
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pavel Kielkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Zhang SP, Feng HZ, Wang Q, Kempher ML, Quan SW, Tao X, Niu S, Wang Y, Feng HY, He YX. Bacterial type II toxin-antitoxin systems acting through post-translational modifications. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:86-93. [PMID: 33384857 PMCID: PMC7758455 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational modification (PTM) serves as an important molecular switch mechanism to modulate diverse biological functions in response to specific cues. Though more commonly found in eukaryotic cells, many PTMs have been identified and characterized in bacteria over the past decade, highlighting the importance of PTMs in regulating bacterial physiology. Several bacterial PTM enzymes have been characterized to function as the toxin component of type II TA systems, which consist of a toxin that inhibits cell growth and an antitoxin that protects the cell from poisoning by the toxin. While TA systems can be classified into seven types based on nature of the antitoxin and its activity, type II TA systems are perhaps the most studied among the different TA types and widely distributed in eubacteria and archaea. The type II toxins possessing PTM activities typically modify various cellular targets mostly associated with protein translation and DNA replication. This review mainly focuses on the enzymatic activities, target specificities, antitoxin neutralizing mechanisms of the different families of PTM toxins. We also proposed that TA systems can be conceptually viewed as molecular switches where the 'on' and 'off' state of the system is tightly controlled by antitoxins and discussed the perspective on toxins having other physiologically roles apart from growth inhibition by acting on the nonessential cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ping Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Megan L Kempher
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Shuo-Wei Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Tao
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Shaomin Niu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hu-Yuan Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yong-Xing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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19
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Camara A, Sanyal A, Dutta S, Rochet JC, Mattoo S. In vitro AMPylation/Adenylylation of Alpha-synuclein by HYPE/FICD. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3760. [PMID: 33659419 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major histopathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are Lewy bodies (LBs) -cytoplasmic inclusions, enriched with fibrillar forms of the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Progressive deposition of α-syn into LBs is enabled by its propensity to fibrillize into insoluble aggregates. We recently described a marked reduction in α-syn fibrillation in vitro upon posttranslational modification (PTM) by the Fic (Filamentation induced by cAMP) family adenylyltransferase HYPE/FICD (Huntingtin yeast-interacting protein E/FICD). Specifically, HYPE utilizes ATP to covalently decorate key threonine residues in α-syn's N-terminal and NAC (non-amyloid-β component) regions with AMP (adenosine monophosphate), in a PTM termed AMPylation or adenylylation. Status quo in vitro AMPylation reactions of HYPE substrates, such as α-syn, use a variety of ATP analogs, including radiolabeled α-32P-ATP or α-33P-ATP, fluorescent ATP analogs, biotinylated-ATP analogs (N6-[6-hexamethyl]-ATP-Biotin), as well as click-chemistry-based alkyl-ATP methods for gel-based detection of AMPylation. Current literature describing a step-by-step protocol of HYPE-mediated AMPylation relies on an α-33P-ATP nucleotide instead of the more commonly available α-32P-ATP. Though effective, this former procedure requires a lengthy and hazardous DMSO-PPO (dimethyl sulfoxide-polyphenyloxazole) precipitation. Thus, we provide a streamlined alternative to the α-33P-ATP-based method, which obviates the DMSO-PPO precipitation step. Described here is a detailed procedure for HYPE mediated AMPylation of α-syn using α-32P-ATP as a nucleotide source. Moreover, our use of a reusable Phosphor screen for AMPylation detection, in lieu of the standard, single-use autoradiography film, provides a faster, more sensitive and cost-effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Camara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Seema Mattoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
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20
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Lu CH, McCloskey A, Chen FR, Nakayasu ES, Zhang LQ, Luo ZQ. Fic Proteins Inhibit the Activity of Topoisomerase IV by AMPylation in Diverse Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2084. [PMID: 32983060 PMCID: PMC7479194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fic (filamentation induced by cyclic AMP) domain is a widely distributed motif with a conserved sequence of HPFx[D/E]GN[G/K]R, some of which regulate cellular activity by catalyzing the transfer of the AMP moiety from ATP to protein substrates. Some Fic proteins, including Fic-1 from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2P24, have been shown to inhibit bacterial DNA replication by AMPylating the subunit B of DNA gyrase (GyrB), but the biochemical activity and cellular target of most Fic proteins remain unknown. Here, we report that Fic-2, which is another Fic protein from strain 2P24 and Fic-1 AMPylate the topoisomerase IV ParE at Tyr109. We also examined Fic proteins from several phylogenetically diverse bacteria and found that those from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus AMPylate ParE and GrlB, the counterpart of ParE in Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Modification by Fic-1 of P. fluorescens and FicY of Y. pseudotuberculosis inhibits the relaxation activity of topoisomerase IV. Consistent with the inhibition of ParE activity, ectopic expression of these Fic proteins causes cell filamentation akin to the canonical par phenotype in which nucleoids are assembled in the center of elongated cells, a process accompanied by the induction of the SOS response. Our results establish that Fic proteins from diverse bacterial species regulate chromosome division and cell separation in bacteria by targeting ParE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agriculture Science, Kunming, China.,Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alix McCloskey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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21
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Nitika, Porter CM, Truman AW, Truttmann MC. Post-translational modifications of Hsp70 family proteins: Expanding the chaperone code. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10689-10708. [PMID: 32518165 PMCID: PMC7397107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must be able to cope with the challenge of folding newly synthesized proteins and refolding those that have become misfolded in the context of a crowded cytosol. One such coping mechanism that has appeared during evolution is the expression of well-conserved molecular chaperones, such as those that are part of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of proteins that bind and fold a large proportion of the proteome. Although Hsp70 family chaperones have been extensively examined for the last 50 years, most studies have focused on regulation of Hsp70 activities by altered transcription, co-chaperone "helper" proteins, and ATP binding and hydrolysis. The rise of modern proteomics has uncovered a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 family proteins that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, AMPylation, and ADP-ribosylation. Similarly to the pattern of histone modifications, the histone code, this complex pattern of chaperone PTMs is now known as the "chaperone code." In this review, we discuss the history of the Hsp70 chaperone code, its currently understood regulation and functions, and thoughts on what the future of research into the chaperone code may entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corey M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Kokkinidis M, Glykos NM, Fadouloglou VE. Catalytic activity regulation through post-translational modification: the expanding universe of protein diversity. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 2020; 122:97-125. [PMID: 32951817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein composition is restricted by the genetic code to a relatively small number of natural amino acids. Similarly, the known three-dimensional structures adopt a limited number of protein folds. However, proteins exert a large variety of functions and show a remarkable ability for regulation and immediate response to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. To some degree, the wide variability of protein function can be attributed to the post-translational modifications. Post-translational modifications have been observed in all kingdoms of life and give to proteins a significant degree of chemical and consequently functional and structural diversity. Their importance is partly reflected in the large number of genes dedicated to their regulation. So far, hundreds of post-translational modifications have been observed while it is believed that many more are to be discovered along with the technological advances in sequencing, proteomics, mass spectrometry and structural biology. Indeed, the number of studies which report novel post translational modifications is getting larger supporting the notion that their space is still largely unexplored. In this review we explore the impact of post-translational modifications on protein structure and function with emphasis on catalytic activity regulation. We present examples of proteins and protein families whose catalytic activity is substantially affected by the presence of post translational modifications and we describe the molecular basis which underlies the regulation of the protein function through these modifications. When available, we also summarize the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms which introduce these modifications to protein sites.
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23
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Sieber SA, Cappello S, Kielkowski P. From Young to Old: AMPylation Hits the Brain. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:773-779. [PMID: 32521229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are implicated in numerous physiological processes and significantly contribute to complex regulatory networks of protein functions. Recently, a protein PTM called AMPylation was found to play a role in modulation of neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Combination of biochemical and chemical proteomic studies has uncovered the prevalence of this PTM in regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. In metazoans, thus far two protein AMP transferases have been identified to introduce AMPylation: FICD and SELO. These two proteins were found to be involved in unfolded protein response and redox homeostasis on the cellular level and in the case of FICD to adjust the development of glial cells and neurons in Drosophila and cerebral organoids, respectively. Together with findings on AMPylation and its association with toxic protein aggregation, we summarize in this Perspective the knowledge and putative future directions of protein AMPylation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Pavel Kielkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.
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24
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Kielkowski P, Buchsbaum IY, Becker T, Bach K, Cappello S, Sieber SA. A Pronucleotide Probe for Live-Cell Imaging of Protein AMPylation. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1285-1287. [PMID: 32027064 PMCID: PMC7317759 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of proteins to AMP (AMPylation) is a prevalent post‐translational modification (PTM) in human cells, involved in the regulation of unfolded protein response and neural development. Here we present a tailored pronucleotide probe suitable for in situ imaging and chemical proteomics profiling of AMPylated proteins. Using straightforward strain‐promoted azide–alkyne click chemistry, the probe provides stable fluorescence labelling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kielkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Isabel Y Buchsbaum
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bach
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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25
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Perera LA, Rato C, Yan Y, Neidhardt L, McLaughlin SH, Read RJ, Preissler S, Ron D. An oligomeric state-dependent switch in the ER enzyme FICD regulates AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102177. [PMID: 31531998 PMCID: PMC6826200 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPylation is an inactivating modification that alters the activity of the major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP to match the burden of unfolded proteins. A single ER-localised Fic protein, FICD (HYPE), catalyses both AMPylation and deAMPylation of BiP. However, the basis for the switch in FICD's activity is unknown. We report on the transition of FICD from a dimeric enzyme, that deAMPylates BiP, to a monomer with potent AMPylation activity. Mutations in the dimer interface, or of residues along an inhibitory pathway linking the dimer interface to the enzyme's active site, favour BiP AMPylation in vitro and in cells. Mechanistically, monomerisation relieves a repressive effect allosterically propagated from the dimer interface to the inhibitory Glu234, thereby permitting AMPylation-competent binding of MgATP. Moreover, a reciprocal signal, propagated from the nucleotide-binding site, provides a mechanism for coupling the oligomeric state and enzymatic activity of FICD to the energy status of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Perera
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Claudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Yahui Yan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lisa Neidhardt
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Steffen Preissler
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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26
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Sanyal A, Dutta S, Camara A, Chandran A, Koller A, Watson BG, Sengupta R, Ysselstein D, Montenegro P, Cannon J, Rochet JC, Mattoo S. Alpha-Synuclein Is a Target of Fic-Mediated Adenylylation/ AMPylation: Possible Implications for Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2266-2282. [PMID: 31034889 PMCID: PMC6554060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During disease, cells experience various stresses that manifest as an accumulation of misfolded proteins and eventually lead to cell death. To combat this stress, cells activate a pathway called unfolded protein response that functions to maintain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and determines cell fate. We recently reported a hitherto unknown mechanism of regulating ER stress via a novel post-translational modification called Fic-mediatedadenylylation/AMPylation. Specifically, we showed that the human Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) protein, HYPE/FicD, catalyzes the addition of an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to the ER chaperone, BiP, to alter the cell's unfolded protein response-mediated response to misfolded proteins. Here, we report that we have now identified a second target for HYPE-alpha-synuclein (αSyn), a presynaptic protein involved in Parkinson's disease. Aggregated αSyn has been shown to induce ER stress and elicit neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models. We show that HYPE adenylylates αSyn and reduces phenotypes associated with αSyn aggregation invitro, suggesting a possible mechanism by which cells cope with αSyn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ali Camara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Aswathy Chandran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Antonius Koller
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ben G Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ranjan Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paola Montenegro
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jason Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State St., LILYG-227, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, 915 W State St., LILYG-227, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seema Mattoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, 915 W State St., LILYG-227, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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27
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Orth K. My winding trail while fulfilling my love for science and family. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10435-10437. [PMID: 29643182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aw118.003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
My winding path toward a career in science was awkward, like an adolescent finding an identity. It did not follow a classic course; it had many interruptions, complications, and challenges. It also involved a bit of luck and extremely supportive colleagues, mentors, and family, including my husband, children, and in-laws. I was inspired to tell my story here because I met a young woman interviewing in 2018 for graduate school who is growing up with the same complicated family expectations, social challenges, love for science, and desire to be a scientist as I had four decades ago. Her future is uncertain, because her chosen academic path is not encouraged by those around her. We, as a society, must find ways to encourage, promote, enable, and give strength to those who want to follow their dreams, despite facing many challenges in their lives. Here are some things I learned on my career path that I hope might be helpful for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Orth
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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28
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Truttmann MC, Pincus D, Ploegh HL. Chaperone AMPylation modulates aggregation and toxicity of neurodegenerative disease-associated polypeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5008-17. [PMID: 29760078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801989115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein AMPylation in eukaryotes is a comparatively understudied posttranslational modification. With the exception of yeast, all eukaryotes have the enzymatic machinery required to execute this modification. Members of the heat shock protein family in different cellular compartments appear to be preferred targets for AMPylation, but it has proven challenging to adduce its biological function. We show that genetic modifications that affect AMPylation status, through generation of null alleles and a constitutively active version of the AMPylase FIC-1, can have a major impact on the susceptibility of Caenorhabditis elegans to neurodegenerative conditions linked to protein aggregation. Proteostasis is critical to maintain organismal viability, a process counteracted by aging-dependent protein aggregation. Chaperones of the heat shock protein (HSP) family help control proteostasis by reducing the burden of unfolded proteins. They also oversee the formation of protein aggregates. Here, we explore how AMPylation, a posttranslational protein modification that has emerged as a powerful modulator of HSP70 activity, influences the dynamics of protein aggregation. We find that adjustments of cellular AMPylation levels in Caenorhabditis elegans directly affect aggregation properties and associated toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ), of a polyglutamine (polyQ)-extended polypeptide, and of α-synuclein (α-syn). Expression of a constitutively active C. elegans AMPylase FIC-1(E274G) under its own promoter expedites aggregation of Aβ and α-syn, and drastically reduces their toxicity. A deficiency in AMPylation decreases the cellular tolerance for aggregation-prone polyQ proteins and alters their aggregation behavior. Overexpression of FIC-1(E274G) interferes with cell survival and larval development, underscoring the need for tight control of AMPylase activity in vivo. We thus define a link between HSP70 AMPylation and the dynamics of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease models. Our results are consistent with a cytoprotective, rather than a cytotoxic, role for such protein aggregates.
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29
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Casey AK, Moehlman AT, Zhang J, Servage KA, Krämer H, Orth K. Fic-mediated de AMPylation is not dependent on homodimerization and rescues toxic AMPylation in flies. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21193-21204. [PMID: 29089387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein chaperones play a critical role in proteostasis. The activity of the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (GRP78) is regulated by Fic-mediated AMPylation during resting states. By contrast, during times of stress, BiP is deAMPylated. Here, we show that excessive AMPylation by a constitutively active FicE247G mutant is lethal in Drosophila This lethality is cell-autonomous, as directed expression of the mutant FicE247G to the fly eye does not kill the fly but rather results in a rough and reduced eye. Lethality and eye phenotypes are rescued by the deAMPylation activity of wild-type Fic. Consistent with Fic acting as a deAMPylation enzyme, its activity was both time- and concentration-dependent. Furthermore, Fic deAMPylation activity was sufficient to suppress the AMPylation activity mediated by the constitutively active FicE247G mutant in Drosophila S2 lysates. Further, we show that the dual enzymatic activity of Fic is, in part, regulated by Fic dimerization, as loss of this dimerization increases AMPylation and reduces deAMPylation of BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmei Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular Biology.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Kelly A Servage
- From the Department of Molecular Biology.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | | | - Kim Orth
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, .,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148
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30
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Harms A, Segers FHID, Quebatte M, Mistl C, Manfredi P, Körner J, Chomel BB, Kosoy M, Maruyama S, Engel P, Dehio C. Evolutionary Dynamics of Pathoadaptation Revealed by Three Independent Acquisitions of the VirB/D4 Type IV Secretion System in Bartonella. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:761-776. [PMID: 28338931 PMCID: PMC5381568 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises a group of ubiquitous mammalian pathogens that are studied as a model for the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis. Vast abundance of two particular phylogenetic lineages of Bartonella had been linked to enhanced host adaptability enabled by lineage-specific acquisition of a VirB/D4 type IV secretion system (T4SS) and parallel evolution of complex effector repertoires. However, the limited availability of genome sequences from one of those lineages as well as other, remote branches of Bartonella has so far hampered comprehensive understanding of how the VirB/D4 T4SS and its effectors called Beps have shaped Bartonella evolution. Here, we report the discovery of a third repertoire of Beps associated with the VirB/D4 T4SS of B. ancashensis, a novel human pathogen that lacks any signs of host adaptability and is only distantly related to the two species-rich lineages encoding a VirB/D4 T4SS. Furthermore, sequencing of ten new Bartonella isolates from under-sampled lineages enabled combined in silico analyses and wet lab experiments that suggest several parallel layers of functional diversification during evolution of the three Bep repertoires from a single ancestral effector. Our analyses show that the Beps of B. ancashensis share many features with the two other repertoires, but may represent a more ancestral state that has not yet unleashed the adaptive potential of such an effector set. We anticipate that the effectors of B. ancashensis will enable future studies to dissect the evolutionary history of Bartonella effectors and help unraveling the evolutionary forces underlying bacterial host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harms
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxime Quebatte
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Mistl
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Manfredi
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Körner
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis
| | - Michael Kosoy
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philipp Engel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Preissler S, Rohland L, Yan Y, Chen R, Read RJ, Ron D. AMPylation targets the rate-limiting step of BiP's ATPase cycle for its functional inactivation. eLife 2017; 6:29428. [PMID: 29064368 PMCID: PMC5667935 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Hsp70 chaperone BiP contributes to protein folding homeostasis by engaging unfolded client proteins in a process that is tightly coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis. The inverse correlation between BiP AMPylation and the burden of unfolded ER proteins suggests a post-translational mechanism for adjusting BiP's activity to changing levels of ER stress, but the underlying molecular details are unexplored. We present biochemical and crystallographic studies indicating that irrespective of the identity of the bound nucleotide AMPylation biases BiP towards a conformation normally attained by the ATP-bound chaperone. AMPylation does not affect the interaction between BiP and J-protein co-factors but appears to allosterically impair J protein-stimulated ATP-hydrolysis, resulting in the inability of modified BiP to attain high affinity for its substrates. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which AMPylation serves as a switch to inactivate BiP, limiting its interactions with substrates whilst conserving ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Preissler
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Rohland
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yahui Yan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruming Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Randy J Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Wieteska L, Shahidi S, Zhuravleva A. Allosteric fine-tuning of the conformational equilibrium poises the chaperone BiP for post-translational regulation. eLife 2017; 6:29430. [PMID: 29064369 PMCID: PMC5655141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BiP is the only Hsp70 chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and similar to other Hsp70s, its activity relies on nucleotide- and substrate-controllable docking and undocking of its nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and substrate-binding domain (SBD). However, little is known of specific features of the BiP conformational landscape that tune BiP to its unique tasks and the ER environment. We present methyl NMR analysis of the BiP chaperone cycle that reveals surprising conformational heterogeneity of ATP-bound BiP that distinguishes BiP from its bacterial homologue DnaK. This unusual poise enables gradual post-translational regulation of the BiP chaperone cycle and its chaperone activity by subtle local perturbations at SBD allosteric 'hotspots'. In particular, BiP inactivation by AMPylation of its SBD does not disturb Hsp70 inter-domain allostery and preserves BiP structure. Instead it relies on a redistribution of the BiP conformational ensemble and stabilization the domain-docked conformation in presence of ADP and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Saeid Shahidi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Zhuravleva
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
Post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) orchestrate the activity of individual proteins and ensure their proper function. While modifications such as phosphorylation or glycosylation are well understood, more unusual modifications, including nitrosylation or AMPylation remain comparatively poorly characterized. Research on protein AMPylation-which refers to the covalent addition of an AMP moiety to the side chains of serine, threonine or tyrosine-has undergone a renaissance (Yarbrough et al., 2009; Engel et al., 2012; Ham et al., 2014; Woolery et al., 2014; Preissler et al., 2015; Sanyal et al., 2015; Truttmann et al., 2016; Truttmann et al., 2017). The identification and characterization of filamentation (fic) domain-containing AMPylases sparked new interest in this PTM (Kinch et al., 2009; Yarbrough et al., 2009). Based on recent in vivo and in vitro studies, we now know that secreted bacterial AMPylases covalently attach AMP to members of the Rho family of GTPases, while metazoan AMPylases modify HSP70 family proteins in the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Itzen et al., 2011; Hedberg and Itzen, 2015; Truttmann and Ploegh, 2017). AMPylation is thought to trap HSP70 in a primed yet transiently disabled state that cannot participate in protein refolding reactions (Preissler et al., 2015). In vitro AMPylation experiments are key to assess the activity, kinetics and specificity of protein AMPylation catalyzed by pro- and eukaryotic enzymes. These simple assays require recombinant AMPylases, target proteins (Rho GTPases, HSP70s), as well as ATP as a nucleotide source. Here, we describe strategies to qualitatively and quantitatively study protein AMPylation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Truttmann MC, Zheng X, Hanke L, Damon JR, Grootveld M, Krakowiak J, Pincus D, Ploegh HL. Unrestrained AMPylation targets cytosolic chaperones and activates the heat shock response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E152-60. [PMID: 28031489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619234114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein AMPylation is a conserved posttranslational modification with emerging roles in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. However, the range of substrates and cell biological consequences of AMPylation remain poorly defined. We expressed human and Caenorhabditis elegans AMPylation enzymes-huntingtin yeast-interacting protein E (HYPE) and filamentation-induced by cyclic AMP (FIC)-1, respectively-in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryote that lacks endogenous protein AMPylation. Expression of HYPE and FIC-1 in yeast induced a strong cytoplasmic Hsf1-mediated heat shock response, accompanied by attenuation of protein translation, massive protein aggregation, growth arrest, and lethality. Overexpression of Ssa2, a cytosolic heat shock protein (Hsp)70, was sufficient to partially rescue growth. In human cell lines, overexpression of active HYPE similarly induced protein aggregation and the HSF1-dependent heat shock response. Excessive AMPylation also abolished HSP70-dependent influenza virus replication. Our findings suggest a mode of Hsp70 inactivation by AMPylation and point toward a role for protein AMPylation in the regulation of cellular protein homeostasis beyond the endoplasmic reticulum.
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35
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Abstract
The ubiquitous proteins with FIC (filamentation induced by cyclic AMP) domains use a conserved enzymatic machinery to modulate the activity of various target proteins by posttranslational modification, typically AMPylation. Following intensive study of the general properties of FIC domain catalysis, diverse molecular activities and biological functions of these remarkably versatile proteins are now being revealed. Here, we review the biological diversity of FIC domain proteins and summarize the underlying structure-function relationships. The original and most abundant genuine bacterial FIC domain proteins are toxins that use diverse molecular activities to interfere with bacterial physiology in various, yet ill-defined, biological contexts. Host-targeted virulence factors have evolved repeatedly out of this pool by exaptation of the enzymatic FIC domain machinery for the manipulation of host cell signaling in favor of bacterial pathogens. The single human FIC domain protein HypE (FICD) has a specific function in the regulation of protein stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harms
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Frédéric V Stanger
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,*Current address: Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christoph Dehio
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
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36
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Dedic E, Alsarraf H, Welner DH, Østergaard O, Klychnikov OI, Hensbergen PJ, Corver J, van Leeuwen HC, Jørgensen R. A Novel Fic (Filamentation Induced by cAMP) Protein from Clostridium difficile Reveals an Inhibitory Motif-independent Adenylylation/ AMPylation Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13286-300. [PMID: 27076635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentation induced by cAMP (Fic) domain proteins have been shown to catalyze the transfer of the AMP moiety from ATP onto a protein target. This type of post-translational modification was recently shown to play a crucial role in pathogenicity mediated by two bacterial virulence factors. Herein we characterize a novel Fic domain protein that we identified from the human pathogen Clostridium difficile The crystal structure shows that the protein adopts a classical all-helical Fic fold, which belongs to class II of Fic domain proteins characterized by an intrinsic N-terminal autoinhibitory α-helix. A conserved glutamate residue in the inhibitory helix motif was previously shown in other Fic domain proteins to prevent proper binding of the ATP γ-phosphate. However, here we demonstrate that both ATP binding and autoadenylylation activity of the C. difficile Fic domain protein are independent of the inhibitory motif. In support of this, the crystal structure of a mutant of this Fic protein in complex with ATP reveals that the γ-phosphate adopts a conformation unique among Fic domains that seems to override the effect of the inhibitory helix. These results provide important structural insight into the adenylylation reaction mechanism catalyzed by Fic domains. Our findings reveal the presence of a class II Fic domain protein in the human pathogen C. difficile that is not regulated by autoinhibition and challenge the current dogma that all class I-III Fic domain proteins are inhibited by the inhibitory α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Dedic
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Infection Control and
| | - Husam Alsarraf
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Infection Control and
| | | | - Ole Østergaard
- Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark and
| | | | | | - Jeroen Corver
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Section Experimental Bacteriology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René Jørgensen
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Infection Control and
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37
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Stanger FV, Burmann BM, Harms A, Aragão H, Mazur A, Sharpe T, Dehio C, Hiller S, Schirmer T. Intrinsic regulation of FIC-domain AMP-transferases by oligomerization and automodification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E529-37. [PMID: 26787847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516930113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentation induced by cyclic AMP (FIC)-domain enzymes catalyze adenylylation or other posttranslational modifications of target proteins to control their function. Recently, we have shown that Fic enzymes are autoinhibited by an α-helix (αinh) that partly obstructs the active site. For the single-domain class III Fic proteins, the αinh is located at the C terminus and its deletion relieves autoinhibition. However, it has remained unclear how activation occurs naturally. Here, we show by structural, biophysical, and enzymatic analyses combined with in vivo data that the class III Fic protein NmFic from Neisseria meningitidis gets autoadenylylated in cis, thereby autonomously relieving autoinhibition and thus allowing subsequent adenylylation of its target, the DNA gyrase subunit GyrB. Furthermore, we show that NmFic activation is antagonized by tetramerization. The combination of autoadenylylation and tetramerization results in nonmonotonic concentration dependence of NmFic activity and a pronounced lag phase in the progress of target adenylylation. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that this elaborate dual-control mechanism is conserved throughout class III Fic proteins.
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38
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Preissler S, Rato C, Chen R, Antrobus R, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Ron D. AMPylation matches BiP activity to client protein load in the endoplasmic reticulum. eLife 2015; 4:e12621. [PMID: 26673894 PMCID: PMC4739761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized Hsp70 chaperone BiP affects protein folding homeostasis and the response to ER stress. Reversible inactivating covalent modification of BiP is believed to contribute to the balance between chaperones and unfolded ER proteins, but the nature of this modification has so far been hinted at indirectly. We report that deletion of FICD, a gene encoding an ER-localized AMPylating enzyme, abolished detectable modification of endogenous BiP enhancing ER buffering of unfolded protein stress in mammalian cells, whilst deregulated FICD activity had the opposite effect. In vitro, FICD AMPylated BiP to completion on a single residue, Thr(518). AMPylation increased, in a strictly FICD-dependent manner, as the flux of proteins entering the ER was attenuated in vivo. In vitro, Thr(518) AMPylation enhanced peptide dissociation from BiP 6-fold and abolished stimulation of ATP hydrolysis by J-domain cofactor. These findings expose the molecular basis for covalent inactivation of BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Preissler
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cláudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruming Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shujing Ding
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Fearnley
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Rho proteins are targets of numerous bacterial protein toxins, which manipulate the GTP-binding proteins by covalent modifications, including ADP ribosylation, glycosylation, adenylylation, proteolytic cleavage and deamidation. Bacterial toxins are important virulence factors but are also potent and efficient pharmacological tools to study the physiological functions of their eukaryotic targets. Recent studies indicate that amazing variations exist in the molecular mechanisms by which toxins attack Rho proteins, which are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Aktories
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Yu X, Decker KB, Barker K, Neunuebel MR, Saul J, Graves M, Westcott N, Hang H, LaBaer J, Qiu J, Machner MP. Host-pathogen interaction profiling using self-assembling human protein arrays. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1920-36. [PMID: 25739981 DOI: 10.1021/pr5013015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Host-pathogen protein interactions are fundamental to every microbial infection, yet their identification has remained challenging due to the lack of simple detection tools that avoid abundance biases while providing an open format for experimental modifications. Here, we applied the Nucleic Acid-Programmable Protein Array and a HaloTag-Halo ligand detection system to determine the interaction network of Legionella pneumophila effectors (SidM and LidA) with 10 000 unique human proteins. We identified known targets of these L. pneumophila proteins and potentially novel interaction candidates. In addition, we applied our Click chemistry-based NAPPA platform to identify the substrates for SidM, an effector with an adenylyl transferase domain that catalyzes AMPylation (adenylylation), the covalent addition of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). We confirmed a subset of the novel SidM and LidA targets in independent in vitro pull-down and in vivo cell-based assays, and provided further insight into how these effectors may discriminate between different host Rab GTPases. Our method circumvents the purification of thousands of human and pathogen proteins, and does not require antibodies against or prelabeling of query proteins. This system is amenable to high-throughput analysis of effectors from a wide variety of human pathogens that may bind to and/or post-translationally modify targets within the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kimberly B Decker
- ‡Unit on Microbial Pathogenesis, Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristi Barker
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - M Ramona Neunuebel
- ‡Unit on Microbial Pathogenesis, Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Justin Saul
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Morgan Graves
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Nathan Westcott
- §The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Howard Hang
- §The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ji Qiu
- †Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Matthias P Machner
- ‡Unit on Microbial Pathogenesis, Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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41
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Truttmann MC, Wu Q, Stiegeler S, Duarte JN, Ingram J, Ploegh HL. HypE-specific nanobodies as tools to modulate HypE-mediated target AMPylation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9087-100. [PMID: 25678711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent addition of mono-AMP to target proteins (AMPylation) by Fic domain-containing proteins is a poorly understood, yet highly conserved post-translational modification. Here, we describe the generation, evaluation, and application of four HypE-specific nanobodies: three that inhibit HypE-mediated target AMPylation in vitro and one that acts as an activator. All heavy chain-only antibody variable domains bind HypE when expressed as GFP fusions in intact cells. We observed localization of HypE at the nuclear envelope and further identified histones H2-H4, but not H1, as novel in vitro targets of the human Fic protein. Its role in histone modification provides a possible link between AMPylation and regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Truttmann
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and
| | - Qin Wu
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and
| | - Sarah Stiegeler
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and
| | - Joao N Duarte
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and
| | - Jessica Ingram
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Sanyal A, Chen AJ, Nakayasu ES, Lazar CS, Zbornik EA, Worby CA, Koller A, Mattoo S. A novel link between Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP)-mediated adenylylation/ AMPylation and the unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8482-99. [PMID: 25601083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is a critical aspect of determining cell fate and requires a properly functioning unfolded protein response (UPR). We have discovered a previously unknown role of a post-translational modification termed adenylylation/AMPylation in regulating signal transduction events during UPR induction. A family of enzymes, defined by the presence of a Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) domain, catalyzes this adenylylation reaction. The human genome encodes a single Fic protein, called HYPE (Huntingtin yeast interacting protein E), with adenylyltransferase activity but unknown physiological target(s). Here, we demonstrate that HYPE localizes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via its hydrophobic N terminus and adenylylates the ER molecular chaperone, BiP, at Ser-365 and Thr-366. BiP functions as a sentinel for protein misfolding and maintains ER homeostasis. We found that adenylylation enhances BiP's ATPase activity, which is required for refolding misfolded proteins while coping with ER stress. Accordingly, HYPE expression levels increase upon stress. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HYPE prevents the induction of an unfolded protein response. Thus, we identify HYPE as a new UPR regulator and provide the first functional data for Fic-mediated adenylylation in mammalian signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy J Chen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Cheri S Lazar
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | | | - Carolyn A Worby
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Antonius Koller
- the Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Ham H, Woolery AR, Tracy C, Stenesen D, Krämer H, Orth K. Unfolded protein response-regulated Drosophila Fic (dFic) protein reversibly AMPylates BiP chaperone during endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36059-69. [PMID: 25395623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Fic (dFic) mediates AMPylation, a covalent attachment of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from ATP to hydroxyl side chains of protein substrates. Here, we identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP as a substrate for dFic and mapped the modification site to Thr-366 within the ATPase domain. The level of AMPylated BiP in Drosophila S2 cells is high during homeostasis, whereas the level of AMPylated BiP decreases upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Both dFic and BiP are transcriptionally activated upon ER stress, supporting the role of dFic in the unfolded protein response pathway. The inactive conformation of BiP is the preferred substrate for dFic, thus endorsing a model whereby AMPylation regulates the function of BiP as a chaperone, allowing acute activation of BiP by deAMPylation during an ER stress response. These findings not only present the first substrate of eukaryotic AMPylator but also provide a target for regulating the unfolded protein response, an emerging avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeilin Ham
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Charles Tracy
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Drew Stenesen
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
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Abstract
Rho GTPases are frequent targets of virulence factors as they are keystone signaling molecules. Herein, we demonstrate that AMPylation of Rho GTPases by VopS is a multifaceted virulence mechanism that counters several host immunity strategies. Activation of NFκB, Erk, and JNK kinase signaling pathways were inhibited in a VopS-dependent manner during infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Phosphorylation and degradation of IKBα were inhibited in the presence of VopS as was nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunit p65. AMPylation also prevented the generation of superoxide by the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex, potentially by inhibiting the interaction of Rac and p67. Furthermore, the interaction of GTPases with the E3 ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and XIAP was hindered, leading to decreased degradation of Rac and RhoA during infection. Finally, we screened for novel Rac1 interactions using a nucleic acid programmable protein array and discovered that Rac1 binds to the protein C1QA, a protein known to promote immune signaling in the cytosol. Interestingly, this interaction was disrupted by AMPylation. We conclude that AMPylation of Rho Family GTPases by VopS results in diverse inhibitory consequences during infection beyond the most obvious phenotype, the collapse of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Woolery
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148 and
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Kim Orth
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148 and
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Pieles K, Glatter T, Harms A, Schmidt A, Dehio C. An experimental strategy for the identification of AMPylation targets from complex protein samples. Proteomics 2014; 14:1048-52. [PMID: 24677795 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AMPylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that has recently caught much attention in the context of bacterial infections as pathogens were shown to secrete Fic proteins that AMPylate Rho GTPases and thus interfere with host cell signaling processes. Although Fic proteins are widespread and found in all kingdoms of life, only a small number of AMPylation targets are known to date. A major obstacle to target identification is the limited availability of generic strategies allowing sensitive and robust identification of AMPylation events. Here, we present an unbiased MS-based approach utilizing stable isotope-labeled ATP. The ATP isotopes are transferred onto target proteins in crude cell lysates by in vitro AMPylation introducing specific reporter ion clusters that allow detection of AMPylated peptides in complex biological samples by MS analysis. Applying this strategy on the secreted Fic protein Bep2 of Bartonella rochalimae, we identified the filamenting protein vimentin as an AMPylation target that was confirmed by independent assays. Vimentin represents a new class of target proteins and its identification emphasizes our method as a valuable tool to systematically uncover AMPylation targets. Furthermore, the approach can be generically adapted to study targets of other PTMs that allow incorporation of isotopically labeled substrates.
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46
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Abstract
The post-translational modification AMPylation is emerging as a significant regulatory mechanism in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic biology. This process involves the covalent addition of an adenosine monophosphate to a protein resulting in a modified protein with altered activity. Proteins capable of catalyzing AMPylation, termed AMPylators, are comparable to kinases in that they both hydrolyze ATP and reversibly transfer a part of this primary metabolite to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein substrate. To date, only four AMPylators have been characterized, though many more potential candidates have been identified through amino acid sequence analysis and preliminary in vitro studies. This modification was first discovered over 40 years ago by Earl Stadtman and colleagues through the modification of glutamine synthetase by adenylyl transferase; however research into this mechanism has only just been reenergized by the studies on bacterial effectors. New AMPylators were revealed due to the discovery that a bacterial effector having a conserved Fic domain transfers an AMP group to protein substrates. Current research focuses on identifying and characterizing various types of AMPylators homologous to Fic domains and adenylyl transferase domains and their respective substrates. While all AMPylators characterized thus far are bacterial proteins, the conservation of the Fic domain in eukaryotic organisms suggests that AMPylation is omnipresent in various forms of life and has significant impact on a wide range of regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Woolery
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
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