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Berezin CT, Aguilera LU, Billerbeck S, Bourne PE, Densmore D, Freemont P, Gorochowski TE, Hernandez SI, Hillson NJ, King CR, Köpke M, Ma S, Miller KM, Moon TS, Moore JH, Munsky B, Myers CJ, Nicholas DA, Peccoud SJ, Zhou W, Peccoud J. Ten simple rules for managing laboratory information. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011652. [PMID: 38060459 PMCID: PMC10703290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Information is the cornerstone of research, from experimental (meta)data and computational processes to complex inventories of reagents and equipment. These 10 simple rules discuss best practices for leveraging laboratory information management systems to transform this large information load into useful scientific findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey-Tyler Berezin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Luis U. Aguilera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonja Billerbeck
- Molecular Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Douglas Densmore
- College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul Freemont
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Gorochowski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- BrisEngBio, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah I. Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Hillson
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- US Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Connor R. King
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael Köpke
- LanzaTech, Skokie, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Munsky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Myers
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dequina A. Nicholas
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Peccoud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jean Peccoud
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Vrana J, de Lange O, Yang Y, Newman G, Saleem A, Miller A, Cordray C, Halabiya S, Parks M, Lopez E, Goldberg S, Keller B, Strickland D, Klavins E. Aquarium: open-source laboratory software for design, execution and data management. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab006. [PMID: 34151028 PMCID: PMC8209617 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Automation has been shown to improve the replicability and scalability of biomedical and bioindustrial research. Although the work performed in many labs is repetitive and can be standardized, few academic labs can afford the time and money required to automate their workflows with robotics. We propose that human-in-the-loop automation can fill this critical gap. To this end, we present Aquarium, an open-source, web-based software application that integrates experimental design, inventory management, protocol execution and data capture. We provide a high-level view of how researchers can install Aquarium and use it in their own labs. We discuss the impacts of the Aquarium on working practices, use in biofoundries and opportunities it affords for collaboration and education in life science laboratory research and manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Vrana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Orlando de Lange
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yaoyu Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garrett Newman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abraham Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Cordray
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samer Halabiya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle Parks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eriberto Lopez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Goldberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Keller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Devin Strickland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Klavins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Suhr M, Lehmann C, Bauer CR, Bender T, Knopp C, Freckmann L, Öst Hansen B, Henke C, Aschenbrandt G, Kühlborn LK, Rheinländer S, Weber L, Marzec B, Hellkamp M, Wieder P, Sax U, Kusch H, Nussbeck SY. Menoci: lightweight extensible web portal enhancing data management for biomedical research projects. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:582. [PMID: 33334310 PMCID: PMC7745495 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedical research projects deal with data management requirements from multiple sources like funding agencies' guidelines, publisher policies, discipline best practices, and their own users' needs. We describe functional and quality requirements based on many years of experience implementing data management for the CRC 1002 and CRC 1190. A fully equipped data management software should improve documentation of experiments and materials, enable data storage and sharing according to the FAIR Guiding Principles while maximizing usability, information security, as well as software sustainability and reusability. RESULTS We introduce the modular web portal software menoci for data collection, experiment documentation, data publication, sharing, and preservation in biomedical research projects. Menoci modules are based on the Drupal content management system which enables lightweight deployment and setup, and creates the possibility to combine research data management with a customisable project home page or collaboration platform. CONCLUSIONS Management of research data and digital research artefacts is transforming from individual researcher or groups best practices towards project- or organisation-wide service infrastructures. To enable and support this structural transformation process, a vital ecosystem of open source software tools is needed. Menoci is a contribution to this ecosystem of research data management tools that is specifically designed to support biomedical research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suhr
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - C Lehmann
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C R Bauer
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Bender
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Knopp
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L Freckmann
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Öst Hansen
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Henke
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Aschenbrandt
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L K Kühlborn
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Rheinländer
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L Weber
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Marzec
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Hellkamp
- GWDG, Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH Göttingen, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Wieder
- GWDG, Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH Göttingen, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - U Sax
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Kusch
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Y Nussbeck
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- University Medical Center Göttingen, UMG Biobank, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Gerlach B, Untucht C, Stefan A. Electronic Lab Notebooks and Experimental Design Assistants. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 257:257-275. [PMID: 31541321 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Documentation of experiments is essential for best research practice and ensures scientific transparency and data integrity. Traditionally, the paper lab notebook (pLN) has been employed for documentation of experimental procedures, but over the course of the last decades, the introduction of electronic tools has changed the research landscape and the way that work is performed. Nowadays, almost all data acquisition, analysis, presentation and archiving are done with electronic tools. The use of electronic tools provides many new possibilities, as well as challenges, particularly with respect to documentation and data quality. One of the biggest hurdles is the management of data on different devices with a substantial amount of metadata. Transparency and integrity have to be ensured and must be reflected in documentation within LNs. With this in mind, electronic LNs (eLN) were introduced to make documentation of experiments more straightforward, with the development of enhanced functionality leading gradually to their more widespread use. This chapter gives a general overview of eLNs in the scientific environment with a focus on the advantages of supporting quality and transparency of the research. It provides guidance on adopting an eLN and gives an example on how to set up unique Study-IDs in labs in order to maintain and enhance best practices. Overall, the chapter highlights the central role of eLNs in supporting the documentation and reproducibility of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Untucht
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Neuroscience Discovery , Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alfred Stefan
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Information Research, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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5
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Anatskiy E, Ryan DP, Grüning BA, Arrigoni L, Manke T, Bönisch U. Parkour LIMS: high-quality sample preparation in next generation sequencing. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:1422-1424. [PMID: 30239601 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION This paper presents Parkour, a software package for sample processing and quality management of next generation sequencing data and samples. RESULTS Starting with user requests, Parkour allows tracking and assessing samples based on predefined quality criteria through different stages of the sample preparation workflow. Ideally suited for academic core laboratories, the software aims to maximize efficiency and reduce turnaround time by intelligent sample grouping and a clear assignment of staff to work units. Tools for automated invoicing, interactive statistics on facility usage and simple report generation minimize administrative tasks. Provided as a web application, Parkour is a convenient tool for both deep sequencing service users and laboratory personal. A set of web APIs allow coordinated information sharing with local and remote bioinformaticians. The flexible structure allows workflow customization and simple addition of new features as well as the expansion to other domains. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code and documentation are available at https://github.com/maxplanck-ie/parkour. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anatskiy
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D P Ryan
- Bioinformatics Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - B A Grüning
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - L Arrigoni
- Deep Sequencing Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Manke
- Bioinformatics Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - U Bönisch
- Deep Sequencing Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Bolon B, Baze W, Shilling CJ, Keatley KL, Patrick DJ, Schafer KA. Good Laboratory Practice in the Academic Setting: Fundamental Principles for Nonclinical Safety Assessment and GLP-Compliant Pathology Support When Developing Innovative Biomedical Products. ILAR J 2019; 59:18-28. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDevelopment of new biomedical products necessitates nonclinical safety assessment in animals as a means of assessing potential risk to human patients. Pivotal nonclinical safety studies that support human clinical trials are performed according to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines, which are designed to ensure that the study was conducted under carefully controlled conditions using standardized and validated procedures that will yield a reliable, reproducible, and traceable data set. The GLP guidelines established by different regulatory agencies address organizational structure, personnel responsibilities, personnel training practices, quality assurance (ensuring compliance), facilities, equipment, standard operating procedures, study documentation (record keeping), and record and sample retention. Academic institutions engaging in nonclinical safety assessment on-site have multiple options for implementing a GLP quality system. This article outlines the rationale supporting the use of a GLP-compliant or GLP-like quality system in academia and reviews key concepts needed to efficiently and effectively implement GLP in the academic setting. Emphasis is given to provision of GLP-compliant pathology support as (1) pathology data are an essential component of GLP nonclinical safety testing, (2) familiarity with pathology-related GLP procedures typically is gained first outside the academic setting, and (3) microscopic pathology diagnoses and interpretations require special accommodations to ensure that they are undertaken in a GLP-compliant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wallace Baze
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Christopher J Shilling
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Drug and Device Development Services, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Software to improve transfer and reproducibility of cell culture methods. Biotechniques 2018; 65:289-292. [PMID: 30394130 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a vital component of laboratories throughout the scientific community, yet the absence of standardized protocols and documentation practice challenges laboratory efficiency and scientific reproducibility. We examined the effectiveness of a cloud-based software application, CultureTrax® as a tool for standardizing and transferring a complex cell culture protocol. The software workflow and template were used to electronically format a cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol and share a digitally executable copy with a different lab user. While the protocol was unfamiliar to the recipient, they executed the experiment by solely using CultureTrax and successfully derived cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. This software tool significantly reduced the time and resources required to effectively transfer and implement a novel protocol.
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8
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Riley EM, Hattaway HZ, Felse PA. Implementation and use of cloud-based electronic lab notebook in a bioprocess engineering teaching laboratory. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:40. [PMID: 29201138 PMCID: PMC5701295 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic lab notebooks (ELNs) are better equipped than paper lab notebooks (PLNs) to handle present-day life science and engineering experiments that generate large data sets and require high levels of data integrity. But limited training and a lack of workforce with ELN knowledge have restricted the use of ELN in academic and industry research laboratories which still rely on cumbersome PLNs for recordkeeping. We used LabArchives, a cloud-based ELN in our bioprocess engineering lab course to train students in electronic record keeping, good documentation practices (GDPs), and data integrity. Results Implementation of ELN in the bioprocess engineering lab course, an analysis of user experiences, and our development actions to improve ELN training are presented here. ELN improved pedagogy and learning outcomes of the lab course through stream lined workflow, quick data recording and archiving, and enhanced data sharing and collaboration. It also enabled superior data integrity, simplified information exchange, and allowed real-time and remote monitoring of experiments. Several attributes related to positive user experiences of ELN improved between the two subsequent years in which ELN was offered. Student responses also indicate that ELN is better than PLN for compliance. Conclusions We demonstrated that ELN can be successfully implemented in a lab course with significant benefits to pedagogy, GDP training, and data integrity. The methods and processes presented here for ELN implementation can be adapted to many types of laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Riley
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.,Present address: Catalent Pharmaceuticals, 726 Heartland Trail, Madison, WI 53717 USA
| | - Holly Z Hattaway
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - P Arthur Felse
- Master of Biotechnology Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, TECH E136, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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9
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Are we ready for the evolution of electronic laboratory notebooks in regulated bioanalysis? Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1203-1205. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Jena GB, Chavan S. Implementation of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in basic scientific research: Translating the concept beyond regulatory compliance. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:20-25. [PMID: 28713068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The principles of Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) are mainly intended for the laboratories performing studies for regulatory compliances. However, today GLP can be applied to broad disciplines of science to cater to the needs of the experimental objectives, generation of quality data and assay reproducibility. Considering its significance, it can now be applied in academics; industries as well as government set ups throughout the world. GLP is the best way to promote the reliability, reproducibility of the test data and hence facilitates the international acceptability. Now it is high time to translate and implement the concept of GLP beyond regulatory studies. Thus, it can pave the way for better understanding of scientific problems and help to maintain a good human and environmental health. Through this review, we have made an attempt to explore the uses of GLP principles in different fields of science and its acceptability as well as looking for its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Jena
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
| | - Sapana Chavan
- Facility for Risk Assessment and Intervention Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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Abstract
Every professional doing active research in the life sciences is required to keep a laboratory notebook. However, while science has changed dramatically over the last centuries, laboratory notebooks have remained essentially unchanged since pre-modern science. We argue that the implementation of electronic laboratory notebooks (eLN) in academic research is overdue, and we provide researchers and their institutions with the background and practical knowledge to select and initiate the implementation of an eLN in their laboratories. In addition, we present data from surveying biomedical researchers and technicians regarding which hypothetical features and functionalities they hope to see implemented in an eLN, and which ones they regard as less important. We also present data on acceptance and satisfaction of those who have recently switched from paper laboratory notebook to an eLN. We thus provide answers to the following questions: What does an electronic laboratory notebook afford a biomedical researcher, what does it require, and how should one go about implementing it?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, 10117, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Berlin, 10117, Germany; Excellence Cluster NeuroCure, Berlin, 10117, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ingo Przesdzing
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
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