1
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Hom Choudhury S, Bhattacharjee S, Mukherjee K, Bhattacharyya SN. Human antigen R transfers miRNA to Syntaxin 5 to synergize miRNA export from activated macrophages. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107170. [PMID: 38492777 PMCID: PMC11040126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Intercellular miRNA exchange acts as a key mechanism to control gene expression post-transcriptionally in mammalian cells. Regulated export of repressive miRNAs allows the expression of inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages. Intracellular trafficking of miRNAs from the endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes is a rate-determining step in the miRNA export process and plays an important role in controlling cellular miRNA levels and inflammatory processes in macrophages. We have identified the SNARE protein Syntaxin 5 (STX5) to show a synchronized expression pattern with miRNA activity loss in activated mammalian macrophage cells. STX5 is both necessary and sufficient for macrophage activation and clearance of the intracellular pathogen Leishmania donovani from infected macrophages. Exploring the mechanism of how STX5 acts as an immunostimulant, we have identified the de novo RNA-binding property of this SNARE protein that binds specific miRNAs and facilitates their accumulation in endosomes in a cooperative manner with human ELAVL1 protein, Human antigen R. This activity ensures the export of miRNAs and allows the expression of miRNA-repressed cytokines. Conversely, in its dual role in miRNA export, this SNARE protein prevents lysosomal targeting of endosomes by enhancing the fusion of miRNA-loaded endosomes with the plasma membrane to ensure accelerated release of extracellular vesicles and associated miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Hom Choudhury
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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2
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Ghosh S, Hom Choudhury S, Mukherjee K, Bhattacharyya SN. HuR-miRNA complex activates RAS GTPase RalA to facilitate endosome targeting and extracellular export of miRNAs. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105750. [PMID: 38360271 PMCID: PMC10956062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles-mediated exchange of miRNA cargos between diverse types of mammalian cells is a major mechanism of controlling cellular miRNA levels and activity, thus regulating the expression of miRNA-target genes in both donor and recipient cells. Despite tremendous excitement related to extracellular vesicles-associated miRNAs as biomarkers or having therapeutic potential, the mechanism of selective packaging of miRNAs into endosomes and multivesicular bodies for subsequent extracellular export is poorly studied due to the lack of an in vitro assay system. Here, we have developed an in vitro assay with endosomes isolated from mammalian macrophage cells to follow miRNA packaging into endocytic organelles. The synthetic miRNAs, used in the assay, get imported inside the isolated endosomes during the in vitro reaction and become protected from RNase in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The selective miRNA accumulation inside endosomes requires both ATP and GTP hydrolysis and the miRNA-binding protein HuR. The HuR-miRNA complex binds and stimulates the endosomal RalA GTPase to facilitate the import of miRNAs into endosomes and their subsequent export as part of the extracellular vesicles. The endosomal targeting of miRNAs is also very much dependent on the endosome maturation process that is controlled by Rab5 protein and ATP. In summary, we provide an in vitro method to aid in the investigation of the mechanism of miRNA packaging process for its export from mammalian macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamantak Ghosh
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sourav Hom Choudhury
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Nebraska, USA.
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Nebraska, USA.
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3
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Sun Y, Sun F, Xu W, Qian H. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as a Targeted Delivery Platform for Precision Therapy. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:157-175. [PMID: 36637750 PMCID: PMC10070595 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free strategy has shown therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration. Due to their important roles in intercellular communications and their natural ability to shield cargos from degradation, EVs are also emerged as novel delivery vehicles for various bioactive molecules and drugs. Accumulating studies have revealed that EVs can be modified to enhance their efficacy and specificity for the treatment of many diseases. Engineered EVs are poised as the next generation of targeted delivery platform in the field of precision therapy. In this review, the unique properties of EVs are overviewed in terms of their biogenesis, contents, surface features and biological functions, and the recent advances in the strategies of engineered EVs construction are summarized. Additionally, we also discuss the potential applications of engineered EVs in targeted therapy of cancer and damaged tissues, and evaluate the opportunities and challenges for translating them into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntong Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengtian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Fang Z, Li X, Lei S, Feng S, Zhou C, Tong X, Han R. Protective effects of Pudilan Tablets against osteoarthritis in mice induced by monosodium iodoacetate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2760. [PMID: 36797333 PMCID: PMC9935914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complicated disorder that is the most prevalent chronic degenerative joint disease nowadays. Pudilan Tablets (PDL) is a prominent traditional Chinese medicine formula used in clinical settings to treat chronic inflammatory illnesses. However, there is currently minimal fundamental research on PDL in the therapy of joint diseases. As a result, this study looked at the anti-inflammatory and anti-OA properties of PDL in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mechanism of PDL in the treatment of OA. We investigated the anti-OA properties of PDL in OA mice that were generated by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). All animals were administered PDL (2 g/kg or 4 g/kg) or the positive control drug, indomethacin (150 mg/kg), once daily for a total of 28 days starting on the day of MIA injection. The CCK-8 assay was used to test the vitality of PDL-treated RAW264.7 cells in vitro. RAW264.7 cells that had been activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of PDL. In the MIA-induced OA model mice, PDL reduced pain, decreased OA-induced cartilage damages and degradation, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, and suppressed IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression levels in tibiofemoral joint. In RAW264.7 cells, PDL treatment prevented LPS-induced activation of the ERK/Akt signaling pathway and significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In conclusion, these results suggest that PDL is involved in combating the development and progression of OA, exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory effect on the knee joint, and may be a promising candidate for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Fang
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Research and Development, Anhui Jiren Pharmaceutical Company, Bozhou, 236800 China
| | - Shujun Lei
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Shibin Feng
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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5
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Wu J, Liao Y, Li D, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Wu Z, He P, Wang L. Extracellular vesicles derived from Trichinella Spiralis larvae promote the polarization of macrophages to M2b type and inhibit the activation of fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974332. [PMID: 36211336 PMCID: PMC9532625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a globally distributed food-borne parasite that can coexist with the host for a long time after infection. Trichinella-derived secretions can regulate the immune response and fibroblasts of the host, but the specific mechanisms involved are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of T. spiralis larvae-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their key miRNAs in the process of T. spiralis–host interaction. In this study, we found that the EVs of T. spiralis larvae, as well as miR-1-3p and let-7-5p, expressed in T. spiralis larvae-derived EVs, can promote the polarization of bone marrow macrophages to M2b type while inhibiting the activation of fibroblasts. These findings will contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T. spiralis–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wu
- Medical Department of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yao Liao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
| | - Ping He
- Medical Department of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
| | - Lifu Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lifu Wang, ; Ping He, ; Zhongdao Wu,
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6
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Aminizadeh N, Bodhale N, Sarkar A, Jafarzadeh S, Sharifi I, Saha B. Bidirectional cytokine-microRNA control: A novel immunoregulatory framework in leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010696. [PMID: 35925884 PMCID: PMC9351994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As effector innate immune cells and as a host to the protozoan parasite Leishmania, macrophages play a dual role in antileishmanial immunoregulation. The 2 key players in this immunoregulation are the macrophage-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) and the macrophage-secreted cytokines. miRNAs, as small noncoding RNAs, play vital roles in macrophage functions including cytokines and chemokines production. In the reverse direction, Leishmania-regulated cytokines alter miRNAs expression to regulate the antileishmanial functions of macrophages. The miRNA patterns vary with the time and stage of infection. The cytokine-regulated macrophage miRNAs not only help parasite elimination or persistence but also regulate cytokine production from macrophages. Based on these observations, we propose a novel immunoregulatory framework as a scientific rationale for antileishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Aminizadeh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman
| | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (AJ); (BS)
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7
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Rojas-Pirela M, Andrade-Alviárez D, Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Ortega Y, Maya JD, Rojas V, Quiñones W, Michels PA, Kemmerling U. MicroRNAs: master regulators in host-parasitic protist interactions. Open Biol 2022; 12:210395. [PMID: 35702995 PMCID: PMC9198802 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs present in a wide diversity of organisms. MiRNAs regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization and degradation. Thus, miRNAs regulate key biological processes, such as cell death, signal transduction, development, cellular proliferation and differentiation. The dysregulation of miRNAs biogenesis and function is related to the pathogenesis of diseases, including parasite infection. Moreover, during host-parasite interactions, parasites and host miRNAs determine the probability of infection and progression of the disease. The present review is focused on the possible role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diseases of clinical interest caused by parasitic protists. In addition, the potential role of miRNAs as targets for the design of drugs and diagnostic and prognostic markers of parasitic diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Diego Andrade-Alviárez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Yessica Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Wilfredo Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Paul A. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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8
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Target-Dependent Coordinated Biogenesis of Secondary MicroRNAs by miR-146a Balances Macrophage Activation Processes. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0045221. [PMID: 35311564 PMCID: PMC9022539 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00452-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) repress protein expression by binding to the target mRNAs. Exploring whether the expression of one miRNA can regulate the abundance and activity of other miRNAs, we noted the coordinated biogenesis of miRNAs in activated macrophages. miRNAs with higher numbers of binding sites (the “primary” miRNAs) induce expression of other miRNAs (“secondary” miRNAs) having binding sites on the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of common target mRNAs. miR-146a-5p, in activated macrophages, acts as a “primary” miRNA that coordinates biogenesis of “secondary” miR-125b, miR-21, or miR-142-3p to target new sets of mRNAs to balance the immune responses. During coordinated biogenesis, primary miRNA drives the biogenesis of secondary miRNA in a target mRNA- and Dicer1 activity-dependent manner. The coordinated biogenesis of miRNAs was observed across different cell types. The target-dependent coordinated miRNA biogenesis also ensures a cumulative mode of action of primary and secondary miRNAs on the secondary target mRNAs. Interestingly, using the “primary” miR-146a-5p-specific inhibitor, we could inhibit the target-dependent biogenesis of secondary miRNAs that can stop the miRNA-mediated buffering of cytokine expression and inflammatory response occurring in activated macrophages. Computational analysis suggests the prevalence of coordinated biogenesis of miRNAs also in other contexts in human and in mouse.
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9
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Ganguly S, Ghoshal B, Banerji I, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty S, Goswami A, Mukherjee K, Bhattacharyya SN. Leishmania survives by exporting miR-146a from infected to resident cells to subjugate inflammation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/6/e202101229. [PMID: 35210329 PMCID: PMC8881743 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, infects and resides within tissue macrophage cells. It is not clear how the parasite infected cells crosstalk with the noninfected cells to regulate the infection process. During infection, Leishmania adopts a dual strategy for its survival by regulating the intercellular transport of host miRNAs to restrict inflammation. The parasite, by preventing mitochondrial function of host cells, restricts the entry of liver cell derived miR-122-containing extracellular vesicles in infected macrophages to curtail the inflammatory response associated with miR-122 entry. On contrary, the parasite up-regulates the export of miR-146a from the infected macrophages. The miR-146a, associated with the extracellular vesicles released by infected cells, restricts miR-122 production in hepatocytes while polarizing neighbouring naïve macrophages to the M2 state by affecting the cytokine expression. On entering the recipient macrophages, miR-146a dominates the miRNA antagonist RNA-binding protein HuR to inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs having HuR-interacting AU-rich elements whereas up-regulates anti-inflammatory IL-10 by exporting the miR-21 to polarize the recipient cells to M2 stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Ganguly
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Bartika Ghoshal
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ishani Banerji
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sreemoyee Chakraborty
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
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10
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Assoni G, La Pietra V, Digilio R, Ciani C, Licata NV, Micaelli M, Facen E, Tomaszewska W, Cerofolini L, Pérez-Ràfols A, Varela Rey M, Fragai M, Woodhoo A, Marinelli L, Arosio D, Bonomo I, Provenzani A, Seneci P. HuR-targeted agents: An insight into medicinal chemistry, biophysical, computational studies and pharmacological effects on cancer models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114088. [PMID: 34942276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Human antigen R (HuR) protein is an RNA-binding protein, ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, that orchestrates target RNA maturation and processing both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. A survey of known modulators of the RNA-HuR interactions is followed by a description of its structure and molecular mechanism of action - RRM domains, interactions with RNA, dimerization, binding modes with naturally occurring and synthetic HuR inhibitors. Then, the review focuses on HuR as a validated molecular target in oncology and briefly describes its role in inflammation. Namely, we show ample evidence for the involvement of HuR in the hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer, reporting findings from in vitro and in vivo studies; and we provide abundant experimental proofs of a beneficial role for the inhibition of HuR-mRNA interactions through silencing (CRISPR, siRNA) or pharmacological inhibition (small molecule HuR inhibitors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Assoni
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosangela Digilio
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Caterina Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nausicaa Valentina Licata
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Micaelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elisa Facen
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Weronika Tomaszewska
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metalloproteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Anna Pérez-Ràfols
- Giotto Biotech S.R.L., Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Marta Varela Rey
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence and Interuniversity Consortium for Magnetic Resonance of Metalloproteins (CIRMMP), Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- Gene Regulatory Control in Disease Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Functional Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" (SCITEC), National Research Council (CNR), Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Bonomo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Provenzani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Chemistry Department, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Das A, Basu S, Bandyopadhyay D, Mukherjee K, Datta D, Chakraborty S, Jana S, Adak M, Bose S, Chakrabarti S, Swarnakar S, Chakrabarti P, Bhattacharyya SN. Inhibition of extracellular vesicle-associated MMP2 abrogates intercellular hepatic miR-122 transfer to liver macrophages and curtails inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:103428. [PMID: 34877493 PMCID: PMC8633982 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic miRNA, miR-122, plays an important role in controlling metabolic homeostasis in mammalian liver. Intercellular transfer of miR-122 was found to play a role in controlling tissue inflammation. miR-122, as part of extracellular vesicles released by lipid-exposed hepatic cells, are taken up by tissue macrophages to activate them and produce inflammatory cytokines. Matrix metalloprotease 2 or MMP2 was found to be essential for transfer of extracellular vesicles and their miRNA content from hepatic to non-hepatic cells. MMP2 was found to increase the movement of the extracellular vesicles along the extracellular matrix to enhance their uptake in recipient cells. Inhibition of MMP2 restricts functional transfer of hepatic miRNAs across the hepatic and non-hepatic cell boundaries, and by targeting MMP2, we could reduce the innate immune response in mammalian liver by preventing intra-tissue miR-122 transfer. MMP2 thus could be a useful target to restrict high-fat-diet-induced obesity-related metaflammation. Hepatocytes on exposure to high lipid export proinflammatory miR-122 in mouse liver Uptake of extracellular miR-122 induces inflammatory signals in liver macrophages MMP2 on extracellular vesicles is essential for intercellular transfer of miRNA Inhibition of MMP2 prevents miR-122 transfer and stops activation of macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Das
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sudarshana Basu
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Diptankar Bandyopadhyay
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debduti Datta
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sreemoyee Chakraborty
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sayantan Jana
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Moumita Adak
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarpita Bose
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Snehasikta Swarnakar
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Partha Chakrabarti
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, India
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12
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Ma H, Chen Y, Yu M, Chen X, Qi L, Wei S, Fan Q, Xu Q, Zhan M, Sha Z. Immune role of the complement component 6 gene and its associated novel miRNA, miR-727, in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104156. [PMID: 34077766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement component 6 (C6) gene is a component of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which causes rapid lytic destruction of bacteria. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene stability, including that of immune genes. However, current research on the function of C6 and its regulation by miRNAs is lacking. In the present study, we identified and characterized C6 and a novel miRNA, miR-727 (designated CsC6 and Cse-miR-727, respectively), of the half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) that responded to infection with Vibrio anguillarum, a Gram-negative pathogen of marine fish. The full-length cDNA of CsC6 contained a 256 bp 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR), a 2820 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 939 amino acids, and a 205 bp 3'-UTR. SMART analysis showed that CsC6 contains typical C6 domains, including three TSP1 domains, one LDLa domain, one MACPF domain, two CCP domains and two FIMAC domains. CsC6 and Cse-miR-727 are widely expressed in the 13 tissues of half-smooth tongue sole, and their expression in immune tissues is significantly changed after V. anguillarum infection, generally showing an inverse trend. We confirmed that CsC6 was the target gene of Cse-miR-727 using the dual luciferase reporter assay and that Cse-miR-727 regulated CsC6 at the protein level using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The hepatic expression levels of not only the MAC components C7, C8α, C8β, C8γ and C9 but also the MAPKs, NF-κβ, AP-1, IL1β, IL6 and TNFα, which are involved in many signaling pathways, changed significantly in half-smooth tongue sole following stimulation with the Cse-miR-727 agomir and inhibitor. This evidence suggested that CsC6 could be mediated by Cse-miR-727 to affect MAC assembly and immune signaling pathways in half-smooth tongue soles. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the regulatory mechanism and immune response of complement genes mediated by miRNAs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengjun Yu
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xuejie Chen
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Longjiang Qi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shu Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qingxin Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Min Zhan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhenxia Sha
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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13
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Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Ghani E, Barazesh A, Karimazar M, Nguewa P, Carrera Silva EA. Highlighting the interplay of microRNAs from Leishmania parasites and infected-host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:1434-1446. [PMID: 34218829 PMCID: PMC11010138 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are protozoan parasites with the ability to modify the signalling pathway and cell responses of their infected host cells. These parasite strategies alter the host cell environment and conditions favouring their replication, survival and pathogenesis. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression processes, these biomolecules can exert critical roles in controlling Leishmania-host cell interplay. Therefore, the identification of relevant miRNAs differentially expressed in Leishmania parasites as well as in infected cells, which affect the host fitness, could be critical to understand the infection biology, pathogenicity and immune response against these parasites. Accordingly, the current review aims to address the differentially expressed miRNAs in both, the parasite and infected host cells and how these biomolecules change cell signalling and host immune responses during infection. A deep understanding of these processes could provide novel guidelines and therapeutic strategies for managing and treating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Ghani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Karimazar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Spain
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14
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De D, Mukherjee I, Guha S, Paidi RK, Chakrabarti S, Biswas SC, Bhattacharyya SN. Rheb-mTOR activation rescues Aβ-induced cognitive impairment and memory function by restoring miR-146 activity in glial cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:868-887. [PMID: 34094708 PMCID: PMC8141608 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid beta plaques in adult rat or human brain is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by associated glial cells that are responsible for degeneration of the diseased tissue. The expression of these cytokines is usually under check and is controlled at the post-transcriptional level via several microRNAs. Computational analysis of gene expression profiles of cortical regions of Alzheimer’s disease patients’ brain suggests ineffective target cytokine mRNA suppression by existing micro-ribonucleoproteins (miRNPs) in diseased brain. Exploring the mechanism of amyloid beta-induced cytokine expression, we have identified how the inactivation of the repressive miR-146 miRNPs causes increased production of cytokines in amyloid beta-exposed glial cells. In exploration of the cause of miRNP inactivation, we have noted amyloid beta oligomer-induced sequestration of the mTORC1 complex to early endosomes that results in decreased Ago2 phosphorylation, limited Ago2-miRNA uncoupling, and retarded Ago2-cytokine mRNA interaction in rat astrocytes. Interestingly, constitutive activation of mTORC1 by Rheb activator restricts proinflammatory cytokine production by reactivating miR-146 miRNPs in amyloid beta-exposed glial cells to rescue the disease phenotype in the in vivo rat model of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan De
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ishita Mukherjee
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhalakshmi Guha
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Paidi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhas C Biswas
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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15
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Mukherjee B, Mukherjee K, Nanda P, Mukhopadhayay R, Ravichandiran V, Bhattacharyya SN, Roy S. Probing the molecular mechanism of aggressive infection by antimony resistant Leishmania donovani. Cytokine 2020; 145:155245. [PMID: 32861564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani (LD). For many decades the pentavalent antimonial drugs countered the successive epidemics of the disease in the Indian sub-continent and elsewhere. With time, antimony resistant LD (LDR) developed and the drug in turn lost its efficacy. Infection of mammals with LDR gives rise to aggressive infection as compared to its sensitive counterpart (LDS) coupled with higher surge of IL-10 and TGF-β. The IL-10 causes upregulation of multidrug resistant protein-1 which causes efflux of antimonials from LDR infected cells. This is believed to be a key mechanism of antimony resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in mammalian cells and in macrophage play a pivotal role in controlling the expression of cytokines involved in infection process. Therefore, a change in miRNA profiles of macrophages infected with LDS or LDR could explain the differential cytokine response observed. Interestingly, the outcome of LD infection is also governed by the critical balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines which is inturn regulated by miRNA-Ago2 or miRNP complex and its antagonist RNA binding protein HuR. Here Ago2 plays the fulcrum whose phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation dictates the process; which in turn is controlled by PP2A and HuR. LDS and LDR upregulate PP2A and downregulate HuR at different magnitude leading to various levels of anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory cytokine production and resulting pathology in the host. While ectopic HuR expression alone is sufficient to clear LDS infection, simultaneous upregulation of HuR and inhibition of PP2A is required to inhibit LDR mediated infection. Therefore, tampering with miRNA pathway could be a new strategy to control infection caused by LDR parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Piyush Nanda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - V Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Syamal Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
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16
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Goswami A, Mukherjee K, Mazumder A, Ganguly S, Mukherjee I, Chakrabarti S, Roy S, Sundar S, Chattopadhyay K, Bhattacharyya SN. MicroRNA exporter HuR clears the internalized pathogens by promoting pro-inflammatory response in infected macrophages. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11011. [PMID: 32031337 PMCID: PMC7059013 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HuR is a miRNA derepressor protein that can act as miRNA sponge for specific miRNAs to negate their action on target mRNAs. Here we have identified how HuR, by inducing extracellular vesicles‐mediated export of miRNAs, ensures robust derepression of miRNA‐repressed cytokines essential for strong pro‐inflammatory response in activated mammalian macrophages. Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, on the contrary alters immune response of the host macrophage by a variety of complex mechanisms to promote anti‐inflammatory response essential for the survival of the parasite. We have found that during Leishmania infection, the pathogen targets HuR to promote onset of anti‐inflammatory response in mammalian macrophages. In infected macrophages, Leishmania also upregulate protein phosphatase 2A that acts on Ago2 protein to keep it in dephosphorylated and miRNA‐associated form. This causes robust repression of the miRNA‐targeted pro‐inflammatory cytokines to establish an anti‐inflammatory response in infected macrophages. HuR has an inhibitory effect on protein phosphatase 2A expression, and mathematical modelling of macrophage activation process supports antagonistic miRNA‐modulatory roles of HuR and protein phosphatase 2A which mutually balances immune response in macrophage by targeting miRNA function. Supporting this model, ectopic expression of the protein HuR and simultaneous inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A induce strong pro‐inflammatory response in the host macrophage to prevent the virulent antimonial drug‐sensitive or drug‐resistant form of L. donovani infection. Thus, HuR can act as a balancing factor of immune responses to curtail the macrophage infection process by the protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Goswami
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anup Mazumder
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Satarupa Ganguly
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ishita Mukherjee
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educations and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bio-informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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